Scaling of sensorimotor delays in terrestrial mammals
Open accessAbstract
Whether an animal is trying to escape from a predator, avoid a fall or perform a more mundane task, the effectiveness of its sensory feedback is constrained by sensorimotor delays. Here, we combine electrophysiological experiments, systematic reviews of the literature and biophysical models to determine how delays associated with the fastest locomotor reflex scale with size in terrestrial mammals. Nerve conduction delay is one contributor, and increases strongly with animal size. Sensing, synaptic and neuromuscular junction delays also contribute, and we approximate each as a constant value independent of animal size. Muscle's electromechanical and force generation delays increase more moderately with animal size than nerve conduction delay, but their total contribution exceeds that of the four neural delays. The sum of these six component delays, termed total delay, increases with animal size in proportion to M0.21—large mammals experience total delays 17 times longer than small mammals. The slower movement times of large animals mostly offset their long delays resulting in a more modest, but perhaps still significant, doubling of their total delay relative to movement duration when compared with their smaller counterparts. Irrespective of size, sensorimotor delay is likely a challenge for all mammals, particularly during fast running.
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- Authors
- More, H. L., & Donelan, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Simon Fraser University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Donelan, J. Maxwell
- Venue
- Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Published
- 2018-08-29
- Volume
- 285
- Issue
- 1885
- Pages
- 20180613
- ISSN
- 0080-4649 (ISSN-L)
- 0962-8452
- 1471-2954
- PMC
- PMC6125920
- OpenAlex
- W2888838392
- Cited by
- 88
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 4.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Muscle activation and electromyography studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Physiological and biochemical adaptations
- Keywords
- sensorimotor delay, terrestrial mammals, allometry, body size scaling, synaptic delay, movement time, sensory feedback
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biomechanical Phenomena, Mammals, Models, Biological, Neural Conduction, Electrophysiological Phenomena, Feedback, Sensory
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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