Dysmetria and errors in predictions: the role of internal forward model
Open accessAbstract
The terminology of cerebellar dysmetria embraces a ubiquitous symptom in motor deficits, oculomotor symptoms, and cognitive/emotional symptoms occurring in cerebellar ataxias. Patients with episodic ataxia exhibit recurrent episodes of ataxia, including motor dysmetria. Despite the consensus that cerebellar dysmetria is a cardinal symptom, there is still no agreement on its pathophysiological mechanisms to date since its first clinical description by Babinski. We argue that impairment in the predictive computation for voluntary movements explains a range of characteristics accompanied by dysmetria. Within this framework, the cerebellum acquires and maintains an internal forward model, which predicts current and future states of the body by integrating an estimate of the previous state and a given efference copy of motor commands. Two of our recent studies experimentally support the internal-forward-model hypothesis of the cerebellar circuitry. First, the cerebellar outputs (firing rates of dentate nucleus cells) contain predictive information for the future cerebellar inputs (firing rates of mossy fibers). Second, a component of movement kinematics is predictive for target motions in control subjects. In cerebellar patients, the predictive component lags behind a target motion and is compensated with a feedback component. Furthermore, a clinical analysis has examined kinematic and electromyography (EMG) features using a task of elbow flexion goal-directed movements, which mimics the finger-to-nose test. Consistent with the hypothesis of the internal forward model, the predictive activations in the triceps muscles are impaired, and the impaired predictive activations result in hypermetria (overshoot). Dysmetria stems from deficits in the predictive computation of the internal forward model in the cerebellum. Errors in this fundamental mechanism result in undershoot (hypometria) and overshoot during voluntary motor actions. The predictive computation of the forward model affords error-based motor learning, coordination of multiple degrees of freedom, and adequate timing of muscle activities. Both the timing and synergy theory fit with the internal forward model, microzones being the elemental computational unit, and the anatomical organization of converging inputs to the Purkinje neurons providing them the unique property of a perceptron in the brain. We propose that motor dysmetria observed in attacks of ataxia occurs as a result of impaired predictive computation of the internal forward model in the cerebellum.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The connectivity of the cerebellum is organized in a series of parallel loops with the cerebral cortex, the striatum, and the spinal cord, making the cerebellum a key sensorimotor interface: each region receives inputs from a specific region of the central nervous system and sends back projections to these same regions.
“The connectivity of the cerebellum is organized in a series of parallel loops with the cerebral cortex, the striatum, and the spinal cord, which makes the cerebellum a key sensorimotor interface: each region of the cerebellum receives inputs from a specific region of the central nervous system, and sends back projections to these same regions (Sokolov et al., 2017; Diedrichsen et al., 2019; Cabar”
From The Forward Model: A Unifying Theory for the Role of the Cerebellum in Motor Control and Sense of Agency (2021) · cites this paper as Cabaraux et al., 2020
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSome deficits observed in cerebellar patients could be explained by an impaired forward model resulting in increased dependence on delayed visual feedback.
“Altogether, this suggests that some of the deficits observed in cerebellar patients could be explained by an impaired forward model resulting in increased dependence on delayed visual feedback (Kakei et al., 2019; Cabaraux et al., 2020; Tanaka et al., 2020; Zimmet et al., 2020).”
From The Forward Model: A Unifying Theory for the Role of the Cerebellum in Motor Control and Sense of Agency (2021) · cites this paper as Cabaraux et al., 2020
Patients with cerebellar lesions are impaired for on-line movement correction, with dysmetria and intention tremor as hallmarks of cerebellar ataxia.
“Patients with cerebellar lesions are impaired for on-line movement correction: overshooting or undershooting the target (dysmetria) and oscillatory corrections (intention tremor) are the hallmarks of cerebellar ataxia, which can be broadly defined as inaccuracy and incoordination in limb movements and instability in posture, gait and ocular saccades (Holmes, 1939; Cabaraux et al., 2020).”
From The Forward Model: A Unifying Theory for the Role of the Cerebellum in Motor Control and Sense of Agency (2021) · cites this paper as Cabaraux et al., 2020
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The organization of the human cerebellum estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity
Buckner, R. L., Krienen, F. M., Castellanos, A., Diaz, J. C., & Yeo, B. T. T. (2011) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00339.2011 · Cited by 7,304 · see citing works
Rescorla, R. A. (1972) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,268 · see citing works
An internal model for sensorimotor integration
Wolpert, D. M., Ghahramani, Z., & Jordan, M. I. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7569931 · Cited by 3,553 · see citing works
Neuronlike adaptive elements that can solve difficult learning control problems
Barto, A. G., Sutton, R. S., & Anderson, C. W. (1983) · IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/tsmc.1983.6313077 · Cited by 3,238 · see citing works
Internal models in the cerebellum
Wolpert, D. M., Miall, R. C., & Kawato, M. (1998) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(98)01221-2 · Cited by 2,469 · see citing works
The cerebellum and neural control
Ito, M. (1984) · Cited by 2,314 · see citing works
Forward Models for Physiological Motor Control
Miall, R. C., & Wolpert, D. M. (1996) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/s0893-6080(96)00035-4 · Cited by 2,260 · see citing works
Error Correction, Sensory Prediction, and Adaptation in Motor Control
Shadmehr, R., Smith, M. A., & Krakauer, J. W. (2010) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-060909-153135 · Cited by 1,869 · see citing works
Cerebellum and nonmotor function
Strick, P. L., Dum, R. P., & Fiez, J. A. (2009) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125606 · Cited by 1,777 · see citing works
Electrophysiological properties of in vitro Purkinje cell dendrites in mammalian cerebellar slices.
Llinas, R. H., & Sugimori, M. (1980) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1980.sp013358 · Cited by 1,758 · see citing works
Optimality principles in sensorimotor control
Todorov, E. (2004) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1309 · Cited by 1,746 · see citing works
Schmahmann, J. D. (2019) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2018.07.005 · Cited by 1,625 · see citing works
Cerebellar loops with motor cortex and prefrontal cortex of a nonhuman primate
Kelly, R. M., & Strick, P. L. (2003) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-23-08432.2003 · Cited by 1,595 · see citing works
A hierarchical neural-network model for control and learning of voluntary movement
Kawato, M., Furukawa, K., & Suzuki, R. (1987) · Biological Cybernetics · doi:10.1007/bf00364149 · Cited by 1,573 · see citing works
Forward models: supervised learning with a distal teacher
Jordan, M. I., & Rumelhart, D. E. (1992) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1207/s15516709cog1603_1 · Cited by 1,451 · see citing works
HOLMES, G. (1939) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/62.1.1 · Cited by 1,071 · see citing works
Cerebrocerebellar communication systems.
Allen, G. I., & Tsukahara, N. (1974) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.1974.54.4.957 · Cited by 1,066 · see citing works
Electrophysiological properties of in vitro Purkinje cell somata in mammalian cerebellar slices.
Llinas, R. H., & Sugimori, M. (1980) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1980.sp013357 · Cited by 1,061 · see citing works
The Cerebellum And The Adaptive Coordination Of Movement
Thach, W. T., Goodkin, H. P., & Keating, J. G. (1992) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.15.030192.002155 · Cited by 1,058 · see citing works
Signal timing across the macaque visual system
Schmolesky, M. T., Wang, Y., Hanes, D. P., Thompson, K. G., Leutgeb, S., Schall, J. D., & Leventhal, A. G. (1998) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1998.79.6.3272 · Cited by 1,032 · see citing works
Manto, M. U., Bower, J. M., Conforto, A. B., Delgado-Garcia, J. M., da Guarda, S. N. F., Gerwig, M., Habas, C., Hagura, N., Ivry, R. B., Mariën, P., et al. (2011) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1007/s12311-011-0331-9 · Cited by 996 · see citing works
Self-citationIto, M., Sakurai, M., & Tongroach, P. (1982) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1982.sp014103 · Cited by 959 · see citing works
Sensory prediction errors drive cerebellum-dependent adaptation of reaching
Tseng, Y.-W., Diedrichsen, J., Krakauer, J. W., Shadmehr, R., & Bastian, A. J. (2007) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00266.2007 · Cited by 883 · see citing works
An implicit plan overrides an explicit strategy during visuomotor adaptation
Mazzoni, P., & Krakauer, J. W. (2006) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5317-05.2006 · Cited by 833 · see citing works
THE SYMPTOMS OF ACUTE CEREBELLAR INJURIES DUE TO GUNSHOT INJURIES
Holmes, G. (1917) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/40.4.461 · Cited by 817 · see citing works
Cerebellar networks with the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia
Bostan, A. C., Dum, R. P., & Strick, P. L. (2013) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2013.03.003 · Cited by 759 · see citing works
Cognition, emotion and the cerebellum
Schmahmann, J. D., & Caplan, D. N. (2006) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awh729 · Cited by 595 · see citing works
Cerebellar cortical organization: a one-map hypothesis
Apps, R., & Hawkes, R. B. (2009) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2698 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
EMG analysis of stereotyped voluntary movements in man.
Hallett, M., Shahani, B. T., & Young, R. R. (1975) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.38.12.1154 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
Cerebellar dysmetria at the elbow, wrist, and fingers
Hore, J., Wild, B., & Diener, H. (1991) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1991.65.3.563 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Guell, X., Gabrieli, J., & Schmahmann, J. (2018) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.01.082 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
D'Angelo, E., & Casali, S. (2013) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2012.00116 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Cerebellar complex spikes encode both destinations and errors in arm movements
Kitazawa, S., Kimura, T., & Yin, P.-B. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/33141 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
The human cerebellum contributes to motor, emotional and cognitive associative learning. A review
Timmann, D., Drepper, J., Frings, M., Maschke, M., Richter, S., Gerwig, M., & Kolb, F. P. (2009) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2009.06.009 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Movement and electromyographic disorders associated with cerebellar dysmetria
Flament, D., & Hore, J. (1986) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1986.55.6.1221 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Rapid elbow flexion in the absence of proprioceptive and cutaneous feedback.
Forget, R., & Lamarre, Y. (1987) · PubMed · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Roles of the elements of the triphasic control signal
Hannaford, B., & STARK, L. W. (1985) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/0014-4886(85)90160-8 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Optimal Information Storage and the Distribution of Synaptic Weights
Brunel, N., Hakim, V., Isope, P., Nadal, J., & Barbour, B. (2004) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.08.023 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Encoding of action by the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum
Herzfeld, D. J., Kojima, Y., Soetedjo, R., & Shadmehr, R. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature15693 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
EMG analysis of patients with cerebellar deficits.
Hallett, M., Shahani, B. T., & Young, R. R. (1975) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.38.12.1163 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
LEARNING ARM KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS
Atkeson, C. G. (1989) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.12.030189.001105 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Functional topography of the human cerebellum
Stoodley, C. J., & Schmahmann, J. D. (2018) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-63956-1.00004-7 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Climbing fibers encode a temporal-difference prediction error during cerebellar learning in mice
Ohmae, S., & Medina, J. F. (2015) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4167 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Wu, H., Sugihara, I., & Shinoda, Y. (1999) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990816)411:1 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Cerebellar Modules and Their Role as Operational Cerebellar Processing Units
Apps, R., Hawkes, R. B., Aoki, S., Bengtsson, F., Brown, A. M., Chen, G., Ebner, T. J., Isope, P., Jörntell, H., Lackey, E. P., et al. (2018) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1007/s12311-018-0952-3 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Ballistic flexion movements of the human thumb.
Hallett, M., & MARSDEN, C. D. (1979) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1979.sp012913 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Consensus Paper: Neuroimmune Mechanisms of Cerebellar Ataxias
Mitoma, H., Adhikari, K., Aeschlimann, D. P., Chattopadhyay, P. P., Hadjivassiliou, M., Hampe, C. S., Honnorat, J., Joubert, B., Kakei, S., Lee, J., et al. (2015) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1007/s12311-015-0664-x · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Self-citationOverview of Human Tremor Physiology
Hallett, M. (2008) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.870131308 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
The Cerebro-Cerebellum as a Locus of Forward Model: A Review
Tanaka, H., Ishikawa, T., Lee, J., & Kakei, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2020.00019 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Self-citationThe cerebro-cerebellum: Could it be loci of forward models?
Ishikawa, T., Tomatsu, S., Izawa, J., & Kakei, S. (2015) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2015.12.003 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-citationInfluence of vision on upper limb reaching movements in patients with cerebellar ataxia
Day, B. (1998) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/121.2.357 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Axon collaterals of mossy fibers from the pontine nucleus in the cerebellar dentate nucleus
Shinoda, Y., Sugiuchi, Y., Futami, T., & Izawa, R. (1992) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1992.67.3.547 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Timing of Conditioned Eyeblink Responses Is Impaired in Cerebellar Patients
Gerwig, M., Hajjar, K., Dimitrova, A., Maschke, M., Kolb, F. P., Frings, M., Thilmann, A. F., Forsting, M., Diener, H., & Timmann, D. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0266-05.2005 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Bareš, M., Apps, R., Avanzino, L., Breska, A., D'Angelo, E. U., Filip, P., Gerwig, M., Ivry, R. B., Lawrenson, C. L., Louis, E. D., et al. (2018) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1007/s12311-018-0979-5 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Self-citationMechanisms of human cerebellar dysmetria: experimental evidence and current conceptual bases
Manto, M. U. (2009) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/1743-0003-6-10 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationAN INVESTIGATION INTO THE VALUE OF TREATING INTENTION TREMOR BY WEIGHTING THE AFFECTED LIMB
HEWER, R. L., COOPER, R., & MORGAN, M. H. (1972) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/95.3.579 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Duration of the first agonist EMG burst in ballistic arm movements
Berardelli, A., Rothwell, J. C., Day, B. L., Kachi, T., & MARSDEN, C. D. (1984) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(84)90879-5 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Optimal Information Storage and the Distribution of Synaptic WeightsPerceptron versus Purkinje Cell
Brunel, N., Hakim, V., Isope, P., NADAL, J., & Barbour, B. (2004) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(04)00528-8 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Benecke, R., Meinck, H. ‐., & Conrad, B. (1985) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00261336 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Scaling of sensorimotor control in terrestrial mammals
More, H. L., Hutchinson, J. R., Collins, D. F., Weber, D. J., Aung, S. K. H., & Donelan, J. M. (2010) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.0898 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Cerebellar hypermetria is larger when the inertial load is artificially increased
Manto, M. U., Godaux, E., & Jacquy, J. (1994) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410350108 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationPopa, L. S., Hewitt, A. L., & Ebner, T. J. (2012) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2151-12.2012 · Cited by 95 · cited 3× · see citing works
“The random tracking paradigm also indicated a modulation of simple spike activity during error processing, especially during performance error, defined as the difference between the intended action and its consequences [46,49].”
BackgroundRAPID REPORT: Initiation of simple and complex spikes in cerebellar Purkinje cells
Palmer, L. M., Clark, B. A., Gründemann, J., Roth, A., Stuart, G. J., & Häusser, M. (2010) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2010.188300 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Cerebellar climbing fibers encode expected reward size
Larry, N., Yarkoni, M., Lixenberg, A., & Joshua, M. (2019) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.46870 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Hewitt, A. L., Popa, L. S., Pasalar, S., Hendrix, C. M., & Ebner, T. J. (2011) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00886.2010 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Scaling of sensorimotor delays in terrestrial mammals
More, H. L., & Donelan, J. M. (2018) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.0613 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Whole-body somatotopic maps in the cerebellum revealed with 7T fMRI
Boillat, Y., Bazin, P.-L., & van der Zwaag, W. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116624 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Antagonist muscle activity during rapid arm movements: central versus proprioceptive influences.
Angel, R. W. (1977) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.40.7.683 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Bauswein, E., Kolb, F. P., Leimbeck, B., & Rubia, F. J. (1983) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1983.sp014722 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Ishikawa, T., Tomatsu, S., Tsunoda, Y., Lee, J., Hoffman, D. S., & Kakei, S. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108774 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationGrimaldi, G., Taib, N. O. B., Manto, M., & Bodranghien, F. C. A. A. (2014) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2014.00009 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationDexterity in cerebellar agenesis
Nowak, D. A., Timmann, D., & Hermsdörfer, J. (2007) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.08.011 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Hore, J., & Flament, D. (1986) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1986.56.1.123 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Cerebellar Zones: A Personal History
Voogd, J. (2010) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1007/s12311-010-0221-6 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Neural evidence of the cerebellum as a state predictor
Tanaka, H., Ishikawa, T., & Kakei, S. (2019) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1007/s12311-018-0996-4 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationScaling of sensorimotor control in terrestrial mammals
More, H. L., Hutchinson, J. R., Collins, D. F., Weber, D. J., Aung, S., & Donelan, J. M. (2014) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.1911 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Step-tracking movements of the wrist in humans. II. EMG analysis
Hoffman, D., & Strick, P. (1990) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.10-01-00142.1990 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Predictive and reactive finger force control during catching in cerebellar degeneration
Nowak, D., Hermsdörfer, J., Rost, K., Timmann, D., & Topka, H. (2004) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1080/14734220410019057 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
The cerebellum for jocks and nerds alike
Popa, L. S., Hewitt, A. L., & Ebner, T. J. (2014) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2014.00113 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Timing of rhythmic movements in patients with cerebellar degeneration
Schlerf, J. E., Spencer, R. M. C., Zelaznik, H. N., & Ivry, R. B. (2007) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1080/14734220701370643 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Essentials of Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders
Ying, S., Schmahmann, J. D., Molinari, M., Manto, M. U., Koibuchi, N., & Gruol, D. L. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24551-5 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationPurkinje cell simple spike discharge encodes error signals consistent with a forward internal model
Popa, L. S., Hewitt, A. L., & Ebner, T. J. (2013) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1007/s12311-013-0452-4 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Activity of muscle spindles, motor cortex and cerebellar nuclei during action tremor
Elble, R. J., Schieber, M. H., & Thach, W. T. (1984) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(84)90308-1 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Does the Cerebellum Initiate Movement?
Thach, W. T. (2013) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1007/s12311-013-0506-7 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
The intermediate cerebellum may function as a wave-variable processor
Massaquoi, S. G., & Slotine, J.-J. E. (1996) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(96)12927-x · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Information processing in the hemisphere of the cerebellar cortex for control of wrist movement
Tomatsu, S., Ishikawa, T., Tsunoda, Y., Lee, J., Hoffman, D. S., & Kakei, S. (2016) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00530.2015 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationLuciani's work on the cerebellum a century later
Manni, E., & Petrosini, L. (1997) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(96)10077-1 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Popa, L. S., Streng, M. L., & Ebner, T. J. (2017) · eneuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0036-17.2017 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Contribution of the cerebellum to predictive motor control and its evaluation in ataxic patients
Kakei, S., Lee, J., Mitoma, H., Tanaka, H., Manto, M., & Hampe, C. S. (2019) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00216 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationCerebellar brain inhibition in the target and surround muscles during voluntary tonic activation
Panyakaew, P., Cho, H. J., Srivanitchapoom, P., Popa, T., Wu, T., & Hallett, M. (2016) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.13211 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Quantitative Separation of Tremor and Ataxia in Essential Tremor
Casamento‐Moran, A., Yacoubi, B. E., Wilkes, B. J., Hess, C. W., Foote, K. D., Okun, M. S., Shukla, A. W., Vaillancourt, D. E., & Christou, E. A. (2020) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.25781 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
A New Method for Functional Evaluation of Motor Commands in Patients with Cerebellar Ataxia
Lee, J., Kagamihara, Y., & Kakei, S. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0132983 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationManto, M. U., Godaux, E., Jacquy, J., & Hildebrand, J. G. (1996) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410390219 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationCerebellar Control of Constrained and Unconstrained Movements. II. EMG and Nuclear Activity
Goodkin, H. P., & Thach, W. T. (2003) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00115.2002 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The Functional Role of the Cerebellum in Visually Guided Tracking Movement
Lee, J., Kagamihara, Y., Tomatsu, S., & Kakei, S. (2012) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1007/s12311-012-0370-x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationScaling of sensorimotor control in terrestrial mammals
More, H. L., Weber, D. J., Hutchinson, J. R., Aung, S., Collins, D. F., & Donelan, J. M. (2009) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular & Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.04.510 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Shift from hypermetria to hypometria in an aberrant recovery following cerebellar infarction
Manto, M.-U., Hildebrand, J. G., & Jacquy, J. (1998) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0022-510x(98)00048-3 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationScaling of sensorimotor control in terrestrial mammals
More, H. L., Donelan, M., Weber, D. J., Hutchinson, J. R., Aung, S., & Collins, D. F. (2009) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular & Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.04.217 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Manto, M. U., & Habas, C. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-2-8178-0447-7 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 100 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [44]Manto M. Habas C. Le Cervelet, de L’anatomie et la Physiologie à la Clinique Humaine Springer-Verlag Paris, France 2013
- [54]Ito M. The Cerebellum Brain for an Implicit Self FT Press Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA 2012
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Welniarz, Q., Worbe, Y., & Gallea, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2021.644059 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Cabaraux, P., Agrawal, S. K., Cai, H., Calabrò, R. S., Casali, C., Damm, L., Doss, S., Habas, C., Horn, A. K. E., Ilg, W., et al. (2022) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1007/s12311-022-01373-9 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationConsensus Paper: Cerebellum and Reward
Manto, M. U., Adamaszek, M., Apps, R., Carlson, E. S., Guarque‐Chabrera, J., Heleven, E., Kakei, S., Khodakhah, K., Kuo, S., Lin, C.-Y. R., et al. (2024) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1007/s12311-024-01702-0 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationCastiglia, S. F., Trabassi, D., Tatarelli, A., Ranavolo, A., Varrecchia, T., Fiori, L., Lenola, D. D., Cioffi, E., Raju, M., Coppola, G., et al. (2022) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1007/s12311-021-01361-5 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Neurophysiology of cerebellar ataxias and gait disorders
Manto, M. U., Serrao, M., Castiglia, S. F., Timmann, D., Tzvi, E., Pan, M., Kuo, S., & Ugawa, Y. (2023) · Clinical Neurophysiology Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cnp.2023.07.002 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Potential Role of Dopamine in Mediating Motor Function and Interpersonal Synchrony
Probolovski, H. Z. G., & Dahan, A. (2021) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines9040382 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Advances in the Pathogenesis of Auto-antibody-Induced Cerebellar Synaptopathies
Mitoma, H., & Manto, M. U. (2022) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1007/s12311-021-01359-z · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationUdi, O. A., Oyem, J. C., Ebeye, O. A., Chris-Ozoko, L. E., Igbigbi, P. S., & Olannye, D. U. (2022) · Clinical Nutrition Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.nutos.2022.06.001 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Castiglia, S. F., Trabassi, D., Conte, C., Gioiosa, V., Sebastianelli, G., Abagnale, C., Ranavolo, A., Lorenzo, C. D., Coppola, G., Casali, C., et al. (2024) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1007/s12311-024-01663-4 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Shared internal models for feedforward and feedback control of arm dynamics in non‐human primates
Maeda, R. S., Kersten, R., & Pruszynski, J. A. (2020) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.15056 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Mitoma, H., Kakei, S., Tanaka, H., & Manto, M. U. (2023) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology12111435 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationCerebellar long-term depression and auto-immune target of auto-antibodies: the concept of LTDpathies
Mitoma, H., Honnorat, J., Yamaguchi, K., & Manto, M. U. (2021) · Molecular Biomedicine · doi:10.1186/s43556-020-00024-x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationShoaib, Z., Chang, W. K., Lee, J., Lee, S. H., Phillips, Z., V, Lee, S. H., Paik, N., Hwang, H., & Kim, W. (2023) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1007/s12311-023-01511-x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Cerebellum: From the identification of the cerebellar motor syndrome to the internal models
Manto, M. U., & Mitoma, H. (2023) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-98817-9.00024-7 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationAdvances in cerebellar disorders: pre-clinical models, therapeutic targets, and challenges
Manto, M. U., Cendelín, J., Strupp, M., & Mitoma, H. (2023) · Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets · doi:10.1080/14728222.2023.2263911 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationCheviet, A., Masselink, J., Koun, É., Salemme, R., Lappe, M., Tilikete, C., & Pélisson, D. (2021) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhab455 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The Three Cornerstones of Cerebellar Ataxia: Closing the Loop of 200 Years of Cerebellar Research
Cabaraux, P., Gandini, J., & Manto, M. U. (2021) · Contemporary clinical neuroscience · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-75817-2_23 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationCundari, M., Vestberg, S., HANSSON, A., Kennberg, J., Gustafsson, P., & Rasmussen, A. (2025) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617725000189 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Tatarelli, A., Babič, J., Casali, C., Castiglia, S. F., Chini, G., Ciancia, R., Cioffi, E., Fiori, L., Michieli, M., Montante, B., et al. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14156537 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Neurophysiology of the Cerebellum in Emotion
Adamaszek, M., & Kirkby, K. C. (2022) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-99550-8_7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Neural Predictive Computation in the Cerebellum
Tanaka, H., Ishikawa, T., & Kakei, S. (2021) · Contemporary clinical neuroscience · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-75817-2_18 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationCurrent and Future Perspectives of the Cerebellum in Affective Neuroscience
Adamaszek, M., Manto, M. U., & Schutter, D. J. L. G. (2022) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-99550-8_19 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationGraciani, Z., de Moraes, Í. A. P., Alberissi, C. A. D. O., Prado‐Rico, J. M., da Silva, T. D., Martinez, J. P., de Araújo, L. V., Pontes, R. G., Fernandes, S. M. D. S., Barbosa, R. C. C., et al. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0312705 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Valè, N., Righetti, A., Martini, E., Boldo, M., Bombieri, N., & Smania, N. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2024.3518416 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Speech, Kinematics and Gait Analysis of Degenerative Cerebellar Ataxia Syndromes
Ganguly, J., Babiker, D., Tamilselvam, Y. K., Soltani, S., Mahdi, Y., Bernaola, M. T., Kulshreshtha, D., Adams, S. G., & Jog, M. (2025) · Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques · doi:10.1017/cjn.2025.78 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cundari, M., Kirchhoff, L., HANSSON, A., Gorcenco, S., Vestberg, S., & Rasmussen, A. (2025) · Neurology Open Access · doi:10.1212/wn9.0000000000000054 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cerebellar syndromes: clinical observations leading to the recognition of the three types
Manto, M. U., & Mitoma, H. (2025) · Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria · doi:10.1055/s-0045-1811727 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationElble, R. J. (2026) · Clinical Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.prdoa.2026.100455 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Advancements in Cerebellar Modeling and Its Practical Applications: A Comprehensive Review
Huang, S., Xu, T., Chen, J., Huang, J., Wang, Z., Ke, Y., & Yung, W. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3435141 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Motor-Control Notions in Health and Disease (What Controls Motor Control?)Preprint
Dibaj, P., & Windhorst, U. (2024) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202403.1799.v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Neuroimmune Mechanisms of Cerebellar Ataxias
Mitoma, H., & Manto, M. U. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-15070-8_94
Self-citationMotor markers of congenital cerebellar hypoplasia
Straulino, E., Devita, M., Sartori, L., Ravelli, A., RUI, M. D., Bendini, M., Pini, L., Spoto, A., Betti, S., Marinuzzi, E., et al. (2025) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2025.109121
Cerebellar clinical syndromes: the triad and rating scales
Manto, M. U., Mitoma, H., Burt, A. L., & Schmahmann, J. D. (2026) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-026-13677-5
Self-citationMarchetti, R. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/e0b6207dz067cz4c77zaac1z78180f13f628
Ceravolo, L., Thomasson, M., Constantin, I. M., Stiennon, E., Chassot, E., Pierce, J. E., Cionca, A., Grandjean, D., Sveikata, L., Assal, F., et al. (2026) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.121980
Verma, V. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-33855-7.00012-7
The Neuroscience of Dance-Making: From Intention to Coordinated Action
Martins, S. A. (2026) · Global perspectives in applied sport and performance psychology. · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-24615-8_3
- Authors
- Cabaraux, P., Gandini, J., Kakei, S., Manto, M., Mitoma, H., & Tanaka, H.
- Affiliations
- HUmani - CHU Charleroi-Chimay (BE)
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science (JP)
- University of Mons (BE)
- Tokyo Medical University (JP)
- Tokyo City University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Mitoma, Hiroshi
- Venue
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-09-20
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 6900
- ISSN
- 1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7555030
- OpenAlex
- W3087315882
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 0.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vestibular and auditory disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
- Keywords
- episodic ataxia, cerebellar ataxia, efference copy, dentate nucleus, mossy fibers, hypermetria, hypometria, finger-to-nose test, Purkinje cells, voluntary movement
- MeSH terms
- Cerebellar Ataxia, Cerebellum, Humans, Models, Neurological, Purkinje Cells
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
