Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
Cited by 1,787

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 23 of the 23 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Time-series forecasting with deep learning: a survey

Open access
Lim, Bryan, Zohren, Stefan·2021·Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

Abstract

Numerous deep learning architectures have been developed to accommodate the diversity of time-series datasets across different domains. In this article, we survey common encoder and decoder designs used in both one-step-ahead and multi-horizon time-series forecasting—describing how temporal information is incorporated into predictions by each model. Next, we highlight recent developments in hybrid deep learning models, which combine well-studied statistical models with neural network components to improve pure methods in either category. Lastly, we outline some ways in which deep learning can also facilitate decision support with time-series data. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Machine learning for weather and climate modelling’.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1098/rsta.2020.0209

Cites

23 of 23 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 23 references

Research works printed but not linked: 60

  1. 10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.12.005 · DOI · Paper page
  2. 10.1111/j.1467-9892.2012.00805.x · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9892.2012.00805.x
  3. 10.14778/3137765.3137775 · DOI
  4. Andersen TG, 2005, Volatility forecasting, Natl Bur. Econ. Res., 11188
  5. Box GEP, 1976, Time series analysis: forecasting and control
  6. 10.1002/for.3980040103 · DOI · Paper page
  7. 10.1287/mnsc.6.3.324 · DOI · Paper page
  8. 10.1080/07474938.2010.481556 · DOI · Paper page
  9. 10.1109/TPAMI.2013.50 · DOI · Paper page
  10. Paszke A et al. 2019 PyTorch: An imperative style high-performance deep learning library. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32 Vancouver Canada 8–14 December 2019 pp. 8024–8035.
  11. Hyndman RJ, 2008, Automatic time series forecasting: the forecast package for R, J. Stat. Softw., 26, 1
  12. 10.1023/B:STCO.0000035301.49549.88 · DOI · Paper page
  13. Williams CKI Rasmussen CE. 1996 Gaussian processes for regression. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS) Denver CO 27–30 November 1995 .
  14. Damianou A Lawrence N. 2013 Deep Gaussian Processes. In Proc. of the Conf. on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics (AISTATS) Scottsdale AZ 29 April–1 May 2013 .
  15. 10.1162/neco.1989.1.1.39 · DOI · Paper page
  16. Wan E. 1994 Time series prediction by using a connectionist network with internal delay lines. In Time Series Prediction pp. 195–217. Boston MA: Addison-Wesley.
  17. Sen R Yu HF Dhillon I. 2019 Think globally act locally: a deep neural network approach to high-dimensional time series forecasting. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS) Vancouver Canada 8–14 December 2019 .
  18. Wen R Torkkola K. 2019 Deep generative quantile-copula models for probabilistic forecasting. In ICML Time Series Workshop Long Beach CA 9–15 June 2019 .
  19. Li Y Yu R Shahabi C Liu Y. 2018 Diffusion convolutional recurrent neural network: data-driven traffic forecasting. In Proc. of the Int. Conf. on Learning Representations ICLR Vancouver Canada 30 April–3 May 2018 .
  20. Ghaderi A Sanandaji BM Ghaderi F. 2017 Deep forecast: deep learning-based spatio-temporal forecasting. In ICML Time Series Workshop Sydney Australia 6–11 August 2017 .
  21. Salinas D Bohlke-Schneider M Callot L Medico R Gasthaus J. 2019 High-dimensional multivariate forecasting with low-rank gaussian copula processes. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS) Vancouver Canada 8–14 December 2019 .
  22. Goodfellow I, 2016, Deep learning
  23. Bai S Zico Kolter J Koltun V. 2018 An Empirical evaluation of generic convolutional and recurrent networks for sequence modeling. (http://arxiv.org/abs/1803.01271) · arXiv
  24. Borovykh A Bohte S Oosterlee CW. 2017 Conditional time series forecasting with convolutional neural networks. (http://arxiv.org/abs/1703.04691) · arXiv
  25. Lyons RG, 2004, Understanding digital signal processing
  26. Salinas D Flunkert V Gasthaus J. 2017 DeepAR: probabilistic forecasting with autoregressive recurrent networks. (http://arxiv.org/abs/1704.04110) · arXiv
  27. Rangapuram SS Seeger MW Gasthaus J Stella L Wang Y Januschowski T. 2018 Deep state space models for time series forecasting. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS) Montreal Canada 2–8 December 2018 .
  28. Lim B Zohren S Roberts S. 2020 Recurrent neural filters: learning independent Bayesian filtering steps for time series prediction. In Int. Joint Conf. on Neural Networks (IJCNN) Glasgow UK 19–24 July 2020 . · DOI
  29. Wang Y Smola A Maddix D Gasthaus J Foster D Januschowski T. 2019 Deep factors for forecasting. In Proc. of the Int. Conf. on Machine Learning (ICML) Long Beach CA 9–15 June 2019 .
  30. 10.1207/s15516709cog1402_1 · DOI · Paper page
  31. Kolen JF Kremer SC. 2001 In Gradient Flow in Recurrent Nets: The Difficulty of Learning LongTerm Dependencies pp. 237–243.
  32. Bahdanau D Cho K Bengio Y. 2015 Neural machine translation by jointly learning to align and translate. In Proc. of the Int. Conf. on Learning Representations (ICLR) San Diego CA 7–9 May 2015 .
  33. Cho K Van Merriënboer B Gulcehre C Bahdanau D Bougares F Schwenk H Bengio Y. 2014 Learning phrase representations using RNN Encoder–Decoder for statistical machine translation. In Proc. of the 2014 Conf. on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) Dohar Qatar 25–29 October 2014 . · DOI · Paper page
  34. Vaswani A Shazeer N Parmar N Uszkoreit J Jones L Gomez AN Kaiser L Polosukhin I. 2017 Attention is all you need. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS) Long Beach CA 4–9 December 2017 .
  35. Dai Z Yang Z Yang Y Carbonell J Le Q Salakhutdinov R. 2019 Transformer-XL: attentive language models beyond a fixed-length context. In Proc. of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) Florence Italy 28 July–2 August 2019 . · DOI · Paper page
  36. Fan C Zhang Y Pan Y Li X Zhang C Yuan R Wu D Wang W Pei J Huang H. 2019 Multi-horizon time series forecasting with temporal attention learning. In Proc. of the ACM SIGKDD Int. Conf. on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD) . · DOI · Paper page
  37. Li S Jin X Xuan Y Zhou X Chen W Wang YX Yan X. 2019 Enhancing the locality and breaking the memory bottleneck of transformer on time series forecasting. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS) Vancouver Canada 8–14 December 2019 .
  38. Choi E Bahadori MT Sun J Kulas JA Schuetz A Stewart WF. 2016 RETAIN: an interpretable predictive model for healthcare using reverse time attention mechanism. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS) Barcelona Spain 5–10 December 2016 .
  39. Wen R Torkkola K Narayanaswamy B Madeka D. 2017 A multi-horizon quantile recurrent forecaster. In NIPS 2017 Time Series Workshop .
  40. 10.1016/j.neucom.2009.11.030 · DOI · Paper page
  41. 10.1016/j.jeconom.2005.07.020 · DOI · Paper page
  42. 10.1371/journal.pone.0194889 · DOI · Paper page
  43. 10.1016/j.ijforecast.2019.03.015 · DOI
  44. 2020 The M4 Competition: 100 000 time series and 61 forecasting methods. Int. J. Forecast. 36 54–74. (doi:10.1016/j.ijforecast.2019.04.014) · DOI · Paper page
  45. 10.1016/S0169-2070(98)00009-0 · DOI
  46. 10.1016/S0169-2070(00)00057-1 · DOI · Paper page
  47. 10.1016/j.ijforecast.2019.03.017 · DOI · Paper page
  48. Lim B, 2019, Enhancing time-series momentum strategies using deep neural networks, J. Financ. Data Sci., 2
  49. Grover A Kapoor A Horvitz E. 2015 A deep hybrid model for weather forecasting. In Proc. of the ACM SIGKDD Int. Conf. on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD) Sydney Australia 10–13 August 2015 . · DOI · Paper page
  50. Binkowski M Marti G Donnat P. 2018 Autoregressive convolutional neural networks for asynchronous time series. In Proc. of the Int. Conf. on Machine Learning (ICML) Stockholm Sweden 10–15 July 2018 .
  51. 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2912823 · DOI · Paper page
  52. Bai T Zhang S Egleston BL Vucetic S. 2018 Interpretable representation learning for healthcare via capturing disease progression through time. In Proc. of the ACM SIGKDD Int. Conf. on Knowledge Discovery & Data Mining (KDD) London UK 19–23 August 2018 . · DOI · Paper page
  53. Yoon J Jordon J van der Schaar M. 2018 GANITE: estimation of individualized treatment effects using generative adversarial nets. In Int. Conf. on Learning Representations (ICLR) Sydney Australia 6–11 August 2017 .
  54. Hartford J Lewis G Leyton-Brown K Taddy M. 2017 Deep IV: a flexible approach for counterfactual prediction. In Proc. of the 34th Int. Conf. on Machine Learning (ICML) London UK 19–23 August 2018 .
  55. Alaa AM Weisz M van der Schaar M. 2017 Deep counterfactual networks with propensity dropout. In Proc. of the 34th Int. Conf. on Machine Learning (ICML) Vancouver Canada 30 April–3 May 2018 .
  56. Mansournia MA, 2017, Handling time varying confounding in observational research, BMJ, 16, 359
  57. Lim B Alaa A van der Schaar M. 2018 Forecasting treatment responses over time using recurrent marginal structural networks. In NeurIPS .
  58. Li R Shahn Z Li J Lu M Chakraborty P Sow D Ghalwash M Lehman LW. 2020 G-Net: a deep learning approach to G-computation for counterfactual outcome prediction under dynamic treatment regimes. (http://arxiv.org/abs/2003.10551) · arXiv
  59. Bica I Alaa AM Jordon J van der Schaar M. 2020 Estimating counterfactual treatment outcomes over time through adversarially balanced representations. In Int. Conf. on Learning Representations(ICLR) .
  60. 10.1016/j.ijforecast.2019.02.013 · doi:10.1016/j.ijforecast.2019.02.013

Cited by

See all 1,787

Metadata

Authors
Lim, B., & Zohren, S.
Venue
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
Published
2021-02-15
Volume
379
Issue
2194
Pages
20200209
ISSN
  • 1364-503X (ISSN-L)
  • 1471-2962
OpenAlex
W3022643593
Cited by
1,787
References
23
FWCI
110.34
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
green
Licence
royalsociety.org/journals/ethics-policies/data-sharing-mining/ (tdm)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Time-series forecasting with deep learning: a survey. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1098/rsta.2020.0209
The paper
Lim, B., & Zohren, S. (2021). Time-series forecasting with deep learning: a survey. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2020.0209

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.