Cited by 224Archaeology and ancient environmental studiesLanguage and cultural evolutionEnvironmental, Ecological, and Cultural Studies

Foraging and farming as niche construction: stable and unstable adaptations

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Rowley-Conwy, Peter, Layton, Robert·2011·Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Abstract

All forager (or hunter–gatherer) societies construct niches, many of them actively by the concentration of wild plants into useful stands, small-scale cultivation, burning of natural vegetation to encourage useful species, and various forms of hunting, collectively termed ‘low-level food production’. Many such niches are stable and can continue indefinitely, because forager populations are usually stable. Some are unstable, but these usually transform into other foraging niches, not geographically expansive farming niches. The Epipalaeolithic (final hunter–gatherer) niche in the Near East was complex but stable, with a relatively high population density, until destabilized by an abrupt climatic change. The niche was unintentionally transformed into an agricultural one, due to chance genetic and behavioural attributes of some wild plant and animal species. The agricultural niche could be exported with modifications over much of the Old World. This was driven by massive population increase and had huge impacts on local people, animals and plants wherever the farming niche was carried. Farming niches in some areas may temporarily come close to stability, but the history of the last 11 000 years does not suggest that agriculture is an effective strategy for achieving demographic and political stability in the world's farming populations.

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Crossref · 10.1098/rstb.2010.0307

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101 of 101 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • Hunter-gatherers are known to set fires intentionally to create and maintain early successional ecosystems, which generally have higher productivity than undisturbed ecosystems, in efforts to boost the local availability of food plants and game animals.

    “Hunter-gatherers are known to set fires intentionally to create and maintain early successional ecosystems, which generally have higher productivity than undisturbed ecosystems, in efforts to boost the local availability of food plants and game animals (47, 48).”

    From Used planet: a global history (2013) · cites this paper as [47]

  • As humans dispersed from Africa to other continents, microcharcoal records attest to new fire regimes and heightened levels of biomass burning associated with their arrival.

    “As humans dispersed from Africa to other continents, microcharcoal records attest to new fire regimes and heightened levels of biomass burning associated with their arrival (46, 47).”

    From Used planet: a global history (2013) · cites this paper as [47]

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Authors
Rowley-Conwy, P., & Layton, R.
Affiliations
Durham University (GB)
Corresponding author
Rowley-Conwy, Peter
Venue
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
Published
2011-03-27
Volume
366
Issue
1566
Pages
849-862
ISSN
  • 0962-8436 (ISSN-L)
  • 1471-2970
OpenAlex
W2084044860
Cited by
224
References
101
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 5
FWCI
8.23
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
  • Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Language and cultural evolution
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Environmental, Ecological, and Cultural Studies
Keywords
niche construction, foraging, hunter-gatherers, transition to agriculture, Epipaleolithic, Near East, abrupt climate change, population density, population stability, political stability
MeSH terms
Agriculture, Cultural Evolution, Culture, Humans, Human Activities, Paleontology, Population Dynamics, Ecosystem

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