Foraging and farming as niche construction: stable and unstable adaptations
Open accessAbstract
All forager (or hunter–gatherer) societies construct niches, many of them actively by the concentration of wild plants into useful stands, small-scale cultivation, burning of natural vegetation to encourage useful species, and various forms of hunting, collectively termed ‘low-level food production’. Many such niches are stable and can continue indefinitely, because forager populations are usually stable. Some are unstable, but these usually transform into other foraging niches, not geographically expansive farming niches. The Epipalaeolithic (final hunter–gatherer) niche in the Near East was complex but stable, with a relatively high population density, until destabilized by an abrupt climatic change. The niche was unintentionally transformed into an agricultural one, due to chance genetic and behavioural attributes of some wild plant and animal species. The agricultural niche could be exported with modifications over much of the Old World. This was driven by massive population increase and had huge impacts on local people, animals and plants wherever the farming niche was carried. Farming niches in some areas may temporarily come close to stability, but the history of the last 11 000 years does not suggest that agriculture is an effective strategy for achieving demographic and political stability in the world's farming populations.
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Hunter-gatherers are known to set fires intentionally to create and maintain early successional ecosystems, which generally have higher productivity than undisturbed ecosystems, in efforts to boost the local availability of food plants and game animals.
“Hunter-gatherers are known to set fires intentionally to create and maintain early successional ecosystems, which generally have higher productivity than undisturbed ecosystems, in efforts to boost the local availability of food plants and game animals (47, 48).”
From Used planet: a global history (2013) · cites this paper as [47]
As humans dispersed from Africa to other continents, microcharcoal records attest to new fire regimes and heightened levels of biomass burning associated with their arrival.
“As humans dispersed from Africa to other continents, microcharcoal records attest to new fire regimes and heightened levels of biomass burning associated with their arrival (46, 47).”
From Used planet: a global history (2013) · cites this paper as [47]
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- Authors
- Rowley-Conwy, P., & Layton, R.
- Affiliations
- Durham University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Rowley-Conwy, Peter
- ORCID
- Rowley-Conwy, Peter
- Venue
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Published
- 2011-03-27
- Volume
- 366
- Issue
- 1566
- Pages
- 849-862
- ISSN
- 0962-8436 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-2970
- PMC
- PMC3048996
- OpenAlex
- W2084044860
- Cited by
- 224
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 8.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Language and cultural evolution
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Environmental, Ecological, and Cultural Studies
- Keywords
- niche construction, foraging, hunter-gatherers, transition to agriculture, Epipaleolithic, Near East, abrupt climate change, population density, population stability, political stability
- MeSH terms
- Agriculture, Cultural Evolution, Culture, Humans, Human Activities, Paleontology, Population Dynamics, Ecosystem
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