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The neural basis of metacognitive ability
Open accessAbstract
Ability in various cognitive domains is often assessed by measuring task performance, such as the accuracy of a perceptual categorization. A similar analysis can be applied to metacognitive reports about a task to quantify the degree to which an individual is aware of his or her success or failure. Here, we review the psychological and neural underpinnings of metacognitive accuracy, drawing on research in memory and decision-making. These data show that metacognitive accuracy is dissociable from task performance and varies across individuals. Convergent evidence indicates that the function of the rostral and dorsal aspect of the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) is important for the accuracy of retrospective judgements of performance. In contrast, prospective judgements of performance may depend upon medial PFC. We close with a discussion of how metacognitive processes relate to concepts of cognitive control, and propose a neural synthesis in which dorsolateral and anterior prefrontal cortical subregions interact with interoceptive cortices (cingulate and insula) to promote accurate judgements of performance.
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“Weil et al. (2013) showed that metacognitive efficiency increases during adolescence, consistent with the maturation of prefrontal regions thought to underpin metacognition (Fleming and Dolan, 2012).”
From How to measure metacognition (2014) · cites this paper as Fleming and Dolan, 2012
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Oliva, R., Begliomini, C., Cereser, L., et al. (2014) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0924-977x(14)70522-x
“However, there was no GM decrease in brain areas specifically supporting metacognitive functioning [1], which was not compromised in rec-AN.”
BackgroundGoupil, L. (2015) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/428bec58z5847z41acz905fzc51410a051e2
“processes are well documented in adults (5, 18, 28).”
InfluentialMetakognition: Von wegen Zuschauer am Rande!
DiSalvo, D. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-47288-0_2
Evaluating semantic metamemory: Retrospective confidence judgements on the information subtest
Ladowsky-Brooks, R. L. (2016) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2016.1261868
Dunn, T. L. (2017) · UWSpace (University of Waterloo)
Nazzal, A. M. (2017) · eDiss (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) · doi:10.53846/goediss-6405
Rahimi, H. O., & Rahmani, F. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02331
“Metacognition, as defined as monitoring and controlling of the decision-making process in the brain (Fleming and Dolan, 2012), plays a major role in adjustment of the ongoing behavior of a high order organism, most importantly in the mammalian brain.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Pragmatics of Confidence in Perceptual and Value-based Choice
Folke, N. E. T. (2017) · Apollo (University of Cambridge) · doi:10.17863/cam.22112
“On a neurological level the anterior cingulate cortex is involved both with metacognition (Stephen M Fleming & Dolan, 2012) and with conflict monitoring, which is important for executive control (Botvinick, Cohen, & Carter, 2004).”
BackgroundCue Awareness in Avoiding Effortful Control (in press)Preprint
Dunn, T., Gaspar, C., & Lab, C. (2017) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/pd8cf
Prefrontal Control of the Tactile Sense
Gogulski, J. (2018) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja
Information Processing Speed in Ageing: Is it task dependent?
Torrens‐Burton, A. (2018) · doi:10.23889/suthesis.40835
Investigating Confidence Judgments using Reviews in Human and MonkeysPreprint
Stoll, F. M., & Procyk, E. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/741561
Colvin, L. E. (2019) · doi:10.7916/d8-zjyr-6m63
“Of note, I would like to underscore that metacognitive researchers have suggested there are many flavors of metacognitive report, but all involve the elicitation of subjective beliefs about one’s own cognition (Fleming and Dolan, 2014).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Fleming, S. M., & Dolan, R. J.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Fleming, Stephen M.
- Venue
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Published
- 2012-05-19
- Volume
- 367
- Issue
- 1594
- Pages
- 1338-1349
- ISSN
- 0962-8436 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-2970
- PMC
- PMC3318765
- OpenAlex
- W2155610381
- Semantic Scholar
- 6067b80d698ec3f84bd5329f7154f302e0cde788
- Cited by
- 747
- References
- 153
- Citations by year
- 2026: 71 · 2025: 69 · 2024: 65 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 49 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 2.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (091593, 078865/Z/05/Z)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- metacognition, metacognitive accuracy, lateral prefrontal cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, insula, interoception, cognitive control, memory, decision-making, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cognition, Decision Making, Humans, Memory, Neural Pathways, Prefrontal Cortex
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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