The DOI matches its Crossref record; 12 of the 12 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The origin of human multi-modal communication
Open accessAbstract
One reason for the apparent gulf between animal and human communication systems is that the focus has been on the presence or the absence of language as a complex expressive system built on speech. But language normally occurs embedded within an interactional exchange of multi-modal signals. If this larger perspective takes central focus, then it becomes apparent that human communication has a layered structure, where the layers may be plausibly assigned different phylogenetic and evolutionary origins—especially in the light of recent thoughts on the emergence of voluntary breathing and spoken language. This perspective helps us to appreciate the different roles that the different modalities play in human communication, as well as how they function as one integrated system despite their different roles and origins. It also offers possibilities for reconciling the ‘gesture-first hypothesis’ with that of gesture and speech having evolved together, hand in hand—or hand in mouth, rather—as one system.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Rizzolatti, G., & Craighero, L. (2004) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144230 · Cited by 7,433
The faculty of language: what is it, who has it, and how did it evolve?
Hauser, M. D., Chomsky, N., & Fitch, W. T. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.298.5598.1569 · Cited by 5,189
Cattaneo, L., & Rizzolatti, G. (2009) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneurol.2009.41 · Cited by 3,137
Presumptive Meanings: The Theory of Generalized Conversational Implicature
Levinson, S. C. (2000) · doi:10.7551/mitpress/5526.001.0001 · Cited by 2,404
Self-citationA Natural History of Human Thinking
Tomasello, M. (2014) · doi:10.4159/9780674726369 · Cited by 1,923
Eye contact detection in humans from birth
Farroni, T., Csibra, G., Simion, F., & Johnson, M. H. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.152159999 · Cited by 1,442
Arbib, M. A. (2005) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x05000038 · Cited by 1,164
Tomasello, M., Carpenter, M., & Liszkowski, U. (2007) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01025.x · Cited by 1,039
Stone toolmaking and the evolution of human culture and cognition
Stout, D. (2011) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0369 · Cited by 512
Rossano, F. (2012) · The Handbook of Conversation Analysis · doi:10.1002/9781118325001.ch15 · Cited by 331
Cited by
Arbitrariness, iconicity, and systematicity in language
Dingemanse, M., Blasi, D. E., Lupyan, G., Christiansen, M. H., & Monaghan, P. (2015) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.07.013 · Cited by 494
Multimodal Language Processing in Human Communication
Holler, J., & Levinson, S. C. (2019) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2019.05.006 · Cited by 441
Self-citationTaking turns: bridging the gap between human and animal communication
Pika, S., Wilkinson, R., Kendrick, K. H., & Vernes, S. C. (2018) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.0598 · Cited by 215
Processing language in face-to-face conversation: Questions with gestures get faster responses
Holler, J., Kendrick, K. H., & Levinson, S. C. (2018) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-017-1363-z · Cited by 167
Self-citationSupport for parents of deaf children: Common questions and informed, evidence-based answers
Humphries, T., Kushalnagar, P., Mathur, G., Napoli, D. J., Rathmann, C., & Smith, S. (2019) · International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology · doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2018.12.036 · Cited by 113
Metadata
- Authors
- Levinson, S. C., & Holler, J.
- Venue
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Published
- 2014-09-19
- Volume
- 369
- Issue
- 1651
- Pages
- 20130302
- ISSN
- 0962-8436 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-2970
- OpenAlex
- W2159941522
- Cited by
- 385
- References
- 12
- FWCI
- 301.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The origin of human multi-modal communication. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1098/rstb.2013.0302
- The paper
- Levinson, S. C., & Holler, J. (2014). The origin of human multi-modal communication. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0302
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
