The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Candida albicans forms biofilms on the vaginal mucosa
Open accessAbstract
Current understanding of resistance and susceptibility to vulvovaginal candidiasis challenges existing paradigms of host defence against fungal infection. While abiotic biofilm formation has a clearly established role during systemic Candida infections, it is not known whether C. albicans forms biofilms on the vaginal mucosa and the possible role of biofilms in disease. In vivo and ex vivo murine vaginitis models were employed to examine biofilm formation by scanning electron and confocal microscopy. C. albicans strains included 3153A (lab strain), DAY185 (parental control strain), and mutants defective in morphogenesis and/or biofilm formation in vitro (efg1/efg1 and bcr1/bcr1). Both 3153A and DAY815 formed biofilms on the vaginal mucosa in vivo and ex vivo as indicated by high fungal burden and microscopic analysis demonstrating typical biofilm architecture and presence of extracellular matrix (ECM) co-localized with the presence of fungi. In contrast, efg1/efg1 and bcr1/bcr1 mutant strains exhibited weak or no biofilm formation/ECM production in both models compared to wild-type strains and complemented mutants despite comparable colonization levels. These data show for the first time that C. albicans forms biofilms in vivo on vaginal epithelium, and that in vivo biotic biofilm formation requires regulators of biofilm formation (BCR1) and morphogenesis (EFG1).
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Vaginal mucosal mouse models, both in vivo (live mice inoculated with C. albicans on the vaginal mucosa) and ex vivo (vaginas excised from euthanized mice and then inoculated with C. albicans in tissue culture plates), show similar biofilm architectures, with clear yeast, hyphae, and extracellular matrix evident throughout the biofilms formed on top of the mucosal layers (72).”
From Candida albicans Biofilms and Human Disease (2015) · cites this paper as [72]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Nonfilamentous C. albicans Mutants Are Avirulent
Lo, H.-J., Köhler, J. R., DiDomenico, B., Loebenberg, D., Cacciapuoti, A., & Fink, G. R. (1997) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80358-x · Cited by 1,809
Chandra, J., Kuhn, D. M., Mukherjee, P. K., Hoyer, L. L., McCormick, T., & Ghannoum, M. A. (2001) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.183.18.5385-5394.2001 · Cited by 1,578
Candida Infections of Medical Devices
Kojic, E. M., & Darouiche, R. O. (2004) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.17.2.255-267.2004 · Cited by 1,055 · cited 2×
“Significant attention has been given to Candida biofilm formation of indwelling catheters, which can lead to life-threatening systemic infections (Crump & Collignon, 2000; Dominic et al., 2007; Kojic & Darouiche, 2004).”
Owen, D. H., & Katz, D. F. (1999) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/s0010-7824(99)00010-4 · Cited by 721 · cited 1×
“Second, in vivo vaginal tissue 3640 Microbiology 156 contains many secretions, composed of electrolytes, organic acids and proteins, which maintain properties such as pH and osmolarity (Owen & Katz, 1999).”
Vulvovaginal candidiasis: Epidemiologic, diagnostic, and therapeutic considerations
Sobel, J. D., Faro, S., Force, R. W., Foxman, B., Ledger, W. J., Nyirjesy, P., Reed, B. D., & Summers, P. R. (1998) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(98)80001-x · Cited by 694 · cited 2×
“Although several Candida species have been implicated in VVC and RVVC, Candida albicans is the predominant aetiological agent, causing 85– 95 % of these infections (Sobel et al., 1998).”
Biofilm formation by Candida species on the surface of catheter materials in vitro
Hawser, S. P., & Douglas, L. J. (1994) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.62.3.915-921.1994 · Cited by 599 · cited 1×
“Our results are also consistent with the kinetics of in vitro biofilms grown on silicone discs, which show steady increases in dry weight measurements until 36–48 h and then remain stationary (Chandra et al., 2001; Hawser & Douglas, 1994).”
Stoldt, V. R., Sonneborn, A., Leuker, C. E., & Ernst, J. F. (1997) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/16.8.1982 · Cited by 595 · cited 1×
“EFG1 encodes a transcriptional factor that is required for morphogenesis under most hypha-inducing conditions in vitro (Lo et al., 1997; Stoldt et al., 1997).”
BackgroundCandida biofilms on implanted biomaterials: a clinically significant problem
Ramage, G., MartÃnez, J. P., & López-Ribot, J. L. (2006) · FEMS Yeast Research · doi:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2006.00117.x · Cited by 575 · cited 1×
“Candida biofilms have been studied primarily on abiotic surfaces (reviewed by Blankenship & Mitchell, 2006; Ramage et al., 2006).”
How to build a biofilm: a fungal perspective
Blankenship, J. R., & Mitchell, A. P. (2006) · Current Opinion in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.mib.2006.10.003 · Cited by 530 · cited 2×
“At 72 h, yeast forms (CM) were evident at the apical surface of the biofilm in conjunction with the residential hyphae, which coincided with the predicted dispersal phase of biofilm growth (Blankenship & Mitchell, 2006).”
Critical Role of Bcr1-Dependent Adhesins in C. albicans Biofilm Formation In Vitro and In Vivo
Nobile, C. J., Andes, D. R., Nett, J. E., Smith, F. J., Yue, F., Phan, Q.-T., Edwards, J. E., Filler, S. G., & Mitchell, A. P. (2006) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.0020063 · Cited by 507 · cited 6×
“…biofilm formation, i.e. ECM production and hyphal growth. http://mic.sgmjournals.org 3641 BCR1 encodes a transcriptional regulator that is required for production of vigorous biofilms on abiotic surfaces in vitro and in vivo in a catheter model (Nobile et al., 2006a; Nobile & Mitchell, 2005).”
Influential
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- 1999, SBIR/STTR study and control of microbial biofilms
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–301 of 301
In vitro synergistic antifungal activity of silybin-posaconazole combination against Candida auris
Peng, M., Zhu, X., Hu, Q., Fan, Y., Mao, Y., Chen, X., Qin, H., Zhang, H., & Sun, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2026.1881511
“All RT-qPCR primers are listed in Table 3 (Glazier, 2022; Harriott et al., 2010; Ponde et al., 2021; Ramage et al., 2002; Yang et al., 2025).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Harriott, M. M., Lilly, E. A., Rodriguez, T. E., Fidel, P. L., & Noverr, M. C.
- Affiliations
- Wayne State University (US)
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans (US)
- Venue
- Microbiology
- Publisher
- Microbiology Society
- Published
- 2010-12-01
- Volume
- 156
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 3635-3644
- ISSN
- 1350-0872 (ISSN-L)
- 1465-2080
- PMC
- PMC3068702
- OpenAlex
- W2063801124
- Cited by
- 301
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 7.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Microbiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Louisiana Board of Regents
- Carnegie Mellon University
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01 AI72406-01, R01AI072406, R01AI32556, R01AI032556)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fungal and yeast genetics research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bacterial biofilms and quorum sensing
- Keywords
- Candida albicans, biofilm formation, vaginal mucosa, vaginal candidiasis, vaginal epithelium, extracellular matrix, BCR1, EFG1, morphogenesis, fungal virulence
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Candida albicans, Candidiasis, Female, Humans, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mucous Membrane, Vagina, Biofilms, Dioxygenases, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
