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Human empathy through the lens of social neuroscience.
Open accessAbstract
Empathy is the ability to experience and understand what others feel without confusion between oneself and others. Knowing what someone else is feeling plays a fundamental role in interpersonal interactions. In this paper, we articulate evidence from social psychology and cognitive neuroscience, and argue that empathy involves both emotion sharing (bottom-up information processing) and executive control to regulate and modulate this experience (top-down information processing), underpinned by specific and interacting neural systems. Furthermore, awareness of a distinction between the experiences of the self and others constitutes a crucial aspect of empathy. We discuss data from recent behavioral and functional neuroimaging studies with an emphasis on the perception of pain in others, and highlight the role of different neural mechanisms that underpin the experience of empathy, including emotion sharing, perspective taking, and emotion regulation.
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“Intact ability to distinguish between the self and other then allows the observer to attribute the emotional state to the observed individual, thereby reducing personal distress, and giving rise to empathic concern (Bird and Viding, 2014; Coll, Viding, et al., 2017; Davis, 1980; Decety and Lamm, 2006; Moriguchi et al., 2007b).”
From Atypical interoception as a common risk factor for psychopathology: A review (2021) · cites this paper as Decety and Lamm, 2006
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“A growing number of neuroimaging studies reliably documents that witnessing pain in others activates a similar network as the first-hand experience of pain [12], [34 for reviews].”
From What are you feeling? Using functional magnetic resonance imaging to assess the modulation of sensory and affective responses during empathy for pain (2007) · cites this paper as [12]
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BackgroundEmpathy's Relation to Appraisal of the Emotional Child Witness
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“” In fact, drawing on Carl Rogers’ “as if ” stance in empathy, many researchers (e.g., Decety and Jackson, 2004; Decety and Lamm, 2006; de Vignemont and Singer, 2006; Cuff et al., 2016) hold that the ability to self-other discrimination is a critical criterion for empathy.”
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“While considering that the main source of that feeling is the other person [25].”
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“Empathy provides a sense of similarity in feelings experienced by the self and the other (Decety & Lamm, 2006).”
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“Entonces, dependiendo de múltiples factores, la experiencia de empatizar puede originar preocupación empática que impulse a ayudar al otro o malestar personal que motive a alejarse del otro (Decety & Lamm, 2006).”
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“Empathy, thus, is “the ability to experience and understand what others feel without confusion between oneself and others” (Decety & Lamm, 2006, p. 1146).”
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“…empathy, as it may result in inaccuracies and, even when it does not, it still may result in overarousal, difficulties in downregulating or modulating emotional responses, and increased personal distress as a response to others’ distress (Coplan, 2011; Decety & Lamm, 2006; Eisenberg & Eggum, 2009).”
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“…it is worth mentioning the importance of moderating variables in experiencing empathy and the manifestation of violent behaviors, such as the social environment (Decety & Lamm, 2006; Moya-Albiol et al., 2010), as well as the attachment style (Cricchio et al., 2022; Miyagawa & Kanemasa, 2022).”
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“Moreover, increased individual empathic concern can lead to more prosocial behaviors [48].”
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“Specifically, functional magnetic resonance imaging ( f MRI) research has demonstrated that affective empathy can activate the brain ’ s pain matrix, potentially leading to negative health outcomes (Decety & Lamm, 2006; Klimecki, 2015).”
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“18 (2): 1-16, mayo-agosto de 2020 la respuesta a la pregunta anterior fuera que no es posible, d) ¿implicaría esto la necesidad de realizar estudios específicos e intervenciones específicas del comportamiento empático antes de toda intervención empática en cada universidad, toda vez que es en la universidad donde se p…”
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“Rather, I am speaking of “empathic concern” that Decety and Lamm (2006) defined as an emotional reaction characterized by compassion and tenderness, affects that these authors considered to play a central role in moral reasoning and inhibiting aggression toward others. ster in distress, but it is…”
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“Firstly, it is broadly regarded that empathy is a critical component in interpersonal processes [47, 48], and provides a drive for our prosocial behaviors [2, 49].”
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“…faciales, a través de pequeños movimientos musculares que componen secuencias, son fuente de representaciones motoras por parte del observador a través de un complejo proceso preceptivo y de codificación de dichas expresiones (Decety & Lamm, 2006; Ferrari et al., 2003; Morris et al., 2001).”
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“Interestingly, some existing work suggests that those with ASDmight experience enhanced personal distress as a result of impaired emotion regulation and empathic over-arousal (Decety & Lamm, 2006).”
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Olson, G. L. (2008) · Polis (Santiago) · doi:10.4067/s0718-65682008000100017 · Cited by 8
Jones, L. K. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119375487.ch1 · Cited by 6
Thompson, N. M., van Reekum, C. M., & Chakrabarti, B. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/611301 · Cited by 6
“Empathy and emotion regulation represent distinct socio-emotional abilities, both of which are critical for effective social functioning and emotional wellbeing (Decety & Lamm, 2006; Fodor, 1987).”
BackgroundPeck, N. F. (2012) · Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University) · doi:10.31274/etd-180810-2684 · Cited by 6
“Empathy is also important for moral reasoning and prosocial behavior (Decety, 2011; Decety & Lamm, 2006; Feshbach & Feshbach, 2009).”
BackgroundThe neurostructural bases of empathy: morphometric evidence for a multicomponential approach
Arioli, M., Baghi, L. R., Cattaneo, Z., & Canessa, N. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1544632 · Cited by 7
“Instead, speci fi c neural correlates underpin the distinct emotional empathic reactions associated with the apprehension of another ’ s state (i.e., personal distress, an aversive self-focused reaction) and empathic concern (or compassion, an other-oriented response of concern) (10, 11).”
Fietz, J., Auer, G. A., Plener, P. L., Poustka, L., & Konicar, L. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-16767-y · Cited by 5
Threat Perception Captured by Emotion, Motor and Empathetic System Responses: A Systematic Review
Jacobs, E., Deligianni, F., & Pollick, F. E. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2023.3323043 · Cited by 7
“Pain is commonly used within experimental contexts to evoke feelings of threat, due to their ability to induce defensive behaviours [64].”
BackgroundInfluentialArdenghi, S., Luciani, M., Russo, S., Rampoldi, G., Bani, M., Ausili, D., Mauro, S. D., & Strepparava, M. G. (2024) · Applied Nursing Research · doi:10.1016/j.apnr.2024.151863 · Cited by 5
Empathy in Long-Term Human–Robot Interaction: A Scoping Review of Emotion Understanding
Newman, M. S., Senadji, B., White, K. M., & Fookes, C. (2024) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-024-01166-6 · Cited by 5
“In human interactions, empathy plays an important role in how humans interact and cooperate with one another [14, 15], and is key to sustaining interactions [16].”
Service Learning in an Urban Context: Pedagogy for Nurturing Empathy and Moral Development
Leung, B. Y. P., & Yung, B. R. (2020) · Journal of Education · doi:10.1177/0022057420944853 · Cited by 5
“Previous studies on empathy were focused on exploring the nature, mechanism, and function of empathy, which have been strictly confined to conceptual building (Decety & Lamm, 2006; Gerdes & Segal, 2011; Hoffman, 2000).”
BackgroundMitterová, K., Lamoš, M., Mareček, R., Pupíková, M., Šimko, P., Grmela, R., Skotáková, A., Vaculíková, P., & Rektorová, I. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.724094 · Cited by 5
Challenges to Learners in Interpreting Self as Other, Post COVID-19
Nash, C. (2021) · Challenges · doi:10.3390/challe12020031 · Cited by 5
“One way a critique of norms regarding self/other can be offered by these learners is investigating how empathy can blur this assumed distinction [31].”
BackgroundHerpertz, S. C. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-04198-3_8 · Cited by 8
Hess, C. D., & Mesurado, B. (2022) · Acta Colombiana de Psicología · doi:10.14718/acp.2023.26.1.3 · Cited by 9
The discrimination of self from other as a component of empathy.
Little, C., Solomonova, E., Jordan, M., Klein, N., Jennings, B. J., Schmidtmann, G., Leos, H., & Gold, I. (2022) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0001193 · Cited by 5
“…of empathy, Cuff and colleagues highlight the importance of “ recognition that the source of the emotion is not one ’ s own ” (2016, p. 17), and Decety and Lamm (2006, p. 1146) claim that empathy is “ the ability to experience and understand what others feel without confusion between oneself…”
Roerig, S., van Wesel, F., Evers, S. J. T. M., van der Meulen, A., & Krabbendam, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.952786 · Cited by 10
The Effect of Empathy on Team Members’ Moqi in Virtual Teams: A Moderated Mediation Model
Yu, X., Zhang, L., Liu, M., & He, B. (2023) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s414860 · Cited by 5
The cognitive-emotional brain is an embodied and social brain
Kiverstein, J. D., & Miller, M. (2015) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x14000922 · Cited by 5
Influence of the type of patient in the emotional response of nurses and nursing students
López‐Pérez, B., Ambrona, T., & Hanoch, Y. (2016) · Nurse Education in Practice · doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2016.03.009 · Cited by 5
“, anxiety), associated with avoidance and withdrawal from the situation (Davis, 1983; Decety and Lamm, 2006; Eisenberg and Eggum, 2009).”
Empathy, Forgiveness, and Reconciliation
Fourie, M. M., Gobodo‐Madikizela, P., & Stein, D. J. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-398393-0.00019-5 · Cited by 5
Ogino, Y., Kawamichi, H., Kakeda, T., & Saito, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00197 · Cited by 5
Fan empathy as a response to athlete transgressions
Westberg, K., Stavros, C., Farrelly, F. J., & Smith, A. C. T. (2019) · Sport Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.smr.2019.09.007 · Cited by 5
Impaired empathy in patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy: An event-related potentials study
Jiang, Y., Mingyu, Z., Yu, F., & Wang, K. (2020) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107274 · Cited by 5
Özkara, B. Y. (2021) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2021.100853 · Cited by 6
Comparative Perspectives of Empathy Development
Clay, Z., Webb, C. E., Romero, T., & de Waal, F. Β. Μ. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198855903.013.30 · Cited by 5
Wedel, A., Müller, C. R., & Greiner, F. (2022) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2022.2047615 · Cited by 5
“A possible explanation for the interaction effect might be the capacity for self-other differentiation that increases with empathic abilities (Decety & Lamm, 2006).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Decety, J., & Lamm, C.
- Affiliations
- Department of Psychology Center for Cognitive and Social Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- University of Chicago (US)
- ORCID
- Lamm, Claus
- Venue
- The Scientific World JOURNAL
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2006
- Volume
- 6
- Pages
- 1146-1163
- ISSN
- 1537-744X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5917291
- OpenAlex
- W2144872492
- Cited by
- 1,051
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 82 · 2025: 80 · 2024: 59 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 60 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 52 · 2012: 44
- FWCI
- 3.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Scientific World JOURNAL (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Empathy and Medical Education
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Keywords
- empathy, social neuroscience, emotional sharing, executive function, top-down processing, bottom-up processing, self-other distinction, perspective taking, emotion regulation, neural mechanisms of empathy
- MeSH terms
- Awareness, Brain Mapping, Empathy, Biological Evolution, Humans, Models, Psychological, Nerve Net, Neurosciences, Psychology, Social, Social Behavior
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