Amazonian run-of-river dam reservoir impacts underestimated: Evidence from a Before-After Control-Impact study of freshwater turtle nesting areas
Open accessPreprint — published as 10.1002/aqc.3775 · Paper page
Abstract
Construction of hydropower dams is associated with negative impacts on biodiversity, yet there remains a lack of robust scientific evidence documenting the magnitude of these impacts particularly across highly biodiverse tropical waterways. Hydropower expansion is an increasing threat to the Endangered yellow-spotted river turtle ( Podocnemis unifilis ) across its tropical South American range. Yellow-spotted river turtle nesting areas were monitored as an indicator of dry season river level changes following run-of-river dam reservoir filling. A Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) study design was used with multi-year field campaigns monitoring turtle nesting areas upstream of the dam. The cause and extent of changes in nesting areas were established using Generalized Additive Models. Nesting area density was evaluated in relation to: time (before versus after), treatment (control versus impact), time treatment interaction (BACI), distance to the dam and precipitation. The extent of changes was examined by comparing the proportion of nesting areas remaining during four years after reservoir filling. Dam construction generated an immediate and apparently permanent dry season river level rise that extended more than 20 km beyond impact assessment limits. On average the density of nesting areas declined 69% (from 0.48 to 0.15 per km) across 33 km of river directly impacted by the dam. This loss was reflected in a significant BACI interaction. Nesting area density was not explained by seasonal precipitation. Standardized monitoring of freshwater turtle nesting areas provided an effective means to quantify impacts of hydropower developments across biodiverse yet rapidly changing waterways. The negative impacts documented in this study should be preventable by mitigation actions including habitat creation and dry season flow regulation. Such measures would also likely benefit multiple species elsewhere in tropical rivers increasingly impacted by run-of-river dams.
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“These seasonal habitats are used by diverse oviparous wildlife (Campos-Silva et al., 2018; Campos-Silva et al., 2021) and their predators (da Costa Reis et al., 2021), and can also facilitate movements e.g. as stepping-stones to cross rivers (Mamalis et al., 2018), and provide locations for…”
BackgroundHydropower construction plans threaten the largest Brazilian national river
Gomes, J. P. C., Salvador, G. N., Casarim, R., Pompeu, P. S., Brito, M. F. G., Andrade, F. R., Alves, C. B. M., Prado, I. G., Pessali, T. C., & Vieira, F. (2020) · doi:10.1002/aqc.3485 · Cited by 6
Sirsi, S., Singh, S., Tripathi, A., McCracken, S. F., Forstner, M., & Horne, B. D. (2017) · Chelonian Conservation and Biology · doi:10.2744/ccb-1236.1 · Cited by 6
Mamalis, L., da Silva, S. S., Valerio, A. B., Norris, D., & Michalski, F. (2019) · Edentata · doi:10.2305/iucn.ch.2018.edentata-19-1.3.en · Cited by 5
Self-citationAsynchronous reproduction in three species of crocodilians in south-eastern Amazonia
Campos, Z., Muniz, F., & Magnusson, W. (2019) · Journal of Natural History · doi:10.1080/00222933.2019.1605006 · Cited by 4
Flagged first, then by citations
24 of the 115 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hydropower impacts on riverine biodiversity
He, F., Zarfl, C., Tockner, K., Olden, J. D., Campos, Z., Muniz, F., Svenning, J., & Jähnig, S. C. (2024) · Nature Reviews Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43017-024-00596-0 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
“Similarly, above the Cachoeira Caldeirão Dam, Brazil, the average density of yellow-spotted river turtle ( Podocnemis unifilis ) nesting sites declined from 0.48 to 0.15 per km after the reservoir was filled 62 .”
InfluentialImpacts of Dams on Freshwater Turtles: A Global Review to Identify Conservation Solutions
Bárcenas-García, A., Michalski, F., Morgan, W. H., Smith, R. K., Sutherland, W. J., Gibbs, J. P., & Norris, D. (2022) · Tropical Conservation Science · doi:10.1177/19400829221103709 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationMrozińska, N., Habel, M., & Obolewski, K. (2023) · Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology · doi:10.1016/j.ecohyd.2023.04.009 · Cited by 5
Raffo, D. C. D., Norris, D., Hartz, S. M., & Michalski, F. (2022) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.14287 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Although some localized studies quantified hydropower dam impacts on vertebrates such as freshwater turtles (Bárcenas-García et al., 2022a) and dwarf caimans (Paleosuchus palpebrosus and Paleosuchus trigonatus) in the Brazilian Amazon, the majority focused on fishes, and adopted less robust study designs that limited…”
BackgroundSelf-citationMestanza-Ramón, C., Lara-Váscones, R., Mora-Silva, D., Milanés, C., Saeteros-Hernández, A., Sánchez-Capa, M., & Cunalata-Garcia, A. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14137548 · Cited by 4
de Freitas, T. R., Marques, L., dos Santos, R. D., Dantas, R. V., França, T. S., Rodrígues, R. B., Torres-Lozano, K., Albuquerque, E., Siqueira-Silva, D., Zhang, T.-T., et al. (2025) · Animal Reproduction Science · doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2025.107816 · Cited by 2
Human‐Induced Extinction Risk of the World's Crocodilians and Chelonians
Torres-Romero, E., Woolrich‐Piña, G., Smith, G. R., Ripple, W., Lemos-Espinal, J., Sunny, A., & Stanford, C. B. (2025) · Journal of Biogeography · doi:10.1111/jbi.70116 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Duc, O. L., Trong, M. N., Leprince, B., Minh, H. H., Hoang, V. T., Van, S. H., & Luiselli, L. (2025) · Conservation · doi:10.3390/conservation5030032 · Cited by 1
Aikins, T. K., Pala, E., & Imoro, Z. (2026) · Tropical Conservation Science · doi:10.1177/19400829261454990
Ostovar, K., Saarel, L. S., Borgogna, J. C., Ward, L., Alston, W., Prinkki, M., & Valdez, A. (2026) · Rivers Research and Applications: an international journal devoted to river research and management · doi:10.1002/rra.70146
Silva, L. A. D. P., Michalski, F., & Norris, D. (2025) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2025.1622535
Self-citation
- Authors
- Bárcenas-García, A., Michalski, F., Gibbs, J. P., & Norris, D.
- Affiliations
- Instituto Pró-Carnívoros (BR)
- State University of New York (US)
- Universidade Federal do Amapá (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Norris, Darren
- Venue
- Aquatic Conservation Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems
- Publisher
- openRxiv
- Published
- 2021-07-30
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 508-522
- ISSN
- 1052-7613 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4210847670
- Cited by
- 18
- References
- 115
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 8
- FWCI
- 2.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nd
- Locations
- Aquatic Conservation Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nd)
- Funders
- United States Agency for International Development (AIDOAAA1100012)
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (88882.429990/2019‐01, 2019‐01, 88882, 2018-0)
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (302806/2018-0, 2018-0, 403679/2016‐8, 2016‐8)
- Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Turtle Biology and Conservation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Fish Ecology and Management Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Hydropower, Displacement, Environmental Impact
- Keywords
- hydroelectric dams, run-of-river dams, reservoir impacts, freshwater turtles, Podocnemis unifilis, Amazonian rivers, habitat loss, flow regulation, habitat mitigation
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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