PreprintCited by 179SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 ResearchT-cell and B-cell ImmunologyImmune responses and vaccinations

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 86 of the 86 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Germinal center responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines in healthy and immunocompromised individuals

Open access

Lederer, Katlyn, Parvathaneni, Kalpana, Painter, Mark M., Bettini, Emily, Agarwal, Divyansh, Lundgreen, Kendall A., Weirick, Madison, Goel, Rishi R., Xu, Xiaoming, Drapeau, Elizabeth M., Gouma, Sigrid, Greenplate, Allison R., Coz, Carole Le, Romberg, Neil, Jones, Lisa, Rosen, Mark, Besharatian, Behdad, Kaminiski, Mary, Weiskopf, Daniela, Sette, Alessandro, Hensley, Scott E., Bates, Paul, Wherry, E. John, Naji, Ali, Bhoj, Vijay, Locci, Michela·2021·Cell

DOI 10.1101/2021.09.16.21263686PMC PMC8475965

Preprint — published as 10.1016/j.cell.2022.01.027

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

SUMMARY: Vaccine-mediated immunity often relies on the generation of protective antibodies and memory B cells, which commonly stem from germinal center (GC) reactions. An in-depth comparison of the GC responses elicited by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines in healthy and immunocompromised individuals has not yet been performed due to the challenge of directly probing human lymph nodes. In this study, through a fine-needle-aspiration-based approach, we profiled the immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines in lymph nodes of healthy individuals and kidney transplant (KTX) recipients. We found that, unlike healthy subjects, KTX recipients presented deeply blunted SARS-CoV-2-specific GC B cell responses coupled with severely hindered T follicular helper cells, SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding-domain-specific memory B cells and neutralizing antibodies. KTX recipients also displayed reduced SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell frequencies. Broadly, these data indicate impaired GC-derived immunity in immunocompromised individuals, and suggest a GC-origin for certain humoral and memory B cell responses following mRNA vaccination.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1101/2021.09.16.21263686

Cites

0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing
Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x · Cited by 109,482
Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation
Wrapp, D., Wang, N., Corbett, K. S., Goldsmith, J. A., Hsieh, C.-L., Abiona, O., Graham, B. S., & McLellan, J. S. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abb2507 · Cited by 8,897
Neutralizing antibody levels are highly predictive of immune protection from symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection
Khoury, D. S., Cromer, D., Reynaldi, A., Schlub, T. E., Wheatley, A. K., Juno, J. A., Subbarao, K., Kent, S. J., Triccas, J. A., & Davenport, M. P. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01377-8 · Cited by 3,742
Targets of T Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus in Humans with COVID-19 Disease and Unexposed Individuals
Grifoni, A., Weiskopf, D., Ramirez, S. I., Mateus, J., Dan, J. M., Moderbacher, C. R., Rawlings, S. A., Sutherland, A., Premkumar, L., Jadi, R. S., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.015 · Cited by 3,595
Self-citation
An mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 — Preliminary Report
Jackson, L. A., Anderson, E. J., Rouphael, N. G., Roberts, P. C., Makhene, M., Coler, R. N., McCullough, M. P., Chappell, J. D., Denison, M. R., Stevens, L. J., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2022483 · Cited by 3,237
RNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccine BNT162b2 Selected for a Pivotal Efficacy Study
Walsh, E. E., Frenck, R., Falsey, A. R., Kitchin, N., Absalon, J., Gurtman, A., Lockhart, S., Neuzil, K., Mulligan, M. J., Bailey, R., et al. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.08.17.20176651 · Cited by 2,615
SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in development
Krammer, F. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2798-3 · Cited by 2,098
Reduced sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 variant Delta to antibody neutralization
Planas, D., Veyer, D., Baidaliuk, A., Staropoli, I., Guivel-Benhassine, F., Rajah, M. M., Planchais, C., Porrot, F., Robillard, N., Puech, J., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03777-9 · Cited by 1,992 · cited 2×
“In line with these data, studies characterizing the immune responses to the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines in humans found a robust generation of nAbs and MBCs (Bettini and Locci, 2021; Collier et al., 2021; Edara et al., 2021; Goel et al., 2021; Jackson et al., 2020; Planas et al., 2021; Sahin et al., 2020; Stamatatos et a…”
COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b1 elicits human antibody and TH1 T cell responses
Sahin, U., Muik, A., Derhovanessian, E., Vogler, I., Kranz, L. M., Vormehr, M., Baum, A., Pascal, K., Quandt, J., Maurus, D., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2814-7 · Cited by 1,977
Surface phenotype and antigenic specificity of human interleukin 17–producing T helper memory cells
Acosta-Rodriguez, E. V., Rivino, L., Geginat, J., Jarrossay, D., Gattorno, M., Lanzavecchia, A., Sallusto, F., & Napolitani, G. (2007) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni1467 · Cited by 1,828

Show all 0 references

Research works printed but not linked: 2

10.1016/j.immuni.2020.06.001pmid:32561270 · DOI
10.1056/NEJMoa2027906 · DOI · Paper page

Sorted by citations

mRNA vaccines induce durable immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern
Goel, R. R., Painter, M. M., Apostolidis, S. A., Mathew, D., Meng, W., Rosenfeld, A. M., Lundgreen, K. A., Reynaldi, A., Khoury, D. S., Pattekar, A., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abm0829 · Cited by 873
Self-citation
Lipid nanoparticles enhance the efficacy of mRNA and protein subunit vaccines by inducing robust T follicular helper cell and humoral responses
Alameh, M., Tombácz, I., Bettini, E., Lederer, K., Sittplangkoon, C., Wilmore, J. R., Gaudette, B. T., Soliman, O. Y., Pine, M., Hicks, P. D., et al. (2022) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2022.05.007 · Cited by 77
“Because SARS-CoV-2 nucleoside-modified mRNA-LNP vaccines promote robust GC B cell and Tfh cell responses in humans (Lederer et al., 2021; Mudd et al., 2021; Turner et al., 2021), we argue that a similar pro-Tfh cellinducing activity is also present in humans and that the mechanism could also likely…”
Self-citation
Humoral and cellular immune memory to four COVID-19 vaccines
Zhang, Z., Mateus, J., Coelho, C. H., Dan, J. M., Moderbacher, C. R., Gálvez, R. I., Côrtes, F. H., Grifoni, A., Tarke, A., Chang, J., et al. (2022) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.05.022 · Cited by 576
“SARSCoV-2 spike-specific circulating follicular helper T (cTfh) cells were measured at all time points (Figures 3C and S2D), as this subpopulation of CD4 T cells is crucial for supporting antibody responses following vaccination (Crotty, 2019; Lederer et al., 2022; Mudd et al., 2022).”
Self-citation
Immune imprinting, breadth of variant recognition, and germinal center response in human SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination
Röltgen, K., Nielsen, S. C. A., Silva, O., Younes, S. F., Zaslavsky, M., Costales, C., Yang, F., Wirz, O. F., Solis, D., Hoh, R. A., et al. (2022) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.01.018 · Cited by 475
Immunological memory to SARS‐CoV ‐2 infection and COVID ‐19 vaccines
Sette, A., & Crotty, S. (2022) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.13089 · Cited by 270
Self-citation
BNT162b2 vaccination induces durable SARS-CoV-2–specific T cells with a stem cell memory phenotype
Guerrera, G., Picozza, M., D’Orso, S., Placido, R., Pirronello, M., Verdiani, A., Termine, A., Fabrizio, C., Giannessi, F., Sambucci, M., et al. (2021) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abl5344 · Cited by 230
“Induction of Tfh cells also occurs in response to the Spike protein (58, 59), and our finding of Spike-specific cells expressing CXCR5, PD-1, and ICOS suggests that mRNA vaccination is effective in generating CD4+ cells able to interact with B cells, in line with other studies (13, 15, 17, 60).”
Result
Lipid nanoparticles enhance the efficacy of mRNA and protein subunit vaccines by inducing robust T follicular helper cell and humoral responses
Alameh, M.-G., Tombácz, I., Bettini, E., Lederer, K., Ndeupen, S., Sittplangkoon, C., Wilmore, J. R., Gaudette, B. T., Soliman, O. Y., Pine, M., et al. (2021) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2021.11.001 · Cited by 775
“Because SARS-CoV-2 nucleoside-modified mRNA-LNP vaccines promote robust GC B cell and Tfh cell responses in humans (Lederer et al., 2021; Mudd et al., 2021; Turner et al., 2021), we argue that a similar pro-Tfh cellinducing activity is also present in humans and that the mechanism could also likely…”
Self-citation
Memory B cells
Inoue, T., & Kurosaki, T. (2023) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-023-00897-3 · Cited by 245
“Indeed, nAb responses are substantially reduced in many individuals who are immunocompromised, such as recipients of kidney trans-plants 138 .”
Antibody-mediated neutralization of SARS-CoV-2
Gruell, H., Vanshylla, K., Weber, T., Barnes, C. O., Kreer, C., & Klein, F. (2022) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2022.05.005 · Cited by 150
“SARS-CoV-2-reactive germinal center B and T follicular helper cells became detectable within 2–3 weeks of immunization and were associated with the development of neutralizing antibodies (Lederer et al., 2022; Mudd et al., 2022; Schmitz et al., 2021; Turner et al., 2021b).”
The immunostimulatory nature of mRNA lipid nanoparticles
Sharma, P., Hoorn, D., Aitha, A., Breier, D., & Peer, D. (2024) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2023.115175 · Cited by 132
Persistent B cell memory after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is functional during breakthrough infections
Terreri, S., Piano Mortari, E., Vinci, M. R., Russo, C., Alteri, C., Albano, C., Colavita, F., Gramigna, G., Agrati, C., Linardos, G., et al. (2022) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2022.01.003 · Cited by 117
“Through the recirculation in the persistent germinal centers demonstrated in vaccinated individuals (Lederer et al., 2021; Turner et al., 2021b), MBCs may continuously be re-stimulated, thus explaining their increased numbers and progressively improved antigen affinity (Piano Mortari et al.”
SARS-CoV-2 Omicron boosting induces de novo B cell response in humans
Alsoussi, W. B., Malladi, S. K., Zhou, J. Q., Liu, Z., Ying, B., Kim, W., Schmitz, A. J., Lei, T., Horvath, S. C., Sturtz, A. J., et al. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06025-4 · Cited by 174
Lipid nanoparticles (LNP) induce activation and maturation of antigen presenting cells in young and aged individuals
Connors, J. R., Joyner, D., Mege, N. J., Cusimano, G. M., Bell, M. R., Marcy, J., Taramangalam, B., Kim, K. M., Lin, P. J. C., Tam, Y. K., et al. (2023) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-023-04555-1 · Cited by 126
“These vaccines utilize four-component lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) that have been shown to potently induce IL-1, IL-6 secretion, T FH and GC B cell generation in humans 1,10,36 – 38 .”
SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in the changing landscape of the COVID-19 pandemic
Bertoletti, A., Bert, N. L., & Tan, A. T. (2022) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2022.08.008 · Cited by 118
“…at odds with the apparent exclusive localization of tissue-resident S-specific T cells in the lymph node draining the site of mRNA injections (Lederer et al., 2022; Mudd et al., 2022; Turner et al., 2021) and also with recent works that detected tissue-resident S-specific T cells only in the…”
Prior vaccination promotes early activation of memory T cells and enhances immune responses during SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection
Painter, M. M., Johnston, T. S., Lundgreen, K. A., Santos, J. J. S., Qin, J. S., Goel, R. R., Apostolidis, S. A., Mathew, D., Fulmer, B., Williams, J. C., et al. (2023) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-023-01613-y · Cited by 106
Self-citation
Human circulating and tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells
Buggert, M., Price, D. A., Mackay, L. K., & Betts, M. R. (2023) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-023-01538-6 · Cited by 125
“Although most human vaccine studies to date have focused on the generation of immune responses in the vasculature, a few investigators have gone beyond the exclusive use of peripheral blood samples to assess memory B and CD4 + T cell responses in biopsied LNs 159,160,161,162 .”
Human Cytomegalovirus mRNA-1647 Vaccine Candidate Elicits Potent and Broad Neutralization and Higher Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Responses Than the gB/MF59 Vaccine
Hu, X., Karthigeyan, K. P., Herbek, S. L., Valencia, S. M., Jenks, J. A., Webster, H. S., Miller, I. G., Connors, M., Pollara, J., Andy, C., et al. (2024) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiad593 · Cited by 82
Linking vaccine adjuvant mechanisms of action to function
Ben‐Akiva, E., Chapman, A. P., Mao, T., & Irvine, D. J. (2025) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.ado5937 · Cited by 83
Duration of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine persistence and factors associated with cardiac involvement in recently vaccinated patients
Krauson, A. J., Casimero, F. V. C., Siddiquee, Z., & Stone, J. R. (2023) · npj Vaccines · doi:10.1038/s41541-023-00742-7 · Cited by 78
“We did not detect vaccine mRNA in mediastinal lymph nodes, consistent with the previous observation that SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines elicit antigen-speci ﬁ c germinal center B cell responses only in draining lymph nodes 24 .”
Result
Infection or a third dose of mRNA vaccine elicits neutralizing antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 in kidney transplant recipients
Charmetant, X., Espi, M., Benotmane, I., Barateau, V., Heibel, F., Buron, F., Gautier-Vargas, G., Delafosse, M., Perrin, P., Koenig, A., et al. (2022) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abl6141 · Cited by 84
“…capacity and antigen-specific germinal center B cells after vaccination do not only correlate with the number of antigen-specific Tfh1 cells, the subset predominantly produced after vaccination in healthy participants ( 53 , 54 ), but also with the two other Tfh subsets (Tfh2 and Tfh17).”
Instructing durable humoral immunity for COVID-19 and other vaccinable diseases
Bhattacharya, D. (2022) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2022.05.004 · Cited by 64
“As discussed above, germinal centers continue to producememory B cells of enhanced breadth over the course of months after SARS-CoV-2 infections or vaccines (Lederer et al., 2022; Muecksch et al., 2022b; Turner et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2021).”
Influential
Extended SARS-CoV-2 RBD booster vaccination induces humoral and cellular immune tolerance in mice
Gao, F., Wu, R., Shen, M., Huang, J., Li, T., Hu, C., Luo, F., Song, S., Mu, S., Hao, Y., et al. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.105479 · Cited by 54
SARS-CoV-2 Omicron boosting induces de novo B cell response in humans
Alsoussi, W. B., Malladi, S. K., Zhou, J. Q., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.09.22.509040 · Cited by 47
The MegaPool Approach to Characterize Adaptive CD4+ and CD8+ T Cell Responses
Antunes, R. D. S., Weiskopf, D., Sidney, J., Rubiro, P., Peters, B., Arlehamn, C. S. L., Grifoni, A., & Sette, A. (2023) · Current Protocols · doi:10.1002/cpz1.934 · Cited by 44
“…2020; Hassan et al., 2020; He et al., 2022; Hsieh et al., 2022; Jin et al., 2021; Keeton et al., 2021; Kee-ton et al., 2022; Keeton et al., 2023; Lederer et al., 2022; Madelon, Heikkila, et al., 2022; Madelon, Lauper, et al., 2022; Mateus et al., 2021; Mateus, Grifoni, Tarke, et al., 2020;…”
Self-citation
Fighting the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic requires a global approach to understanding the heterogeneity of vaccine responses
Tomalka, J. A., Suthar, M. S., Deeks, S. G., & Sékaly, R. (2022) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-022-01130-4 · Cited by 45
Distinct components of mRNA vaccines cooperate to instruct efficient germinal center responses
Castaño, D., Bettini, E., Kumar, B., Chudnovskiy, A., Siv, A., Protti, G., Nakandakari-Higa, S., Ceglia, S., Luna, N. D., Chiu, J. E., et al. (2025) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2025.11.023 · Cited by 44
Self-citation
Maintenance and functional regulation of immune memory to COVID-19 vaccines in tissues
Davis‐Porada, J., George, A. B., Lam, N., Caron, D. P., Gray, J. I., Huang, J., Hwu, J., Wells, S. B., Matsumoto, R., Kubota, M., et al. (2024) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2024.10.003 · Cited by 41
Self-citation
A third dose of the unmodified COVID-19 mRNA vaccine CVnCoV enhances quality and quantity of immune responses
Lenart, K., Hellgren, F., Ols, S., Yan, X., Cagigi, A., Cerveira, R. A., Winge, I. P., Hanczak, J., Mueller, S. O., Jasny, E., et al. (2022) · Molecular Therapy — Methods & Clinical Development · doi:10.1016/j.omtm.2022.10.001 · Cited by 40
mRNA vaccines in tumor targeted therapy: mechanism, clinical application, and development trends
Gao, Y., Yang, L., Li, Z., Peng, X., & Li, H. (2024) · Biomarker Research · doi:10.1186/s40364-024-00644-3 · Cited by 34
“4) High interindividual variability: Differences in genetic background, immune status, and disease conditions among individuals influence the immunogenicity and therapeutic efficacy of mRNA vaccines [224].”
Background
Adenovirus vector and mRNA vaccines: Mechanisms regulating their immunogenicity
Provine, N. M., & Klenerman, P. (2022) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.202250022 · Cited by 37
Immune imprinting: The persisting influence of the first antigenic encounter with rapidly evolving viruses
Maltseva, M., Keeshan, A., Cooper, C., & Langlois, M. (2024) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2024.2384192 · Cited by 34
A Pvs25 mRNA vaccine induces complete and durable transmission-blocking immunity to Plasmodium vivax
Kunkeaw, N., Nguitragool, W., Takashima, E., Kangwanrangsan, N., Muramatsu, H., Tachibana, M., Ishino, T., Lin, P. J. C., Tam, Y. K., Pichyangkul, S., et al. (2023) · npj Vaccines · doi:10.1038/s41541-023-00786-9 · Cited by 34
“The great ability of nucleoside-modi ﬁ ed mRNA – LNP vaccination to elicit GC B and Tfh cells has been revealed in animal models 27,29 as well as in humans immunized with SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines 46,47 .”
Background
T follicular helper cells in the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination
Koutsakos, M., Lee, W. S., Wheatley, A. K., Kent, S. J., & Juno, J. A. (2021) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1002/jlb.5mr0821-464r · Cited by 37
Visualizing lipid nanoparticle trafficking for mRNA vaccine delivery in non-human primates
Buckley, M., Araínga, M., Maiorino, L., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.06.21.600088 · Cited by 25
“…to be a feature of the NHP model that may be distinct from humans, as longitudinal fine needle aspirate studies of volunteers receiving the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines have been quite successful in detecting robust ongoing germinal center responses simply by sampling draining axillary LNs 34,35 .”
Disease-associated B cells and immune endotypes shape adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in human SLE
Faliti, C. E., Van, T. T. P., Anam, F. A., Cheedarla, N., Williams, M. E., Mishra, A. K., Usman, S. Y., Woodruff, M. C., Kraker, G., Runnstrom, M. C., et al. (2024) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-024-02010-9 · Cited by 23
“Clinical efficacy and immune correlates of mRNA vaccination have been amply tested in the healthy population and in patients with cancer 33,45 or solid organ transplantation 46–48 .”
Hybrid Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Variants: A Narrative Review of the Literature
Tsagkli, P., Geropeppa, M., Papadatou, I., & Spoulou, V. I. (2024) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines12091051 · Cited by 24
Differences in SARS-CoV-2 specific humoral and cellular immune responses after contralateral and ipsilateral COVID-19 vaccination
Ziegler, L., Klemis, V., Schmidt, T., Schneitler, S., Baum, C., Neumann, J., Becker, S. L., Gärtner, B. C., Sester, U., & Sester, M. (2023) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104743 · Cited by 25
T-Cell Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccination
Notarbartolo, S. (2024) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines12101126 · Cited by 23
“…after the second immunization, S-specific T FH cells in lymph nodes persist at least for 6 months [143], and their impairment is strictly associated with compromised germinal center reactions and nAbs production, as shown in immunocompromised individuals undergoing kidney transplantation [144].”
Background
Longitudinal cellular and humoral immune responses after triple BNT162b2 and fourth full-dose mRNA-1273 vaccination in haemodialysis patients
Becker, M., Cossmann, A., Lürken, K., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1004045 · Cited by 17
Immunogenicity, breakthrough infection, and underlying disease flare after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination among individuals with systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases
Paik, J. J., Sparks, J. A., & Kim, A. H. J. (2022) · Current Opinion in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.coph.2022.102243 · Cited by 18
Germinal centre-driven maturation of B cell response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccinationPreprint
Kim, W., Zhou, J. Q., Sturtz, A. J., Horvath, S. C., Schmitz, A. J., Lei, T., Kalaidina, E., Thapa, M., Alsoussi, W. B., Haile, A., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.10.31.466651 · Cited by 18
Establishing long-lasting vaccine immunity: insights from mRNA and adjuvanted protein platforms
Pineda-Peña, A.-C., Hasegawa, K., Pavot, V., Berry, C., Combadière, B., Cortés-Garcia, G., McDermott, A. B., & Sridhar, S. (2025) · npj Vaccines · doi:10.1038/s41541-025-01302-x · Cited by 23
“In parallel, germinal center T FH cells persisted in draining lymph nodes following mRNA vaccinations 136 , supporting the maintenance of germ-inal center reaction and contributing to durable antibody production 128,137 .”
Atypical and non-classical CD45RBlo memory B cells are the majority of circulating SARS-CoV-2 specific B cells following mRNA vaccination or COVID-19
Priest, D. G., Ebihara, T., Tulyeu, J., Søndergaard, J. N., Sakakibara, S., Sugihara, F., Nakao, S., Togami, Y., Yoshimura, J., Ito, H., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-50997-4 · Cited by 24
SARS-CoV-2 Omicron escapes mRNA vaccine booster-induced antibody neutralisation in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases: an observational cohort study
Kim, W.-J., Choi, S., Park, J. Y., Song, J. S., Chung, J.-W., & Choi, S. T. (2022) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/ard-2022-222689 · Cited by 20
Advancement in the development of mRNA ‐based vaccines for respiratory viruses
Troncoso‐Bravo, T., Ramírez, M. A., Loaiza, R. A., Román-Cárdenas, C., Papazisis, G., Garrido, D. A., González, P. A., Bueno, S. M., & Kalergis, A. M. (2024) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/imm.13844 · Cited by 20
“In mRNA-vaccinated mice, germinal centre B cell and follicular T helper cell responses are significantly amplified and correlate with the magnitude and durability of antibody responses [61].”
SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific TFH cells exhibit unique responses in infected and vaccinated individuals
He, R., Zheng, X., Zhang, J., Liu, B., Wang, Q., Wu, Q., Liu, Z., Chang, F., Hu, Y., Xie, T., et al. (2023) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01650-x · Cited by 21
Tissue immunity to SARS‐CoV‐2: Role in protection and immunopathology*
Rybkina, K., Davis‐Porada, J., & Färber, D. L. (2022) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.13112 · Cited by 19
T and B cell responses in different immunization scenarios for COVID-19: a narrative review
Mortari, E. P., Ferrucci, F., Zografaki, I., Carsetti, R., & Pacelli, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1535014 · Cited by 14
Early antiviral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are associated with upper airway clearance of SARS-CoV-2
Ramirez, S. I., Lopez, P. G., Faraji, F., Parikh, U. M., Heaps, A., Ritz, J., Moser, C., Eron, J. J., Wohl, D. A., Currier, J. S., et al. (2024) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.186078 · Cited by 23
“Given the biological dependence of the antibody response on CD4 + T cell help mediated by Tfh (50, 51), some statistical association between antibodies and viral load would always be expected, even if, hypothet-ically, viral control were exclusively mediated by T cells.”
Self-citation
Polyfunctional antibodies: a path towards precision vaccines for vulnerable populations
Purcell, R. A., Theisen, R. M., Arnold, K. B., Chung, A. W., & Selva, K. J. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1183727 · Cited by 16
Non-Omicron breakthrough infection with higher viral load and longer vaccination-infection interval improves SARS-CoV-2 BA.4/5 neutralization
Miyamoto, S., Arashiro, T., Ueno, A., Kanno, T., Saito, S., Katano, H., Iida, S., Ainai, A., Ozono, S., Hemmi, T., et al. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.105969 · Cited by 13
Cellular and Humoral Immunity against Different SARS-CoV-2 Variants Is Detectable but Reduced in Vaccinated Kidney Transplant Patients
Thümmler, L., Gäckler, A., Bormann, M., et al. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10081348 · Cited by 13
The cellular factors that impair the germinal center in advanced age
Foster, W. S., Marcial‐Juárez, E., & Linterman, M. A. (2025) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1093/jimmun/vkae039 · Cited by 14
The survival of B cells is compromised in kidney disease
Peroumal, D., Jawale, C. V., Choi, W., Rahimi, H., Antos, D., Li, D., Wang, S., Vijay, G. K. M., Mehta, I. D., West, R. E., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-55187-w · Cited by 14
“A recent study showed compromised GC-derived immunity in kidney transplant patients following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination 25 .”
Infection-mediated immune response in SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection and implications for next-generation COVID-19 vaccine development
Miyamoto, S., & Suzuki, T. (2024) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.01.088 · Cited by 13
Prior SARS-CoV-2 Infection Enhances Initial mRNA Vaccine Response with a Lower Impact on Long-Term Immunity
Silva‐Moraes, V., Souquette, A. H., Sautto, G. A., Paciello, I., Antonelli, G., Andreano, E., Rappuoli, R., Teixeira‐Carvalho, A., & Ross, T. M. (2023) · ImmunoHorizons · doi:10.4049/immunohorizons.2300041 · Cited by 10
Activation‐induced marker assays for identification of Trypanosoma cruzi ‐specific CD4 or CD8 T cells in chronic Chagas disease patients
Ferragut, F., Cruz, K. M., Gallardo, J. P., Fernandez, M. L., Vasquez, Y. H., & Gómez, K. A. (2022) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/imm.13622 · Cited by 13
Lessons from SENCOVAC: A prospective study evaluating the response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in the CKD spectrum
Quiroga, B., Soler, M. J., Ortíz, A., & de Sequera, P. (2023) · Nefrología (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.nefroe.2023.04.005 · Cited by 9
T cell help in the autoreactive germinal center
Akama‐Garren, E. H., & Carroll, M. C. (2022) · Scandinavian Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1111/sji.13192 · Cited by 16
Long-lasting germinal center responses to a priming immunization with continuous proliferation and somatic mutation
Lee, J. H., Sutton, H., Cottrell, C., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.12.20.473537 · Cited by 10
Highly functional and prolonged germinal center T follicular helper cell responses are associated with enhanced neutralizing antibody development
Marina-Zárate, E., Sutton, H. J., Lopez, P. G., Altheide, T. K., Bick, M., Burton, I., Ben‐Akiva, E., Michaels, K. K., Hyacinth, K., Healy, B. S., et al. (2025) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2025.10.008 · Cited by 18
Fine needle aspiration of human lymph nodes reveals cell populations and soluble interactors pivotal to immunological priming
Provine, N. M., Al‐Diwani, A., Agarwal, D., Dooley, K., Heslington, A., Murchison, A. G., Garner, L. C., Sheerin, F., Klenerman, P., & Irani, S. R. (2024) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.202350872 · Cited by 11
“This approach has permitted studying both B cells and T-follicular helper (T FH ) cells, which support GC formation and maintenance [15].”
Self-citation
Insights From Early Clinical Trials Assessing Response to mRNA SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Immunocompromised Patients
Baron, F., Canti, L., Ariën, K. K., Kemlin, D., Desombere, I., Gerbaux, M., Pannus, P., Beguin, Y. P., Marchant, A., & Humblet‐Baron, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.827242 · Cited by 12
“A recent study (still in pre-print format) reported an extensive comparison of immunogenicity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine in healthy subjects and in 10 kidney transplant recipients (129).”
Background
Immune Response to MVA-BN Vaccination for Mpox: Current Evidence and Future Directions
Byrne, J., Katoto, P., Kirenga, B., et al. (2025) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines13090930 · Cited by 8
“Although mRNA vaccines, such as those targeting SARS-CoV-2, have been shown to induce prolonged germinal centre activity [71], this may not be a universal feature of all non-replicating platforms.”
Evaluating PFAS-Induced modulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) immune response to SARS-CoV-2 spike in COVID-19 Vaccinees
Ayuk, H. S., Pierzchalski, A., Tal, T. L., Myhre, O., Lindeman, B., Smith, N. M., Stojanovska, V., & Zenclussen, A. C. (2025) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2025.109409 · Cited by 6
T follicular helper cell responses to SARS‐CoV ‐2 vaccination among healthy and immunocompromised adults
Boyd, M. A. A., Hoppé, A. C., Kelleher, A. D., & Munier, C. M. L. (2023) · Immunology and Cell Biology · doi:10.1111/imcb.12635 · Cited by 7
“compared LN FNB samples from healthy participants (n = 15) and those on immunosuppressant drugs following kidney transplant (n = 13).(67) Draining and nondraining (n = 4) LNs were sampled 14 days following primary and 8 days following secondary SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination.”
BackgroundInfluential
Impact of Metabolic States on SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Responses in Mouse Models of Obesity and Diabetes
Smith, O. A., Fujimoto, B., Wong, T. A. S., To, A., Odo, T., Ball, A. H., Haun, B. K., Muramatsu, H., Tam, Y. K., Pardi, N., et al. (2024) · COVID · doi:10.3390/covid5010002 · Cited by 7
“Adjuvanted vaccines likely promote robust affinity maturation due to prolonged antigen exposure’s “depot effect” [77,78], while modified mRNA vaccines promote strong affinity maturation through Tfh cell and GC activation [71– 74].”
A cluster of broadly neutralizing IgG against BK polyomavirus in a repertoire dominated by IgM
Nguyen, N., Devilder, M., Gautreau-Rolland, L., et al. (2023) · Life Science Alliance · doi:10.26508/lsa.202201567 · Cited by 6
Validation of ligand tetramers for the detection of antigen-specific lymphocytes
Fitzpatrick, K., Degefu, H. N., Poljakov, K., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.10.24.513230 · Cited by 6
“For antigen-specific B cell detection, the most used tools are fluorochrome-conjugated antigen/peptide tetramers, fluorochrome-conjugated virus-like particles as well as other types of fluorochromeconjugated ligands (For an incomplete crosssection, see (1-232)).”
Method
Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 Trimeric Spike Protein Associated to Poly(I:C) Plus Alum
dos-Santos, J. S., Firmino-Cruz, L., da Fonseca-Martins, A. M., Oliveira-Maciel, D., Pérez, G., Pereira, V. A. R., Dumard, C. H., Guedes-da-Silva, F. H., Santos, A. C. V., Leandro, M. D. S., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.884760 · Cited by 7
The comprehensive insights into the B-cells-mediated immune response against COVID-19 infection amid the ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2
Dhawan, M. K., Thakur, N., Sharma, M. K., & Rabaan, A. A. (2025) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2025.117936 · Cited by 5
Cowpox to COVID: History of vaccination in the immunocompromised host
Schaenman, J. M. D., & Avery, R. K. (2023) · Transplant Infectious Disease · doi:10.1111/tid.14051 · Cited by 6
Saturation time of exposure interval for cross-neutralization response to SARS-CoV-2: Implications for vaccine dose interval
Miyamoto, S., Kuroda, Y., Kanno, T., Ueno, A., Shiwa-Sudo, N., Iwata‐Yoshikawa, N., Sakai, Y., Nagata, N., Arashiro, T., Ainai, A., et al. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.106694 · Cited by 6
“The vaccination dose interval that affects the induction of cross-neutralizing responses can be considered equivalent to the vaccination-infection interval in breakthrough infections in terms of the time taken for the antibody affinity maturation derived frommemory B cells in germinal centers after mRNA vaccination.(1…”
Plasma EV-miRNAs as Potential Biomarkers of COVID-19 Vaccine Immune Response in Cancer Patients
Almeida, B., Dias, T. R., Cruz, P., Sousa‐Pimenta, M., Teixeira, A. L., Pereira, C. E., Costa‐Silva, B., Oliveira, J., Medeiros, R., & Dias, F. (2024) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines12080848 · Cited by 6
Advances and challenges in investigating B-cells via single-cell transcriptomics
Skinner, O. P., Asad, S., & Haque, A. (2024) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2024.102443 · Cited by 6
Spike-Specific Memory B Cell Response in Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Recipients following Multiple mRNA-1273 Vaccinations: A Longitudinal Observational Study
Pettini, E., Ciabattini, A., Fiorino, F., et al. (2024) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines12040368 · Cited by 4
“Eliciting broad reactive memory B cells is a key aspect in vaccine development, since memory B cells take an important part in the immune response, acting as a secondary defense line and triggering a rapid increase in Ab-secreting plasma cells in case of pathogen exposure ([17]).”
Background
Increased Metabolic Activity of the Thymus and Lymph Nodes in Pediatric Oncology Patients After Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination
Luthria, G., Baratto, L., Adams, L. C., Morakote, W., & Daldrup-Link, H. E. (2023) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.123.266271 · Cited by 4
“Recent efforts to understand the immune response to mRNA vaccines revealed germinal center responses in axillary lymph nodes ( 2 ).”
Background
Ultrasound-guided lymph node fine-needle aspiration for evaluating post-vaccination germinal center responses in humans
Scholte, L. L. S., Leggat, D. J., Cohen, K. W., et al. (2023) · STAR Protocols · doi:10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102576 · Cited by 4
Human Cytomegalovirus mRNA-1647 Vaccine Candidate Elicits Potent and Broad Neutralization and Higher Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Responses than that of the Partially Effective gB/MF59 VaccinePreprint
Hu, X., Karthigeyan, K. P., Herbek, S. L., Valencia, S. M., Jenks, J. A., Webster, H. S., Miller, I. G., Connors, M., Pollara, J., Andy, C., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.08.02.23293386 · Cited by 10
“332 The gB/MF59 vaccinees were a lower age range (12-17) than that of mRNA-1647 (18-49) and 333 only female gender, though most vaccinees in the mRNA-1647 cohort were female (76%).”
Background
Prior vaccination enhances immune responses during SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection with early activation of memory T cells followed by production of potent neutralizing antibodiesPreprint
Painter, M. M., Johnston, T. S., Lundgreen, K. A., Santos, J. J. D. S., Qin, J. S., Goel, R. R., Apostolidis, S. A., Mathew, D., Fulmer, B., Williams, J. C., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.02.05.527215 · Cited by 7
“Vaccination also generates long-lasting germinal centers 12, 13 that produce durable and stable populations of memory B cells, including cells capable of cross-binding the highly mutated RBD of Omicron variants 11, 14, 15 .”
Self-citation
A third SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine dose in people receiving hemodialysis overcomes B cell defects but elicits a skewed CD4+ T cell profile
Sannier, G., Nicolas, A., Dubé, M., Marchitto, L., Nayrac, M., Tastet, O., Chatterjee, D., Tauzin, A., Lima-Barbosa, R., Laporte, M., et al. (2023) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.100955 · Cited by 6
Germinal Center Response to mRNA Vaccination and Impact of Immunological Imprinting on Subsequent Vaccination
Kim, W. (2024) · Immune Network · doi:10.4110/in.2024.24.e28 · Cited by 5
“Human GC reactions to vaccination were observed in draining axillary lymph nodes for at Human B Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination https://doi.org/10.4110/in.2024.24.e28 2/13 https://immunenetwork.org least 6 months following mRNA vaccination (13-17).”
BackgroundInfluential
Enhancing vaccine effectiveness in the elderly to counter antibiotic resistance: The potential of adjuvants via pattern recognition receptors
Jung, M., Kim, H., Choi, E., Shin, M., & Shin, S. J. (2024) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2024.2317439 · Cited by 5
“219,220,288 Certainly, thoughtful consideration from diverse perspectives is imperative in the development or selection of adjuvants for vaccines targeting the elderly in the future.”
Background
Early antiviral CD4 and CD8 T cell responses and antibodies are associated with upper respiratory tract clearance of SARS-CoV-2Preprint
Ramirez, S. I., Lopez, P. G., Faraji, F., Parikh, U. M., Heaps, A., Ritz, J., Moser, C., Eron, J. J., Wohl, D. A., Currier, J. S., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.10.25.564014 · Cited by 3
“Given the biological dependence of the antibody response on CD4 T cell help mediated by T FH cells (51, 52), some statistical association between antibodies and viral load would always be expected, even if, hypothetically, viral control was exclusively mediated by T cells.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Low switched memory B cells are associated with no humoral response after SARS-CoV-2 vaccine boosters in kidney transplant recipients
Seija, M., García‐Luna, J., Rammauro, F., Brugnini, A., Trías, N., Astesiano, R., Santiago, J., Orihuela, N., Zulberti, C., Machado, D., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1202630 · Cited by 3
Lipid nanoparticles (LNP) induce activation and maturation of antigen presenting cells in young and aged individuals
Connors, J., Joyner, D., Mege, N. J., et al. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2199652/v1 · Cited by 3
Atypical B cells and impaired SARS-CoV-2 neutralisation following booster vaccination in the elderly.
Ferreira, I., Lee, C. Q., Foster, W., et al. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.10.13.22281024 · Cited by 3
Topography of the HLA-A protein enforces shared and convergent immunodominant B cell and antibody alloresponses in transplant recipients
Killian, J. T., King, R. G., Lucander, A. C. K., Kizziah, J. L., Fucile, C., Díaz-Avalos, R., Qiu, S., Silva-Sánchez, A., Mousseau, B. J., Macon, K. J., et al. (2025) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2025.10.014 · Cited by 6
SARS-CoV-2 S protein activates the HIV latent reservoir through the mTOR pathway
Xu, L., Chen, L., Wang, H., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.08.18.670887 · Cited by 2
“When the immune system is stimulated, these latent viruses may be reactivated, leading to HIV replication and transmission [5, 6].”
Impact of Extended Dosing Intervals and Ipsilateral Versus Contralateral Boosting on mRNA Vaccine Immunogenicity in Mice
Lu, B., Chaudhary, O., Banoth, B., Nadkarni, J., Zong, W., Mausser, E., Danz, H., Motwani, M., Ruiz, S., Zhang, D., et al. (2025) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines13030263 · Cited by 1
“In contrast, mice immunized with the rHA-AF03 vaccine showed dramatically different antibody response kinetics, with peak GMT titers of 95 [34, 264] and 226 [105, 488] at the 21-day prime–boost interval for the homologous A/Tasmania/503/2020 (H3N2).”
Response to COVID-19 vaccination imaged by PD-L1 PET scanning
MacManus, M. P., Akhurst, T., Lewin, S. R., et al. (2024) · EJNMMI Reports · doi:10.1186/s41824-024-00196-7 · Cited by 2
“…are important for the generation of high-quality spike protein-specific antibodies following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination, and vaccination has been associated with increased intranodal and circulating T follicular helper cells that express high levels of PD-1 (Locci et al. 2013; Lederer et al. 2022).”
Background
SARS-CoV-2 Variants from Long-Term, Persistently Infected Immunocompromised Patients Have Altered Syncytia Formation, Temperature-Dependent Replication, and Serum Neutralizing Antibody Escape
Wouters, C., Sachithanandham, J., Akin, E., Pieterse, L., Fall, A., Truong, T., Bard, J. D., Yee, R., Sullivan, D. J., Mostafa, H. H., et al. (2024) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v16091436 · Cited by 2
“Rapid changes in variant composition within an individual suggest the selection of variants containing certain mutations that promote increased replication ﬁtness, escape from anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies or plasma administered thera-peutically, or both [3].”
Background
Antigen-specific CD4+ T cells exhibit distinct transcriptional phenotypes in the lymph node and blood following vaccination in humans
Mudd, P., Borcherding, N., Kim, W., et al. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3304466/v1 · Cited by 2
Poor immunogenicity upon SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccinations in autoimmune SLE patients is associated with pronounced EF-mediated responses and anti-BAFF/Belimumab treatmentPreprint
Faliti, C. E., Anam, F. A., Cheedarla, N., Woodruff, M. C., Usman, S. Y., Runnstrom, M. C., Van, T. T. P., Kyu, S. Y., Ahmed, H., Morrison-Porter, A., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.06.08.23291159 · Cited by 4
“FNA has also been used to demonstrate defective GC reactions and memory B cell formation in kidney transplant recipients 63 .”
SARS-CoV-2-specific B cell responses in non-draining lymph nodes and antibody functionalities in immunized end-stage renal disease patients
Frölke, S. C., Geers, D., Amirkhan, K. G., Pathmarajah, D. S., van der Bom‐Baylon, N. D., Idu, M. M., van Gils, M. J., Claireaux, M. A. F., Geerlings, S. E., Rispens, T., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-27815-y · Cited by 1
“It was also stated that human GC responses to COVID-19 vaccines are restricted to draining axillary LNs, from where the vaccine was originally injected, as the contralateral LNs displayed a trend for lower frequencies of GC B-cells that were not SARS-CoV-2-specific 11 .”
Early lymph node T follicular helper cell signalling hub drives influenza vaccine response in an ancestrally diverse cohort
Siu, J. H. Y., Coelho, S., Palomeras, A., Belij‐Rammerstorfer, S., Barman, N., Lee, C. H.-J., Ströbel, T., Thorpe, C. J., Kaur, C., Cole, T., et al. (2025) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2025.106036 · Cited by 3
“48,49 Our data show that whilst some non-specific changes occur in the ndLN, the coordinated swelling and adaptive immune cell increase are restricted to draining lymphatic tissue in the week post vaccination.”
The quantity and quality of B-cell immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in children with cancer and hematological diseases
Tiselius, E., Sundberg, E., Amor, A. R., Andersson, H., Varnaite, R., Kolstad, L., Akaberi, D., Ling, J., Harila‐Saari, A. H., Saghafian‐Hedengren, S., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1613778
“We hypothesize that this may be due to a blunted GC reaction caused by immunosuppressive treatment, as has been suggested in immunosuppressed adults (44) where SARS-CoV-2-speci ﬁ c GC B cell populations were strongly associated with the ability to produce SARS-CoV-2 nAbs.”
B-Cell Subset Representation Predicts SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Response in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients
Knox, J. J., Lee, I., Blumberg, E. A., Rosenfeld, A. M., Meng, W., Liu, F., Kearns, C., O’Doherty, U., Shaked, A. A., Olthoff, K. M., et al. (2025) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaf250 · Cited by 3
“Prior studies supported our rationale by demonstrating a range of impaired SARS-CoV-2 vaccine–specific B-cell immunity [7, 8] and associating vaccine responsiveness with frequencies of transitional or switched memory B cells (MBCs) in kidney transplant recipients [9, 10].”
Pneumococcal vaccine hyporesponsiveness in people living with HIV: A narrative review of immunological mechanisms and insights from minimally invasive lymph node sampling
Loe-Sack-Sioe, G. E., de Vos, D. W., Visser, L. G., Jochems, S. P., & Roukens, A. H. E. (2025) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2025.2503602 · Cited by 1
Bibliometric and visual analysis of research related to kidney disease and COVID-19
Sun, M., Wang, D., Wu, H., et al. (2025) · Discover medicine · doi:10.1007/s44337-025-00277-x · Cited by 1

Authors: Lederer, K., Parvathaneni, K., Painter, M. M., Bettini, E., Agarwal, D., Lundgreen, K. A., Weirick, M., Goel, R. R., Xu, X., Drapeau, E. M., Gouma, S., Greenplate, A. R., Coz, C. L., Romberg, N., Jones, L., Rosen, M., Besharatian, B., Kaminiski, M., Weiskopf, D., Sette, A., Hensley, S. E., Bates, P., Wherry, E. J., Naji, A., Bhoj, V., & Locci, M.
Affiliations: University of Pennsylvania (US)
Harvard University (US)
Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (US)
La Jolla Institute for Immunology (US)
Corresponding author: Naji, Ali
Bhoj, Vijay
Locci, Michela
ORCID: Lederer, Katlyn
Parvathaneni, Kalpana
Painter, Mark M.
Bettini, Emily
Agarwal, Divyansh
Lundgreen, Kendall A.
Weirick, Madison
Goel, Rishi R.
Drapeau, Elizabeth M.
Gouma, Sigrid
Greenplate, Allison R.
Coz, Carole Le
Romberg, Neil
Besharatian, Behdad
Weiskopf, Daniela
Sette, Alessandro
Hensley, Scott E.
Bates, Paul
Wherry, E. John
Naji, Ali
Bhoj, Vijay
Locci, Michela
Venue: Cell
Publisher: openRxiv
Published: 2021-09-21
Volume: 185
Issue: 6
Pages: 1008-1024.e15
ISSN: 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1101/2021.09.16.21263686
PMC: PMC8475965
OpenAlex: W4221071417
Cited by: 179
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 9
FWCI: 19.04
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Cell (publishedVersion)
medRxiv (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Institutional Repository University of Antioquia (University of Antioquia) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (Nr. 75N9301900065, 75N9301900065)
National Blood Foundation
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R21AI142638, R01AI152236, R01AI146101, R01AI146026, R01AI123738, 75N9301900065, U19AI082630, R01AI153064)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
Keywords: germinal center, COVID-19 mRNA vaccine, immunocompromised patients, kidney transplant recipients, memory B cells, T follicular helper cells, neutralizing antibodies, vaccine-induced immunity, humoral immunity, CD4 and CD8 T cells, lymph node fine needle aspiration

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Germinal center responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines in healthy and immunocompromised individuals

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks