Persistent B cell memory after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is functional during breakthrough infections
Open accessAbstract
Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections in fully vaccinated individuals are considered a consequence of waning immunity. Serum antibodies represent the most measurable outcome of vaccine-induced B cell memory. When antibodies decline, memory B cells are expected to persist and perform their function, preventing clinical disease. We investigated whether BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine induces durable and functional B cell memory in vivo against SARS-CoV-2 3, 6, and 9 months after the second dose in a cohort of health care workers (HCWs). While we observed physiological decline of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, memory B cells persist and increase until 9 months after immunization. HCWs with breakthrough infections had no signs of waning immunity. In 3-4 days, memory B cells responded to SARS-CoV-2 infection by producing high levels of specific antibodies in the serum and anti-Spike IgA in the saliva. Antibodies to the viral nucleoprotein were produced with the slow kinetics typical of the response to a novel antigen.
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Recent studies have so far only investigated the second dose and have not evaluated responses to the omicron variant.
“But even recent studies have so far only investigated the second dose and have not evaluated responses to the omicron variant.30 33”
Immunological memory (memory B and T cells) does not wane, and might be important for protection against severe disease.
“By contrast, immunological memory (memory B and T cells) does not wane, and might be important for protection against severe disease.33”
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CD62L expression marks a functionally distinct subset of memory B cells
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T and B cell responses in different immunization scenarios for COVID-19: a narrative review
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Self-citationLongitudinal monitoring of mRNA-vaccine-induced immunity against SARS-CoV-2
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Self-citationSARS-CoV-2–specific mucosal immune response in vaccinated versus infected children
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COVID-19 Vaccination Strategies and Their Adaptation to the Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Variants
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Polymicrobial biofilms: biological insights and emerging directions in drug discovery
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Self-citationLong-lasting antibody B-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 three years after the onset of the pandemic
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Act Early and at the Right Location: SARS-CoV-2 T Cell Kinetics and Tissue Localization
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Distinct features of SARS-CoV-2 humoral immunity against Omicron breakthrough infection
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Humoral and Memory B Cell Responses Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection and mRNA Vaccination
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Development of Methods to Produce SARS CoV‐2 Virus‐Like Particles at Scale
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The safety and immunogenicity of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine in old pulmonary tuberculosis patients
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Adaptive immune response to BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in immunocompromised adolescent patients
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Safety and immunogenicity of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in people with gastrointestinal cancer
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Airway and Systemic Immune Responses Following the Third COVID-19 Vaccination in COPD Patients
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Immunological memory in infected & exposure näive individuals one year post SARS-CoV-2 vaccination
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COVID-19 infection and vaccination in immunodeficiency
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Receptor-Binding-Domain-Specific B Cell Responses Induced by mRNA Immunization against SARS-CoV-2
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Antibody immunotherapies for personalized opioid addiction treatment
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Investigating the Impact of Peptide-Based Vaccines on Various Types of Cancer: A Systematic Review
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Self-citationRelationship between B-Cell Populations, Development and Function of B-Cell Subsets
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Self-citationCOVID-19 vaccination: challenges in the pediatric population
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Olfactory immunity: defending the neural-mucosal barrier
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- Authors
- Terreri, S., Piano Mortari, E., Vinci, M. R., Russo, C., Alteri, C., Albano, C., Colavita, F., Gramigna, G., Agrati, C., Linardos, G., Coltella, L., Colagrossi, L., Deriu, G., Ciofi Degli Atti, M., Rizzo, C., Scarsella, M., Brugaletta, R., Camisa, V., Santoro, A., Roscilli, G., Pavoni, E., Muzi, A., Magnavita, N., Scutari, R., Villani, A., Raponi, M., Locatelli, F., Perno, C. F., Zaffina, S., & Carsetti, R.
- Affiliations
- Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (IT)
- University of Milan (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale per le Malattie Infettive Lazzaro Spallanzani (IT)
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Carsetti, Rita
- ORCID
- Terreri, Sara
- Russo, Cristina
- Alteri, Claudia
- Colavita, Francesca
- Agrati, Chiara
- Linardos, Giulia
- Coltella, Luana
- Colagrossi, Luna
- Deriu, Gloria
- Rizzo, Caterina
- Scarsella, Marco
- Brugaletta, Rita
- Camisa, Vincenzo
- Santoro, Annapaola
- Roscilli, Giuseppe
- Muzi, Alessia
- Magnavita, Nicola
- Scutari, Rossana
- Villani, Alberto
- Raponi, Massimiliano
- Locatelli, Franco
- Perno, Carlo Federico
- Zaffina, Salvatore
- Carsetti, Rita
- Venue
- Cell Host & Microbe
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-03
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 400-408.e4
- ISSN
- 1931-3128 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8820949
- OpenAlex
- W4220881395
- Cited by
- 117
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 38
- FWCI
- 6.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell Host & Microbe (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Cineca Institutional Research Information System (Tor Vergata University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (Universita Degli Studi Di Milano) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
- PubliCatt (Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Ministero della Salute
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine, memory B cells, breakthrough infection, waning immunity, saliva antibodies, nucleoprotein antibodies, healthcare workers, vaccine durability
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Vaccines, mRNA Vaccines, BNT162 Vaccine, Antibodies, Viral, Humans, Vaccination, Vaccines, Synthetic
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