Plant-on-Chip: core morphogenesis processes in the tiny plant Wolffia australiana

Abstract

A plant can be thought of as a colony comprising numerous growth buds, each developing to its own rhythm. Such lack of synchrony impedes efforts to describe core principles of plant morphogenesis, dissect the underlying mechanisms, and identify regulators. Here, we use the tiniest known angiosperm to overcome this challenge and provide an ideal model system for plant morphogenesis. We present a detailed morphological description of the monocot Wolffia australiana , as well as high-quality genome information. Further, we developed the Plant-on-Chip culture system and demonstrate the application of advanced technologies such as snRNA-seq, protein structure prediction, and gene editing. We provide proof-of-concept examples that illustrate how W. australiana can open a new horizon for deciphering the core regulatory mechanisms of plant morphogenesis. Significance: What is the core morphogenetic process in angiosperms, a plant like a tree indeterminately growing, or a bud sequentially generating limited types of organs? Wolffia australiana , one of the smallest angiosperms in the world may help to make a distinction. Wolffia plantlet constitutes of only three organs that are indispensable to complete life cycle: one leaf, one stamen and one gynoecium. Before the growth tip is induced to flower, it keeps branching from the leaf axil and the branches separate from the main plantlet. Here we present a high-quality genome of W. australiana , detailed morphological description, a Plant-on-Chip cultural system, and some principle-proof experiments, demonstrating that W. australiana is a promising model system for deciphering core developmental program in angiosperms.