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PreprintCited by 12Wireless Body Area NetworksMolecular Communication and NanonetworksWireless Power Transfer Systems

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A Robust Backscatter Modulation Scheme for Uninterrupted Ultrasonic Powering and Back-Communication of Deep Implants

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Holzapfel, Lukas, Giagka, Vasiliki·2022·IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control
DOI 10.1101/2022.08.23.503752

Preprint — published as 10.1109/tuffc.2024.3465268

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Abstract

Traditionally, implants are powered by batteries, which have to be recharged by an inductive power link. In the recent years, ultrasonic power links are being investigated, promising more available power for deeply implanted miniaturized devices. These implants often need to transfer back information. For ultrasonically powered implants, this is usually achieved with On-Off Keying based on backscatter modulation, or active driving of a secondary transducer. In this paper, we propose to superimpose subcarriers, effectively leveraging Frequency-Shift Keying, which increases the robustness of the link against interference and fading. It also allows for simultaneous powering and communication, and inherently provides the possibility of frequency domain multiplexing for implant networks. The modulation scheme can be implemented in miniaturized application specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays, and microcontrollers. We have validated this modulation scheme in a water tank during continuous ultrasound and movement. We achieved symbol rates of up to 104 kBd, and were able to transfer data through 20 cm of water, with additional misalignment and during movements. This approach could provide a robust uplink for miniaturized implants that are located deep inside the body and need continuous ultrasonic powering.

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References 29 · Cited by 12

Research works printed but not linked: 26

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Metadata

Authors
Holzapfel, L., & Giagka, V.
Affiliations
Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration (DE)
Corresponding author
Holzapfel, Lukas
ORCID
Venue
IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control
Publisher
openRxiv
Published
2022-08-25
Volume
71
Issue
12: Breaking the Resolution
Pages
1897-1905
ISSN
0885-3010 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1101/2022.08.23.503752
OpenAlex
W4402674180
Cited by
12
References
29
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2
FWCI
1.10
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by-nc
Locations
  • IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control (publishedVersion)
  • bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Electronic Components and Systems for European Leadership (H2020-ECSEL-2019-IA- 876190, 876190)
  • Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (H2020‐ECSEL‐2019‐IA‐876190)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Wireless Body Area Networks
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Molecular Communication and Nanonetworks
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Wireless Power Transfer Systems
Keywords
ultrasonic power transfer, backscatter modulation, frequency shift keying, biomedical implants, frequency-domain multiplexing, tissue phantoms, ultrasound propagation in tissue

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