A mm-Sized Wireless Implantable Device for Electrical Stimulation of Peripheral Nerves
Abstract
A wireless electrical stimulation implant for peripheral nerves, achieving >10× improvement over state of the art in the depth/volume figure of merit, is presented. The fully integrated implant measures just 2 mm × 3 mm × 6.5 mm (39 mm3, 78 mg), and operates at a large depth of 10.5 cm in a tissue phantom. The implant is powered using ultrasound and includes a miniaturized piezoelectric receiver (piezo), an IC designed in 180 nm HV BCD process, an off-chip energy storage capacitor, and platinum stimulation electrodes. The package also includes an optional blue light-emitting diode for potential applications in optogenetic stimulation in the future. A system-level design strategy for complete operation of the implant during the charging transient of the storage capacitor, as well as a unique downlink command/data transfer protocol, is presented. The implant enables externally programmable current-controlled stimulation of peripheral nerves, with a wide range of stimulation parameters, both for electrical (22 to 5000 μA amplitude, ~14 to 470 μs pulse-width, 0 to 60 Hz repetition rate) and optical (up to 23 mW/mm2optical intensity) stimulation. Additionally, the implant achieves 15 V compliance voltage for chronic applications. Full integration of the implant components, end-to-end in vitro system characterizations, and results for the electrical stimulation of a sciatic nerve, demonstrate the feasibility and efficacy of the proposed stimulator for peripheral nerves.
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The implant maintains stimulation parameters from 22 to 5,000 μA in amplitude and 14 to 470 μs in pulse-width.
“This depth is significantly greater than what current technologies offer, and it maintains a wide range of stimulation parameters, from 22 to 5,000 μA in amplitude and 14 to 470 μs in pulse-width (Charthad et al., 2018).”
From Comparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants (2024) · cites this paper as Charthad et al., 2018
This depth of operation is significantly greater than what current technologies offer.
“This depth is significantly greater than what current technologies offer, and it maintains a wide range of stimulation parameters, from 22 to 5,000 μA in amplitude and 14 to 470 μs in pulse-width (Charthad et al., 2018).”
From Comparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants (2024) · cites this paper as Charthad et al., 2018
A subsequent implant of 2 mm × 3 mm × 6.5 mm dimensions achieved a depth of operation of 10.5 cm in a tissue phantom.
“In a subsequent study by the same group, an implant of 2 mm × 3 mm × 6.5 mm dimensions achieved a remarkable depth of operation—10.5 cm in a tissue phantom.”
From Comparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants (2024) · cites this paper as Charthad et al., 2018
Biphasic delivery of stimulus pulses is commonly achieved using a set of switches placed in a H-bridge structure.
“Biphasic delivery of stimulus pulses is commonly achieved using a set of switches placed in a H-bridge structure. Each electrode operates as either a cathode or an anode from a single supply current, maximising flexibility and limiting the reliance on storage capacitors [57], [134].”
From Active Neural Interface Circuits and Systems for Selective Control of Peripheral Nerves: A Review (2024) · cites this paper as [57]
The resulting increase in headroom that limits voltage compliance is addressed by external biasing, such as in wide swing current mirrors.
“The resulting increase in headroom that limits voltage compliance is addressed by external biasing, such as in wide swing current mirrors [57] shown in Fig. 5(a).”
From Active Neural Interface Circuits and Systems for Selective Control of Peripheral Nerves: A Review (2024) · cites this paper as [57]
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- Authors
- Charthad, J., Chang, T. C., Liu, Z., Sawaby, A., Weber, M. J., Baker, S., Gore, F., Felt, S. A., & Arbabian, A.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems
- Published
- 2018-04
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 257-270
- ISSN
- 1932-4545 (ISSN-L)
- 1940-9990
- OpenAlex
- W2790547683
- Cited by
- 230
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 6
- FWCI
- 10.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- DARPA Young Faculty Award
- National Science Foundation CAREER Award (ECCS-1454107)
- NSF Graduate Research Fellowships Program (DGE-114747)
- Stanford internal seed funds
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Wireless Body Area Networks
- Keywords
- peripheral nerve stimulation, piezoelectric receiver, energy storage capacitors, optogenetic stimulation, blue LEDs, sciatic nerve stimulation
- MeSH terms
- Electrodes, Implanted, Electric Stimulation Therapy, Equipment Design, Humans, Models, Theoretical, Peripheral Nerves
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