PreprintCited by 17Mesenchymal stem cell researchBone Tissue Engineering MaterialsPeriodontal Regeneration and Treatments

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DONOR VARIABILITY IN HUMAN MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL OSTEOGENIC RESPONSE AS A FUNCTION OF PASSAGE CONDITIONS AND DONOR SEX

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Kolliopoulos, Vasiliki, Tiffany, Aleczandria, Polanek, Maxwell, Harley, Brendan A.C.·2023·bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

Abstract

Contemporary tissue engineering efforts often seek to use mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) due to their potential to differentiate to various tissue-specific cells and generate a pro-regenerative secretome. While MSC differentiation and therapeutic potential can differ as a function of matrix environment, it may also be widely influenced as a function of donor-to-donor variability. Further, effects of passage number and donor sex may further convolute the identification of clinically effective MSC-mediated regeneration technologies. We report efforts to adapt a well-defined mineralized collagen scaffold platform to study the influence of MSC proliferation and osteogenic potential as a function of passage number and donor sex. Mineralized collagen scaffolds broadly support MSC osteogenic differentiation and regenerative potency in the absence of traditional osteogenic supplements for a wide range of MSCs (rabbit, rat, porcine, human). We obtained a library of bone marrow and adipose tissue derived stem cells to examine donor-variability of regenerative potency in mineralized collagen scaffolds. MSCs displayed reduced proliferative capacity as a function of passage duration. Further, MSCs showed significant sex-based differences. Notably, MSCs from male donors displayed significantly higher metabolic activity and proliferation while MSCs from female donor displayed significantly higher osteogenic response via increased alkaline phosphate activity, osteoprotegerin release, and mineral formation in vitro. Our study highlights the essentiality of considering MSC donor sex and culture expansion in future studies of biomaterial regenerative potential.

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Figure 1: Experimental design and overview. (A) Experimental overview for passage scheme study. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) from 4 donors (2 male, 2 female) were cultured on mineralized collagen scaffolds after varying passage schemes to compare the influence of passage number and culture length on cell proliferation and response. hMSCs were thawed at passage 3 and seeded at passage 6 (p3–6) undergoing 2 passages in culture prior to being seeded on mineralized collagen scaffolds. hMSCs were thawed at passage 3 and seeded at passage 5 (p3–5) undergoing 1 passage in culture prior to being seeded on mineralized collagen scaffolds. hMSCs were thawed at passage 4 and seeded at passage 5 (p4–5) undergoing 1 passage in culture prior to being seeded on mineralized collagen scaffolds. These cells were subsequently cultured for 21 days and their metabolic activity, cell proliferation and secretome were quantified. (B) Experimental overview for donor variability study. hMSCs from 8 donors (4 male, 4 female) were cultured as p3–5 or p4–5 groups and cultured on mineralized collagen scaffolds for 56 days. Cell response on these scaffolds was quantified to identify donor and sex-based differences.
Figure 1: Experimental design and overview. (A) Experimental overview for passage scheme study. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) from 4 donors (2 male, 2 female) were cultured on mineralized collagen scaffolds after varying passage schemes to compare the influence of passage number and culture length on cell proliferation and response. hMSCs were thawed at passage 3 and seeded at passage 6 (p3–6) undergoing 2 passages in culture prior to being seeded on mineralized collagen scaffolds. hMSCs were thawed at passage 3 and seeded at passage 5 (p3–5) undergoing 1 passage in culture prior to being seeded on mineralized collagen scaffolds. hMSCs were thawed at passage 4 and seeded at passage 5 (p4–5) undergoing 1 passage in culture prior to being seeded on mineralized collagen scaffolds. These cells were subsequently cultured for 21 days and their metabolic activity, cell proliferation and secretome were quantified. (B) Experimental overview for donor variability study. hMSCs from 8 donors (4 male, 4 female) were cultured as p3–5 or p4–5 groups and cultured on mineralized collagen scaffolds for 56 days. Cell response on these scaffolds was quantified to identify donor and sex-based differences.CC BY-ND · PubMed Central
Figure 2: Passage scheme influences on metabolic activity, cell number, soluble factor secretion, and ALP activity. Four donors (B, G – male, and C, F – female) with three passage methods (p3–5, p3–6, and p4–5) were cultured on mineralized collagen scaffolds for 21-days. (A) Metabolic activity was quantified via alamarBlue and decreases over time for all donors. The effect of passage scheme on metabolic activity is donor dependent. (B) Cell number was quantified via DNA extraction and remains relatively constant for all donors. The effect of passage scheme on cell number is donor dependent. (C) Secreted osteoprotegerin (OPG) was quantified using an ELISA and increases over 21 days in culture for all donors. Secretion is significantly different between passages at all timepoints for all donors except Donor B. (D) Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was quantified using an ALP activity kit and increases over the 21 days of culture for all donors. ALP activity is significantly different for all donors beginning at Day 9. Groups that share a letter are not significantly different (p<0.05). Alphabetical order indicates magnitude (i.e., group labeled a has the highest experimental value).
Figure 2: Passage scheme influences on metabolic activity, cell number, soluble factor secretion, and ALP activity. Four donors (B, G – male, and C, F – female) with three passage methods (p3–5, p3–6, and p4–5) were cultured on mineralized collagen scaffolds for 21-days. (A) Metabolic activity was quantified via alamarBlue and decreases over time for all donors. The effect of passage scheme on metabolic activity is donor dependent. (B) Cell number was quantified via DNA extraction and remains relatively constant for all donors. The effect of passage scheme on cell number is donor dependent. (C) Secreted osteoprotegerin (OPG) was quantified using an ELISA and increases over 21 days in culture for all donors. Secretion is significantly different between passages at all timepoints for all donors except Donor B. (D) Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was quantified using an ALP activity kit and increases over the 21 days of culture for all donors. ALP activity is significantly different for all donors beginning at Day 9. Groups that share a letter are not significantly different (p<0.05). Alphabetical order indicates magnitude (i.e., group labeled a has the highest experimental value).CC BY-ND · PubMed Central
Figure 3: Donor variability influence on metabolic activity and cell number. Eight donors (A, B, E, G – male, and C, D, F, H – female) with 2 passage methods (p4–5 and p3–5) were cultured on mineralized collagen scaffolds for 56-days. Metabolic activity and cell number were quantified over the course of the experiment. (A, B) Metabolic activity was quantified via alamarBlue. Male cells are more metabolically active than female cells in both passage schemes. (C, D) Cell number was quantified via DNA extraction. Male cells are more proliferative than female cells in both passage schemes. Groups that share a letter are not significantly different (p<0.05). Alphabetical order indicates magnitude (i.e., group labeled a has the highest experimental value). Sex symbol (male: ♂, female: ♀) indicates sex-based significance (p<0.05) at the indicated timepoint.
Figure 3: Donor variability influence on metabolic activity and cell number. Eight donors (A, B, E, G – male, and C, D, F, H – female) with 2 passage methods (p4–5 and p3–5) were cultured on mineralized collagen scaffolds for 56-days. Metabolic activity and cell number were quantified over the course of the experiment. (A, B) Metabolic activity was quantified via alamarBlue. Male cells are more metabolically active than female cells in both passage schemes. (C, D) Cell number was quantified via DNA extraction. Male cells are more proliferative than female cells in both passage schemes. Groups that share a letter are not significantly different (p<0.05). Alphabetical order indicates magnitude (i.e., group labeled a has the highest experimental value). Sex symbol (male: ♂, female: ♀) indicates sex-based significance (p<0.05) at the indicated timepoint.CC BY-ND · PubMed Central
Figure 4: Donor variability influence on osteoprotegerin secretion and alkaline phosphatase activity. Eight donors (A, B, E, G – male, and C, D, F, H – female) with 2 passage methods (p4–5 and p3–5) were cultured on mineralized collagen scaffolds for 56-days. (A, B) Osteoprotegerin (OPG) was quantified via ELISA. There were no significant sex differences in OPG secretion for either passage scheme. (C, D) Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was quantified using an ALP activity assay. Female cells have significantly higher ALP activity than male cells in p4–5. Groups that share a letter are not significantly different (p<0.05). Alphabetical order indicates magnitude (i.e., group labeled a has the highest experimental value). Sex symbol (male: ♂, female: ♀) indicates sex-based significance (p<0.05) at the indicated timepoint.
Figure 4: Donor variability influence on osteoprotegerin secretion and alkaline phosphatase activity. Eight donors (A, B, E, G – male, and C, D, F, H – female) with 2 passage methods (p4–5 and p3–5) were cultured on mineralized collagen scaffolds for 56-days. (A, B) Osteoprotegerin (OPG) was quantified via ELISA. There were no significant sex differences in OPG secretion for either passage scheme. (C, D) Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was quantified using an ALP activity assay. Female cells have significantly higher ALP activity than male cells in p4–5. Groups that share a letter are not significantly different (p<0.05). Alphabetical order indicates magnitude (i.e., group labeled a has the highest experimental value). Sex symbol (male: ♂, female: ♀) indicates sex-based significance (p<0.05) at the indicated timepoint.CC BY-ND · PubMed Central
Figure 5: Donor variability influence on calcium and phosphorus content in mineralized collagen scaffolds. Eight donors (A, B, E, G – male, and C, D, F, H – female) with 2 passage methods (p4–5 and p3–5) were cultured on mineralized collagen scaffolds for 56-days. Mineral content was quantified at Day 56. Cell-seeded scaffolds are compared to unseeded control scaffolds that underwent all media changes throughout the 56-day culture period. (A, B) Calcium content at Day 56 was quantified using inductively couple plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Female cells have higher calcium content than male cells in p4–5. (C, D) Phosphorous content was quantified using ICP-MS. Female cells have higher phosphorus content than male ells in p4–5. Groups that share a letter are not significantly different (p<0.05). Alphabetical order indicates magnitude (i.e., group labeled a has the highest experimental value). Sex symbol (male: ♂, female: ♀) indicates sex-based significance (p<0.05) at the indicated timepoint.
Figure 5: Donor variability influence on calcium and phosphorus content in mineralized collagen scaffolds. Eight donors (A, B, E, G – male, and C, D, F, H – female) with 2 passage methods (p4–5 and p3–5) were cultured on mineralized collagen scaffolds for 56-days. Mineral content was quantified at Day 56. Cell-seeded scaffolds are compared to unseeded control scaffolds that underwent all media changes throughout the 56-day culture period. (A, B) Calcium content at Day 56 was quantified using inductively couple plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Female cells have higher calcium content than male cells in p4–5. (C, D) Phosphorous content was quantified using ICP-MS. Female cells have higher phosphorus content than male ells in p4–5. Groups that share a letter are not significantly different (p<0.05). Alphabetical order indicates magnitude (i.e., group labeled a has the highest experimental value). Sex symbol (male: ♂, female: ♀) indicates sex-based significance (p<0.05) at the indicated timepoint.CC BY-ND · PubMed Central
Figure 6: Gene expression analysis at Day 56 of culture. Eight donors (A, B, E, G – male, and C, D, F, H – female) with 2 passage methods (p4–5 and p3–5) were cultured on mineralized collagen scaffolds for 56-days. A custom Nanostring gene expression panel was used to quantify gene expression over the course of the experiment. (A) Male cells have higher expression of osteogenic genes in both passage schemes, (C) Male cells express significantly higher amounts of immunomodulatory genes in both passage schemes, (E) Male cells express significantly higher amounts of angiogenic genes in both passage schemes. Heatmaps were generated to visualize differences in fold change between the p4–5 and p3–5 schemes. (B) Osteogenic genes varied the most between passage schemes for Donors E and G, (D) Immunomodulatory genes varied between most donors with interleukin-6 and −8 being the most variable across donors. (F) Angiogenic gene expression had little variability between passage schemes. Sex symbol (male: ♂, female: ♀) indicates sex-based significance (p<0.05) at the indicated timepoint. Fold change is plotted as the mean +/− standard error.
Figure 6: Gene expression analysis at Day 56 of culture. Eight donors (A, B, E, G – male, and C, D, F, H – female) with 2 passage methods (p4–5 and p3–5) were cultured on mineralized collagen scaffolds for 56-days. A custom Nanostring gene expression panel was used to quantify gene expression over the course of the experiment. (A) Male cells have higher expression of osteogenic genes in both passage schemes, (C) Male cells express significantly higher amounts of immunomodulatory genes in both passage schemes, (E) Male cells express significantly higher amounts of angiogenic genes in both passage schemes. Heatmaps were generated to visualize differences in fold change between the p4–5 and p3–5 schemes. (B) Osteogenic genes varied the most between passage schemes for Donors E and G, (D) Immunomodulatory genes varied between most donors with interleukin-6 and −8 being the most variable across donors. (F) Angiogenic gene expression had little variability between passage schemes. Sex symbol (male: ♂, female: ♀) indicates sex-based significance (p<0.05) at the indicated timepoint. Fold change is plotted as the mean +/− standard error.CC BY-ND · PubMed Central
Figure 7: Osteogenic, immunomodulatory, and angiogenic protein secretion at Day 56. Eight donors (A, B, E, G – male, and C, D, F, H – female) with 2 passage methods (p4–5 and p3–5) were cultured on mineralized collagen scaffolds for 56-days. A Luminex assay was used to quantify secreted factors. (A) Female cells secrete more SPARC than male cells and there are no sex differences in the other osteogenic factors (B) Male cells secrete more immunomodulatory factors than female cells. (C) Male cells secrete significantly more ANG than female cells. Sex symbol (male: ♂, female: ♀) indicates sex-based significance (p<0.05) at the indicated timepoint. Cumulative cytokines secreted is plotted as mean +/− standard error.
Figure 7: Osteogenic, immunomodulatory, and angiogenic protein secretion at Day 56. Eight donors (A, B, E, G – male, and C, D, F, H – female) with 2 passage methods (p4–5 and p3–5) were cultured on mineralized collagen scaffolds for 56-days. A Luminex assay was used to quantify secreted factors. (A) Female cells secrete more SPARC than male cells and there are no sex differences in the other osteogenic factors (B) Male cells secrete more immunomodulatory factors than female cells. (C) Male cells secrete significantly more ANG than female cells. Sex symbol (male: ♂, female: ♀) indicates sex-based significance (p<0.05) at the indicated timepoint. Cumulative cytokines secreted is plotted as mean +/− standard error.CC BY-ND · PubMed Central

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  • Mesenchymal stem cell secretome for regenerative medicine: Where do we stand?

    Trigo, C. M., Rodrigues, J. S., Camões, S. P., Solá, S., & Miranda, J. P. (2025) · Journal of Advanced Research · doi:10.1016/j.jare.2024.05.004 · Cited by 252

    “…variability [246–248] cannot be ignored since MSC activity and, thus, the properties of MSC-secretome can be affected by donor age and sex [246,248,249], with older donors of BM-MSCs having lower proliferation rates [246,249] and osteogenic [246,248], adipogenic and neurogenic [248] capacities.”

Metadata

Authors
Kolliopoulos, V., Tiffany, A., Polanek, M., & Harley, B. A. C.
Affiliations
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
Corresponding author
Harley, Brendan A.C.
Venue
bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)
Publisher
openRxiv
Published
2023-11-15
OpenAlex
W4388714160
Cited by
17
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5
Type
posted content
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by-nd
Locations
  • bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (submittedVersion, cc-by-nd)
Funders
  • National Science Foundation (1144245, 1746047, DGE‐1 144 245)
  • National Institutes of Health (1144245)
  • University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (DGE-1144245)
  • National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM070421)
  • National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01AR077858)
  • National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (R21DE026582, R01DE030491)
  • Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Mesenchymal stem cell research
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Bone Tissue Engineering Materials
  • Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Periodontal Regeneration and Treatments
Keywords
mesenchymal stem cells, donor variability, osteogenic differentiation, donor sex, passage number, bone marrow-derived stem cells, adipose-derived stem cells, cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity, osteoprotegerin, mineral formation, tissue engineering

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