CoChat
Sign Up
PreprintCited by 3Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model OrganismsInvertebrate Immune Response MechanismsPhysiological and biochemical adaptations

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Warmer temperature accelerates senescence by modifying the aging-dependent changes in the mosquito transcriptome, altering immunity, metabolism, and DNA repair

Open access
Martin, Lindsay E., Barr, Jordyn S., Cartailler, Jean-Philippe, Shrestha, Shristi, Estévez-Lao, Tania Y., Hillyer, Julián F.·2025·Immunity & Ageing
DOI 10.1101/2025.10.27.684792PMC PMC12781269

Preprint — published as 10.1186/s12979-025-00551-7 · Paper page

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Background: Global environmental temperatures are rising, which is increasing the body temperature of mosquitoes. This increase in body temperature is accelerating senescence, thereby weakening immune responses and reproductive processes, and shortening lifespan. To determine how warmer temperature and aging, individually and interactively, shape the transcriptome of the African malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae , we conducted RNA-sequencing and network-analysis in naive and immune-induced mosquitoes that had been reared at 27C, 30C or 32C and were 1, 5, 10 or 15 days into adulthood. Results: We demonstrate that immune induction, warmer temperature, and aging alter the transcriptome. Notably, the transcriptome of 1-day-old mosquitoes is pronouncedly different from older mosquitoes, and importantly, warmer temperature modifies the aging-dependent changes to accelerate senescence. For example, warmer temperature amplifies the aging-dependent decrease in immune gene expression but dampens both the aging-dependent decrease in metabolic gene expression and the aging-dependent increase in DNA repair gene expression. Conclusions: Altogether, warmer temperature accelerates senescence, shaping the transcriptome in ways that alter the mosquitos ability to fight infection and survive in a warming environment.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1101/2025.10.27.684792

Cites

1 of 1 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

Fig. 1 Immune treatment, temperature, and adult age shape the mosquito’s transcriptome. A Experimental overview to assess the individual and interactive effects of warmer temperature (27 °C, 30 °C, or 32 °C) and aging (1, 5, 10, or 15 days) on the transcriptome of naïve and immune-induced Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. B Principal component analysis across all samples, color-coded by immune treatment (left panel), temperature (middle panel), or age (right panel). A global PERMANOVA analysis was performed on the top 500 most variable genes, followed by marginal testing for contribution of each factor
Fig. 1 Immune treatment, temperature, and adult age shape the mosquito’s transcriptome. A Experimental overview to assess the individual and interactive effects of warmer temperature (27 °C, 30 °C, or 32 °C) and aging (1, 5, 10, or 15 days) on the transcriptome of naïve and immune-induced Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. B Principal component analysis across all samples, color-coded by immune treatment (left panel), temperature (middle panel), or age (right panel). A global PERMANOVA analysis was performed on the top 500 most variable genes, followed by marginal testing for contribution of each factorCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 2 Immune treatment, temperature, and age have unique effects on different functional parts of the mosquito’s transcriptome. A Diagram illustrating the outcome of iterative weighted gene co-expression network analysis (iWGCNA), which identified 22 modules of interconnected genes (1–22) that further clustered into 6 metamodules (A-F). Lines between modules indicate interconnectivity and the thicker lines indicate a stronger connectivity. B Heatmap of trait-correlation analysis illustrating the correlation between each module and each trait (e.g. temperature) at each level of the trait (e.g. 27 °C, 30 °C, or 32 °C). Naïve and immune-induced levels of the immune status trait are abbreviated as Nv and Im, respectively. Each box depicts the correlation value on the first line and its p-value on the second line. Positive correlations are red and negative correlations are blue, with stronger correlations having more intense colors. Modules were arranged using unsupervised hierarchical clustering based on Euclidian distances, with shorter distances indicating more similar expression patterns. C-E Over-representation analysis of Module 22 (C), Module 16 (D), and Module 19 (E), where gene ratio (enrichment) is on the horizontal axis and gene ontology (GO) term is on the vertical axis. Dot size indicates the number of genes enriched within each category and dot color indicates the p-value (adjusted p < 0.05)
Fig. 2 Immune treatment, temperature, and age have unique effects on different functional parts of the mosquito’s transcriptome. A Diagram illustrating the outcome of iterative weighted gene co-expression network analysis (iWGCNA), which identified 22 modules of interconnected genes (1–22) that further clustered into 6 metamodules (A-F). Lines between modules indicate interconnectivity and the thicker lines indicate a stronger connectivity. B Heatmap of trait-correlation analysis illustrating the correlation between each module and each trait (e.g. temperature) at each level of the trait (e.g. 27 °C, 30 °C, or 32 °C). Naïve and immune-induced levels of the immune status trait are abbreviated as Nv and Im, respectively. Each box depicts the correlation value on the first line and its p-value on the second line. Positive correlations are red and negative correlations are blue, with stronger correlations having more intense colors. Modules were arranged using unsupervised hierarchical clustering based on Euclidian distances, with shorter distances indicating more similar expression patterns. C-E Over-representation analysis of Module 22 (C), Module 16 (D), and Module 19 (E), where gene ratio (enrichment) is on the horizontal axis and gene ontology (GO) term is on the vertical axis. Dot size indicates the number of genes enriched within each category and dot color indicates the p-value (adjusted p < 0.05)CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 3 Immune induction upregulates, downregulates or has a bidirectional effect on the expression of genes in distinct functional categories. Diagram illustrates the outcome of Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, where normalized enrichment score (NES) is on the horizontal axis and gene ontology (GO) term is on the vertical axis. Dot sizes indicate the adjusted p-value (p < 0.05), and dot colors indicate positive enrichment (red) versus negative enrichment (blue)
Fig. 3 Immune induction upregulates, downregulates or has a bidirectional effect on the expression of genes in distinct functional categories. Diagram illustrates the outcome of Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, where normalized enrichment score (NES) is on the horizontal axis and gene ontology (GO) term is on the vertical axis. Dot sizes indicate the adjusted p-value (p < 0.05), and dot colors indicate positive enrichment (red) versus negative enrichment (blue)CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 4 Increasing the temperature from 27 °C to 32 °C upregulates, downregulates or has a bidirectional effect on the expression of genes in distinct functional categories. Diagram illustrates the outcome of Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, where normalized enrichment score (NES) is on the horizontal axis and gene ontology (GO) term is on the vertical axis. Dot sizes indicate the adjusted p-value (p < 0.05) and dot colors indicate positive enrichment (red) versus negative enrichment (blue). Left and right gene columns display outcomes in naïve and immune-induced mosquitoes, respectively
Fig. 4 Increasing the temperature from 27 °C to 32 °C upregulates, downregulates or has a bidirectional effect on the expression of genes in distinct functional categories. Diagram illustrates the outcome of Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, where normalized enrichment score (NES) is on the horizontal axis and gene ontology (GO) term is on the vertical axis. Dot sizes indicate the adjusted p-value (p < 0.05) and dot colors indicate positive enrichment (red) versus negative enrichment (blue). Left and right gene columns display outcomes in naïve and immune-induced mosquitoes, respectivelyCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 5 Aging from 1 to 15 days upregulates, downregulates or has a bidirectional effect on the expression of genes in distinct functional categories. Diagram illustrates the outcome of Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, where normalized enrichment score (NES) is on the horizontal axis and gene ontology (GO) term is on the vertical axis. Dot sizes indicate the adjusted p-value (p < 0.05), and dot colors indicate positive enrichment (red) versus negative enrichment (blue). Left and right gene columns display outcomes in naïve and immune-induced mosquitoes, respectively
Fig. 5 Aging from 1 to 15 days upregulates, downregulates or has a bidirectional effect on the expression of genes in distinct functional categories. Diagram illustrates the outcome of Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, where normalized enrichment score (NES) is on the horizontal axis and gene ontology (GO) term is on the vertical axis. Dot sizes indicate the adjusted p-value (p < 0.05), and dot colors indicate positive enrichment (red) versus negative enrichment (blue). Left and right gene columns display outcomes in naïve and immune-induced mosquitoes, respectivelyCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 6 Early aging (1 to 5 days) and late aging (10 to 15 days) have different effects on the regulation of the expression of genes in distinct functional categories. Diagram illustrates the outcome of Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, where normalized enrichment score (NES) is on the horizontal axis and gene ontology (GO) term is on the vertical axis. Dot sizes indicate the adjusted p-value (p < 0.05) and dot colors indicate positive enrichment (red) versus negative enrichment (blue). Columns display outcomes in naïve (left) and immune-induced (right) mosquitoes, with each column split into early aging and late aging
Fig. 6 Early aging (1 to 5 days) and late aging (10 to 15 days) have different effects on the regulation of the expression of genes in distinct functional categories. Diagram illustrates the outcome of Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, where normalized enrichment score (NES) is on the horizontal axis and gene ontology (GO) term is on the vertical axis. Dot sizes indicate the adjusted p-value (p < 0.05) and dot colors indicate positive enrichment (red) versus negative enrichment (blue). Columns display outcomes in naïve (left) and immune-induced (right) mosquitoes, with each column split into early aging and late agingCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 7 The interaction between warmer temperature and aging shapes biological processes within the mosquito. A Venn diagram illustrating the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) affected by the interaction between temperature and age in naïve and immune-induced mosquitoes. B-C Heatmaps illustrating mRNA abundance of genes grouped by k-means clustering in naïve (B) and immune-induced (C) mosquitoes, including the enriched functional categories in each cluster. Interaction-based DEGs were grouped by expression pattern similarity into 10 clusters. Z-scores indicate mRNA abundance scaled across samples, and color indicates abundance: higher is red whereas lower is blue. More intense colors depict larger absolute value of the z-score
Fig. 7 The interaction between warmer temperature and aging shapes biological processes within the mosquito. A Venn diagram illustrating the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) affected by the interaction between temperature and age in naïve and immune-induced mosquitoes. B-C Heatmaps illustrating mRNA abundance of genes grouped by k-means clustering in naïve (B) and immune-induced (C) mosquitoes, including the enriched functional categories in each cluster. Interaction-based DEGs were grouped by expression pattern similarity into 10 clusters. Z-scores indicate mRNA abundance scaled across samples, and color indicates abundance: higher is red whereas lower is blue. More intense colors depict larger absolute value of the z-scoreCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 8 Warmer temperature modifies the aging-dependent changes in immune gene expression. A-H Variance stabilized transformation (VST) of mRNA abundance illustrating the expression of immune genes in naïve and immune-induced mosquitoes. Box plots display the minimum and maximum, inner quartile range (box), median (horizontal line in box), and outliers (circles). Box plot color depicts rearing temperature. The same information is presented in tabular format in Additional File 9: Table S2
Fig. 8 Warmer temperature modifies the aging-dependent changes in immune gene expression. A-H Variance stabilized transformation (VST) of mRNA abundance illustrating the expression of immune genes in naïve and immune-induced mosquitoes. Box plots display the minimum and maximum, inner quartile range (box), median (horizontal line in box), and outliers (circles). Box plot color depicts rearing temperature. The same information is presented in tabular format in Additional File 9: Table S2CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 9 Warmer temperature modifies the aging-dependent changes in the expression of genes involved in metabolism and DNA repair. A-H Variance stabilized transformation (VST) of mRNA abundance illustrating the expression of genes involved in metabolism and DNA repair in naïve and immune-induced mosquitoes. Box plots display the minimum and maximum, inner quartile range (box), median (horizontal line in box), and outliers (circles). Box plot color depicts rearing temperature. The same information is presented in tabular format in Additional File 10: Table S3
Fig. 9 Warmer temperature modifies the aging-dependent changes in the expression of genes involved in metabolism and DNA repair. A-H Variance stabilized transformation (VST) of mRNA abundance illustrating the expression of genes involved in metabolism and DNA repair in naïve and immune-induced mosquitoes. Box plots display the minimum and maximum, inner quartile range (box), median (horizontal line in box), and outliers (circles). Box plot color depicts rearing temperature. The same information is presented in tabular format in Additional File 10: Table S3CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 10 Warmer temperature modifies the aging-dependent changes in the mosquito transcriptome. Red arrows indicate upregulation, blue arrows indicate downregulation, and black dash indicates no change
Fig. 10 Warmer temperature modifies the aging-dependent changes in the mosquito transcriptome. Red arrows indicate upregulation, blue arrows indicate downregulation, and black dash indicates no changeCC BY · PubMed Central

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 136

  1. 2023, Temperature and age, individually and interactively, shape the size, weight, and body composition of adult female mosquitoes, J Insect Physiol, 148, 104525, 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104525 · DOI
  2. 10.1016/S0925-5214(00)00169-1 · DOI
  3. 10.1086/648567 · DOI
  4. 2022, Effects of elevated temperatures on the growth and development of adult Anopheles gambiae (s.l, Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes. J Med Entomol, 59, 1413
  5. 2022, Effects of elevated temperatures on the development of immature stages of Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) mosquitoes, Trop Med Int Health, 27, 338, 10.1111/tmi.13732 · DOI
  6. 10.1603/ME13003 · DOI
  7. 10.1186/s13071-019-3303-4 · DOI
  8. 10.1590/S0085-56262010000300021 · DOI
  9. 10.1186/s12979-024-00465-w · DOI
  10. 10.3390/ijerph18147255 · DOI · Paper page
  11. 2021, The effect of resource limitation on the temperature dependence of mosquito population fitness, Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 288, 20203217
  12. 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011935 · DOI
  13. 10.1098/rspb.2012.0638 · DOI
  14. 10.1111/ele.13335 · DOI
  15. 2020, Effects of temperature on lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster from different genetic backgrounds: Links between metabolic rate and longevity, Insects, 11, 470, 10.3390/insects11080470 · DOI
  16. 10.1098/rsob.200246 · DOI
  17. 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00901 · DOI
  18. 2025, Thermal variation influences the transcriptome of the major malaria vector Anopheles stephensi, Commun Biol, 8, 112
  19. 10.1038/s41467-021-21496-7 · DOI
  20. 2012, Warmer temperatures reduce the vectorial capacity of malaria mosquitoes, Biol Letters, 8, 465, 10.1098/rsbl.2011.1075 · DOI
  21. 10.1371/journal.pbio.2003489 · DOI · Paper page
  22. Ryan SJ , Ben-Horin T , Johnson LR . Malaria control and senescence: The importance of accounting for the pace and shape of aging in wild mosquitoes. Ecosphere. 2015;6(9):art170. · DOI
  23. 2007, Mosquitoes do senesce: Departure from the paradigm of constant mortality, Am J Trop Med Hyg, 76, 111, 10.4269/ajtmh.2007.76.111 · DOI
  24. 2020, Senescence in wild insects: Key questions and challenges, Funct Ecol, 34, 26, 10.1111/1365-2435.13399 · DOI
  25. 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2004.00430.x · DOI
  26. 10.2307/3281593 · DOI
  27. 10.1006/jipa.1995.1054 · DOI
  28. 2024, Mosquito ageing modulates the development, virulence and transmission potential of pathogens, Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 291, 20232097
  29. 10.1016/0022-2011(92)90095-L · DOI
  30. 2023, The effects of female age on blood-feeding, insemination, sperm storage, and fertility in the dengue vector mosquito Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae), J Insect Physiol, 150, 104570, 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104570 · DOI
  31. 10.1371/journal.pone.0200766 · DOI
  32. 10.1111/j.1948-7134.2009.00024.x · DOI
  33. 10.1603/0022-2585(2008)45[307:ASOTDV]2.0.CO;2 · DOI
  34. 10.3390/ijerph120605975 · DOI
  35. 2021, Transcriptome profiles of Anopheles gambiae harboring natural low-level Plasmodium infection reveal adaptive advantages for the mosquito, Sci Rep, 11, 22578, 10.1038/s41598-021-01842-x · DOI
  36. 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2006.00610.x · DOI
  37. 10.1073/pnas.0604875103 · DOI
  38. 10.1371/journal.pone.0013359 · DOI
  39. 10.1186/s13071-017-2302-6 · DOI
  40. 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.06.013 · DOI
  41. 10.1242/jeb.225821 · DOI
  42. 2024, Senescence of humoral antimicrobial immunity occurs in infected mosquitoes when the temperature is higher, J Exp Biol, 227, jeb248149
  43. 2025, Warmer temperature accelerates reproductive senescence in mosquitoes, Front Physiol, 16, 1610310, 10.3389/fphys.2025.1610310 · DOI
  44. 2025, Cellular immune senescence in mosquitoes accelerates when the temperature is warmer, Dev Comp Immunol, 168, 105396, 10.1016/j.dci.2025.105396 · DOI
  45. 2026, When a mosquito ingests blood, the phagocytic activity of hemocytes increases with warmer environmental temperature and aging, J Invertebr Pathol, 214, 108459, 10.1016/j.jip.2025.108459 · DOI
  46. 2025, Warmer temperature accelerates the aging-dependent decrease in female ovary size, delays male accessory gland development, and accelerates aging-dependent changes in reproductive gene expression in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes, Insects, 16, 921, 10.3390/insects16090921 · DOI
  47. 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000209 · DOI
  48. Pörtner HO , Roberts DC , Tignor M , Poloczanska ES , Mintenbeck K , Alegría A , et al. IPCC, 2022: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK and New York, USA: Cambridge University Press; 2022.
  49. 2017, Malaria, Nat Rev Dis Primers, 3, 17050, 10.1038/nrdp.2017.50 · DOI
  50. 2024, The transcriptional response in mosquitoes distinguishes between fungi and bacteria but not Gram types, BMC Genomics, 25, 353, 10.1186/s12864-024-10153-0 · DOI
  51. 10.1098/rspb.2017.0727 · DOI
  52. 10.1093/nar/30.1.207 · DOI · Paper page
  53. 10.1093/bioinformatics/bts635 · DOI · Paper page
  54. Dobin A , Gingeras TR . Mapping RNA-seq reads with STAR. Curr Protoc Bioinformatics. 2015;51(1):11.4.1-.4.9. · DOI
  55. 10.1186/s13059-014-0550-8 · DOI · Paper page
  56. 10.1073/pnas.0914005107 · DOI
  57. 10.2307/1268249 · DOI
  58. Greenfest-Allen E , Cartailler J-P , Magnuson MA , Stoeckert CJ . iterativeWGCNA: Iterative refinement to improve module detection from WGCNA co-expression networks. 2017. · DOI
  59. 10.1186/1471-2105-9-559 · DOI · Paper page
  60. 10.1186/1471-2164-10-327 · DOI · Paper page
  61. 10.1089/omi.2011.0118 · DOI · Paper page
  62. 10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x · DOI · Paper page
  63. 10.1371/journal.pone.0021800 · DOI · Paper page
  64. 10.1093/bioinformatics/btt632 · DOI
  65. 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.880110.x · DOI
  66. 2018, Immune–metabolic interactions during systemic and enteric infection in Drosophila, Curr Opin Insect Sci, 29, 21, 10.1016/j.cois.2018.05.014 · DOI
  67. 10.1016/j.micinf.2013.11.010 · DOI
  68. Alonzo SH , Kindsvater HK . Life-history patterns. In: Jørgensen SE , Fath BD , editors. Encyclopedia of ecology. Oxford: Academic Press; 2008. p. 2175–80. · DOI
  69. 10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.01.008 · DOI
  70. 10.1046/j.1365-2540.2000.00685.x · DOI
  71. 2018, Role of temperature on growth and metabolic rate in the tenebrionid beetles Alphitobius diaperinus and Tenebrio molitor, J Insect Physiol, 107, 89, 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.02.010 · DOI
  72. 2023, Effects of temperature on metabolic rate during metamorphosis in the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Biol Open, 12, bio060213, 10.1242/bio.060213 · DOI
  73. 10.1093/nar/30.6.1354 · DOI
  74. 10.1186/s13014-015-0462-0 · DOI
  75. 10.32607/20758251-2016-8-2-75-78 · DOI
  76. 10.1002/jcp.24302 · DOI
  77. 10.1242/jeb.213744 · DOI
  78. 10.1016/j.arr.2005.04.001 · DOI
  79. 2018, Deficiency in DNA damage response of enterocytes accelerates intestinal stem cell aging in Drosophila, Aging, 10, 322, 10.18632/aging.101390 · DOI
  80. 10.1038/srep15299 · DOI · Paper page
  81. 2019, DNA damage response and repair in perspective: Aedes aegypti, Drosophila melanogaster and Homo sapiens, Parasit Vectors, 12, 533, 10.1186/s13071-019-3792-1 · DOI
  82. 10.1146/annurev-ento-061621-064341 · DOI
  83. 10.1111/acel.12556 · DOI
  84. 10.1016/j.cell.2005.01.028 · DOI · Paper page
  85. 10.7554/eLife.62852 · DOI · Paper page
  86. 10.1093/nar/gkm756 · DOI · Paper page
  87. Brunet-Rossinni AK , Austad SN . Senescence in wild populations of mammals and birds. In: Masoro EJ , Austad SN , editors. Handbook of the biology of aging. Sixth ed. Burlington: Academic Press; 2005. p. 243–66. · DOI
  88. 2012, Aging and immunosenescence in invertebrates, Invert Surviv J, 9, 102
  89. 2009, Understanding insect life histories and senescence through a resource allocation lens, Funct Ecol, 23, 27, 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01527.x · DOI
  90. 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.06.008 · DOI
  91. 2017, How micronutrients influence the physiology of mosquitoes, Curr Opin Insect Sci, 23, 112, 10.1016/j.cois.2017.07.002 · DOI
  92. 10.1242/jeb.069468 · DOI
  93. 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008915 · DOI
  94. 10.1016/0022-1910(90)90118-Y · DOI
  95. 10.1073/pnas.0704967104 · DOI
  96. 10.1016/j.chom.2009.01.005 · DOI
  97. 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002737 · DOI
  98. 10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00267-7 · DOI
  99. 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002023 · DOI
  100. 10.1126/science.1171400 · DOI
  101. 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.01.007 · DOI
  102. 10.1073/pnas.0905006106 · DOI
  103. 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001317 · DOI
  104. 10.1016/j.chom.2009.04.003 · DOI
  105. 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.10.006 · DOI
  106. 2022, The immune deficiency and c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathways drive the functional integration of the immune and circulatory systems of mosquitoes, Open Biol, 12, 220111, 10.1098/rsob.220111 · DOI
  107. 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003622 · DOI
  108. 10.1073/pnas.1423586112 · DOI
  109. 10.1016/j.pt.2005.02.007 · DOI
  110. 2021, The fungus Leptosphaerulina persists in Anopheles gambiae and induces melanization, PLoS One, 16, e0246452, 10.1371/journal.pone.0246452 · DOI
  111. 10.1074/jbc.274.17.11727 · DOI
  112. 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2006.00718.x · DOI
  113. 1973, Studies of a halophilic NADH dehydrogenase: I. Purification and properties of the enzyme, Biochim Biophys Acta, 302, 216, 10.1016/0005-2744(73)90150-2 · DOI
  114. 2014, Identification and transcription profiling of NDUFS8 in Aedes taeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae): Developmental regulation and environmental response, Open Access Insect Physiol, 5, 1
  115. 1991, McAlister-Henn L. NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase. Cloning, nucleotide sequence, and disruption of the IDH2 gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, J Biol Chem, 266, 22199, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)54554-3 · DOI
  116. 10.1007/978-94-007-4572-8_17 · DOI
  117. 10.1038/s41467-020-16718-3 · DOI
  118. 2015, Understanding the DNA damage response in order to achieve desired gene editing outcomes in mosquitoes, Chromosome Res, 23, 31, 10.1007/s10577-014-9450-8 · DOI
  119. 10.3181/00379727-176-41867 · DOI
  120. Hansen IA , Attardo GM , Rodriguez SD , Drake LL . Four-way regulation of mosquito yolk protein precursor genes by juvenile hormone-, ecdysone-, nutrient-, and insulin-like peptide signaling pathways. Front Physiol. 2014;5:103. · DOI
  121. 2005, Reproductive physiology of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles atroparvus, J Vector Ecol, 30, 11
  122. 2021, Use of transcriptional age grading technique to determine the chronological age of Sri Lankan Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus females, Parasit Vectors, 14, 493, 10.1186/s13071-021-04994-x · DOI
  123. 10.1126/sciadv.adr0616 · DOI
  124. 10.1016/0047-6374(76)90034-8 · DOI
  125. 10.1073/pnas.96.20.11399 · DOI
  126. 10.1007/s10522-015-9571-2 · DOI
  127. 10.1146/annurev-ento-041520-074454 · DOI
  128. 10.1074/jbc.M707700200 · DOI
  129. 2017, The roles of history: age and prior exploitation in aquatic container habitats have immediate and carry-over effects on mosquito life history, Ecol Entomol, 42, 704, 10.1111/een.12436 · DOI
  130. 2023, Nutritional stress compromises mosquito fitness and antiviral immunity, while enhancing dengue virus infection susceptibility, Commun Biol, 6, 1123, 10.1038/s42003-023-05516-4 · DOI
  131. 10.1002/ece3.5192 · DOI
  132. 10.1016/j.jip.2017.10.008 · DOI
  133. 10.1038/srep36778 · DOI
  134. 10.1603/0022-2585-37.5.732 · DOI
  135. 2023, Larval diet and temperature alter mosquito immunity and development: using body size and developmental traits to track carry-over effects on longevity, Parasit Vectors, 16, 434, 10.1186/s13071-023-06037-z · DOI
  136. 2011, Effects of different temperature regimens on the development of Aedes aegypti (L, Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes. Acta Trop, 119, 38

Metadata

Authors
Martin, L. E., Barr, J. S., Cartailler, J.-P., Shrestha, S., Estévez-Lao, T. Y., & Hillyer, J. F.
Affiliations
Vanderbilt University (US)
Corresponding author
Hillyer, Julián F.
ORCID
Venue
Immunity & Ageing
Publisher
openRxiv
Published
2025-10-27
Volume
23
Issue
1
Pages
1-1
ISSN
1742-4933 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1101/2025.10.27.684792
PMC
PMC12781269
OpenAlex
W4417321364
Cited by
3
References
1
Citations by year
2026: 3
FWCI
0.95
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Immunity & Ageing (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
U.S. National Science Foundation (1936843, Graduate Research Fellowship)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Invertebrate Immune Response Mechanisms
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Physiological and biochemical adaptations
Keywords
Anopheles gambiae, aging, high temperature, transcriptome, immune gene expression, metabolic gene expression, DNA repair, immune induction, climate change, malaria vectors, lifespan

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review