Rho and Ras GTPases in axon growth, guidance, and branching
Open accessAbstract
The establishment of precise neuronal cell morphology provides the foundation for all aspects of neurobiology. During development, axons emerge from cell bodies after an initial polarization stage, elongate, and navigate towards target regions guided by a range of environmental cues. The Rho and Ras families of small GTPases have emerged as critical players at all stages of axonogenesis. Their ability to coordinately direct multiple signal transduction pathways with precise spatial control drives many of the activities that underlie this morphogenetic program: the dynamic assembly, disassembly, and reorganization of the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons, the interaction of the growing axon with other cells and extracellular matrix, the delivery of lipids and proteins to the axon through the exocytic machinery, and the internalization of membrane and proteins at the leading edge of the growth cone through endocytosis. This article highlights the contribution of Rho and Ras GTPases to axonogenesis.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Ras and Rho GTPases are important for axon and dendrite growth and guidance.
“Consistently, it has also been found that the Ras and Rho GTPases are important for axon and dendrite growth and guidance [112].”
From Rlip76: An Unexplored Player in Neurodegeneration and Alzheimer’s Disease? (2022) · cites this paper as [112]
The Abstract and “GROWING AN AXON” section describe Rho and Ras GTPases as important in axon growth and guidance. The paper mentions dendrites in its discussion of neuronal polarity, but the passages do not establish their importance for dendrite growth or guidance. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The sequential activity of the GTPases Rap1B and Cdc42 determines neuronal polarity.
Schwamborn, J. C., & Püschel, A. W. (2004) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1295 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Dlx transcription factors promote migration through repression of axon and dendrite growth
Cobos, I., Borello, U., & Rubenstein, J. L. R. (2007) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.05.024 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Dishevelled promotes axon differentiation by regulating atypical protein kinase C
Zhang, X., Zhu, J., Yang, G.-Y., Wang, Q.-J., Qian, L., Chen, Y.-M., Chen, F., Tao, Y., Hu, H.-S., Wang, T., et al. (2007) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb1603 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Albertinazzi, C., Gilardelli, D., Paris, S., Longhi, R., & de Curtis, I. (1998) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.142.3.815 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bhattacherjee, A., Djekidel, M. N., Chen, R., Chen, W., Tuesta, L. M., & Zhang, Y. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-12054-3 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Retinal ganglion cell dendrite pathology and synapse loss
Agostinone, J., & Di Polo, A. (2015) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.04.012 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Endocannabinoid signalling in neuronal migration
Zhou, Y., Falenta, K., & Lalli, G. (2014) · The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2013.12.007 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationRlip76: An Unexplored Player in Neurodegeneration and Alzheimer’s Disease?
Hindle, A., Singh, S. P., Pradeepkiran, J. A., Bose, C., Vijayan, M., Kshirsagar, S., Sawant, N. A., & Reddy, P. H. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23116098 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
p120RasGAP Protein Mediates Netrin-1 Protein-induced Cortical Axon Outgrowth and Guidance
Antoine-Bertrand, J., Duquette, P. M., Alchini, R., Kennedy, T. E., Fournier, A. E., & Lamarche-Vane, N. (2016) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m115.674846 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hall, A., & Lalli, G.
- Affiliations
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (US)
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Lalli, G.
- ORCID
- Lalli, G.
- Venue
- Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 2010-01-27
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- a001818-a001818
- ISSN
- 1943-0264 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2828272
- OpenAlex
- W2160262432
- Cited by
- 437
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 46
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- King's College London
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Axon Guidance and Neuronal Signaling
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Kinase Regulation and GTPase Signaling
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Keywords
- Rho GTPases, Ras GTPase, axon growth, axon guidance, axon branching, axonogenesis, neuronal morphology, actin cytoskeleton, microtubule cytoskeleton, growth cones, exocytosis, endocytosis, extracellular matrix, signal transduction
- MeSH terms
- Alleles, Animals, Axons, Drosophila, Endocytosis, Hippocampus, Humans, Models, Biological, Neurons, Protein Isoforms, Growth Cones, Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins, rho GTP-Binding Proteins, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
