The DOI matches its Crossref record; 256 of the 257 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 178 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis
Open accessAbstract
Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii are the two etiologic agents of cryptococcosis.They belong to the phylum Basidiomycota and can be readily distinguished from other pathogenic yeasts such as Candida by the presence of a polysaccharide capsule, formation of melanin, and urease activity, which all function as virulence determinants.Infection proceeds via inhalation and subsequent dissemination to the central nervous system to cause meningoencephalitis.The most common risk for cryptococcosis caused by C. neoformans is AIDS, whereas infections caused by C. gattii are more often reported in immunocompetent patients with undefined risk than in the immunocompromised.There have been many chapters, reviews, and books written on C. neoformans.The topics we focus on in this article include species description, pathogenesis, life cycle, capsule, and stress response, which serve to highlight the specializations in virulence that have occurred in this unique encapsulated melanin-forming yeast that causes global deaths estimated at more than 600,000 annually. HISTORY OF THE ETIOLOGIC AGENTS AND CRYPTOCOCCOSISC ryptococcus neoformans was first isolated from peach juice by Sanfelice in 1894 in Italy and was named Saccharomyces neoformans (Sanfelice 1894).In the same year, Busse provided the first description of a case of cryptococcosis (Busse 1894) and isolated a yeast culture from a sarcoma-like lesion in the infected young woman's tibia.Busse called the fungus Saccharomyces, while naming the disease Sac-
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review summarizes the biology, taxonomy, ecology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and virulence determinants of *Cryptococcus neoformans* and *Cryptococcus gattii*, the two agents of cryptococcosis. It emphasizes the three classical virulence traits — polysaccharide capsule, melanin formation, and growth at mammalian body temperature — along with newer work on sensing/signaling and stress-response pathways.
Key findings
- Cryptococcosis is acquired by inhalation of desiccated yeast cells or basidiospores (1.5–3.5 µm), which reach the distal airways; in immunocompromised hosts the fungus disseminates hematogenously across the blood–brain barrier to cause meningoencephalitis, which is uniformly fatal if untreated. The global burden is estimated at close to 1 million cases with 700,000 deaths annually (Park et al. 2009); the abstract cites global deaths estimated at more than 600,000 annually.
- *C. neoformans* infection is predominantly associated with AIDS and other immunocompromising conditions, whereas *C. gattii* infection occurs more often in immunocompetent patients; pulmonary infection is considerably more common with *C. gattii*, and mouse studies show *C. neoformans*-infected mice die of CNS infection while *C. gattii*-infected mice die of pulmonary infection.
- Worldwide, *C. neoformans* molecular type VNI predominates (63% of isolates), followed by VNII/VNIII (6% each) and VNIV (5%); *C. gattii* accounts for <20% of cryptococcosis globally, with VGI most common (9%), then VGII (7%), VGIII (3%), and VGIV (1%) among 2046 isolates.
- Azole heteroresistance, caused by reversible disomy of chromosomes containing resistance genes (chromosome 1 always duplicating first, then chromosome 4 and others stepwise), is suggested to be the most common cause of azole treatment failure during suppression therapy in AIDS patients.
Methods
- Narrative review article (Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine) synthesizing historical, taxonomic, ecological, epidemiological, and molecular literature on *C. neoformans* and *C. gattii*.
- No primary data collection; the paper compiles findings from cited studies, including molecular typing, genome comparisons, animal infection models, and clinical/epidemiological surveys.
- Topics covered include species description, pathogenesis, life cycle, capsule, melanin, thermotolerance, degradation enzymes, metal/gas/light sensing, and stress-signaling pathways (HOG, Mpk1, calcineurin, cAMP/PKA, UPR).
Limitations
- The paper states that a consensus on how to treat the *C. neoformans*/*C. gattii* species complex taxonomically has yet to be achieved, and that elevating the eight major haploid molecular types to species status is controversial.
- The paper notes that understanding of the host response to cryptococci is mostly based on animal data, and that the genetic basis of capsule size regulation has not been elucidated; the glycosyltransferases mediating capsule synthesis are largely uncharacterized.
- Evident from the text: several statements rest on single or few cited studies (e.g., the GM-CSF autoantibody finding in immunocompetent *C. gattii* patients), and the review repeatedly flags open questions (e.g., whether light-sensing mutants' virulence defect relates to known traits, whether ROS/RNS events in *C. gattii* occur in *C. neoformans*).
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Claims the paper makes
136 Not checked yet · 44 No basis given · 11 Own interpretation · 1 Own result
In the paper
“Curtis' strain was later determined to be the first clinical isolate of C. gattii (Kwon-Chung et al. 2002).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kwon-Chung et al. 2002
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“They belong to the phylum Basidiomycota and can be readily distinguished from other pathogenic yeasts such as Candida by the presence of a polysaccharide capsule, formation of melanin, and urease activity, which all function as virulence determinants.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Seeliger 1956
- Not checked yetcites Staib 1962b
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“By the mid-1970s, the complete life cycles of C. neoformans and C. gattii became known when heterothallic sexuality was discovered in both species (Kwon-Chung 1975, 1976b).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kwon-Chung 1975, 1976b
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Distribution of the four major molecular types of C. gattii strains among 2046 cryptococcal isolates from clinical and veterinary sources indicat that the VGI type is most common (9%) followed by VGII (7%), VGIII (3%), and VGIV (1%) in decreasing order (Meyer et al. 2011).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > EPIDEMIOLOGY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Meyer et al. 2011
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Genotyping of numerous C. neoformans and C. gattii global strains revealed that each species is composed of at least four major genetically diverse subgroups (Meyer et al. 2011).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE OF C. neoformans AND C. gattii
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Meyer et al. 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cryptococcosis begins with inhalation of desiccated airborne yeast cells, or possibly sexually produced basidiospores, into the lungs (Fig. 1).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > HOST RESPONSE AND PATHOGENESIS
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the prevalence of C. gattii infection remains more pronounced in the tropical and subtropical parts of the world, recent studies have indicated that the species has expanded to temperate zones.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > EPIDEMIOLOGY
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Molecular phylogenetic studies have since shown that C. neoformans and C. gattii cluster with the members of the order Tremellales instead of Filobasidiales (Fonseca et al. 2011).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE OF C. neoformans AND C. gattii
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fonseca et al. 2011
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Strains of C. neoformans molecular type VNI are the predominant etiologic agents of cryptococcosis isolated worldwide (63%) followed by VNII/VNIII (6% each) and VNIV (5%) type (Meyer et al. 2011).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > EPIDEMIOLOGY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Meyer et al. 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Subsequent molecular clock analysis has estimated that these species diverged approximately 50 million years ago (Ngamskulrungroj et al. 2009a).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE OF C. neoformans AND C. gattii
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ngamskulrungroj et al. 2009a
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For several decades, the agents of cryptococcosis were grouped into two varieties that included five serotypes: C. neoformans var.neoformans for serotypes A, D, and AD (now known to be a hybrid between A and D strains), and C. neoformans var.gattii for serotypes B and C (Kwon-Chung et al. 1982a).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE OF C. neoformans AND C. gattii
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kwon-Chung et al. 1982a
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“The vast majority of environmental strains, regardless of the geographical source, belong to serotype A molecular type VNI.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > ECOLOGY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mitchell et al. 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Isolation of C. neoformans from the bark, treetrunk hollows, and decaying wood of more than 36 arboreal genera have been reported (Mitchell et al. 2011).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > ECOLOGY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mitchell et al. 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Recently, GM-CSF-neutralizing autoantibodies were detected in the plasma of otherwise immunocompetent patients with C. gattii infection (Saijo et al. 2014), a finding that suggests that expanded immunological tests may uncover hitherto unknown risks in otherwise healthy cryptococcosis patients.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > EPIDEMIOLOGY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Saijo et al. 2014
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“providing evidence that virulence factors such as capsule and melanin formation followed Mendelian inheritance (Kwon-Chung et al. 1982c).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kwon-Chung et al. 1982c
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Consistent with the presence of both mating types in the region, population analysis of clinical isolates has shown evidence of sexual recombination between genetically isolated subgroups of C. neoformans serotype A strains from sub-Saharan Africa (Litvintseva et al. 2003).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > EPIDEMIOLOGY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Litvintseva et al. 2003
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“First, strains of serotype A were recognized as a separate variety, C. neoformans var.grubii, from strains of C. neoformans var.neoformans (serotype D), based on the divergence in URA5 gene sequence (Franzot et al. 1999).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE OF C. neoformans AND C. gattii
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Franzot et al. 1999
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“When teleomorphs of the two species were discovered, they were classified in the genus Filobasidiella as Filobasidiella neoformans (serotypes A and D) and F. bacillispora (serotype B and C) under the family Filobasidieceae of the order Filobasidiales in Basidiomycota (Kwon-Chung 1975, 1976b).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE OF C. neoformans AND C. gattii
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kwon-Chung 1975, 1976b
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“In contrast, infection caused by C. gattii occurs more often in immunocompetent patients with or without any known underlying conditions (Sorrell et al. 2011).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > HOST RESPONSE AND PATHOGENESIS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sorrell et al. 2011
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In a normal host, an effective immune response eliminates most inhaled cryptococci.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > HOST RESPONSE AND PATHOGENESIS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Seeliger and Staib discovered that C. neoformans could be distinguished from other white clinical yeasts by their urease activity (Seeliger 1956) and melanin formation (Staib 1962b) besides the presence of capsule.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Seeliger 1956
- Not checked yetcites Staib 1962b
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For several decades, the agents of cryptococcosis were grouped into two varieties that included five serotypes: C. neoformans var.neoformans for serotypes A, D, and AD (now known to be a hybrid between A and D strains), and C. neoformans var.gattii for serotypes B and C (Kwon-Chung et al. 1982a).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE OF C. neoformans AND C. gattii
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kwon-Chung et al. 1982a
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Although C. neoformans was first isolated from peach juice, the most important saprophytic sources globally are weathered droppings from pigeon (Columba livia) and soil (Emmons 1955).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > ECOLOGY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Emmons 1955
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Ellis reported isolation of serotype B strains from Eucalyptus camaldulensis in Australia in 1990 (Ellis and Pfeiffer 1990).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ellis and Pfeiffer 1990
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Serotype D molecular type VNIV strains from the environment are mostly from central Europe (Mitchell et al. 2011).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > ECOLOGY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mitchell et al. 2011
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“recent work has revealed that in contrast to C. neoformans, C. gattii VGII strains have lost the RNAi mechanism”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Genotypic Differences between C. neoformans and C. gattii
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Billmyre et al. 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Once again, the regions of lowest conservation are the centromeres and subtelomeres.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Genotypic Differences between C. neoformans and C. gattii
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites D 'Souza et al. 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The third trait essential for virulence is the ability to grow at mammalian body temperature”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Virulence Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Petter et al. 2001
- Not checked yetcites Perfect 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This suggests that the pathogen undergoes gross chromosomal rearrangements at a massively accelerated pace during infection of the human host.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Genotypic Differences between C. neoformans and C. gattii
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The two etiologic agents of cryptococcosis can be differentiated by their teleomorph, serotype, and biochemical characteristics in addition to their epidemiological and ecological differences.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > MYCOLOGY Life Cycle
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“comparison of the var.neoformans and var.grubii genome sequences with the genomes of C. gattii VGI strain WM276 and VGIIa strain R265 revealed 85% -87% identity”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Genotypic Differences between C. neoformans and C. gattii
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites D 'Souza et al. 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Heteroresistant clones, therefore, are temporary aneuploids in one or more chromosomes (Sionov et al. 2010).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > TREATMENT AND RESISTANCE TO DRUGS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sionov et al. 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Among these were the predicted regional centromeres, conserved in location but highly divergent in sequence consistent with their makeup of degenerating rearranged transposable elements”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Genotypic Differences between C. neoformans and C. gattii
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kavanaugh et al. 2006
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Consistent with this, emergence of disomic chromosome 1 in yeast cells was observed in vivo in mouse brains during prolonged treatment with fluconazole (Sionov et al. 2013).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > TREATMENT AND RESISTANCE TO DRUGS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sionov et al. 2013
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Capsule polysaccharides are likely made in the Golgi”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Capsule
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Yoneda and Doering 2006
- Not checked yetcites T Doering, unpubl.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Chromosome 1, which contains the genes encoding the azole target Erg11 and the azole efflux pump Afr1 (Posteraro et al. 2003), always duplicates at the lowest azole concentration at which the heteroresistant clones emerge.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > TREATMENT AND RESISTANCE TO DRUGS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Posteraro et al. 2003
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Following the release of fluconazole in 1990, the existing regimen of amphotericin B/flucytosine combination for induction therapy was expanded to be followed by maintenance regimens using fluconazole (Perfect et al. 2010).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > TREATMENT AND RESISTANCE TO DRUGS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Perfect et al. 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In the terminal swollen part of the basidium, the two nuclei from opposite mating types fuse to form a single transient diploid nucleus that undergoes one cycle of meiotic division producing four haploid nuclei (Kwon-Chung 1976a, 1980).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > MYCOLOGY Life Cycle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kwon-Chung 1976a, 1980
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Dietrich and colleagues revealed via whole genome comparison that the genomes exhibited 85% -90% identity with few exceptions”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Genotypic Differences between C. neoformans and C. gattii
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kavanaugh et al. 2006
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The haploid cells propagate asexually by budding until the strains of opposite mating type come into contact on substrates conducive for mating.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > MYCOLOGY Life Cycle
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“These meiotic products then repeatedly undergo mitotic division to basipetally bud four long chains of basidiospores (sexual spores) consisting of MATa and MATa type spores in an equal ratio (Kwon-Chung 1980).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > MYCOLOGY Life Cycle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kwon-Chung 1980
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“CGB agar medium was instrumental in discovering Eucalyptus camaldulensis as the first environmental source of C. gattii (Ellis and Pfeiffer 1990).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > MYCOLOGY Life Cycle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ellis and Pfeiffer 1990
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Molecular analyses have shown that the emergence of heteroresistant clones is caused by the formation of disomy (two copies) of chromosomes that contain key genes associated with azole resistance.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > TREATMENT AND RESISTANCE TO DRUGS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sionov et al. 2010
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the chromosomes are extremely generich with the exception of a single large cluster on each composed of degenerating transposons predicted to represent regional centromeres.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Genotypic Differences between C. neoformans and C. gattii
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This data from the closely related VNIV (serotype D) laboratory strains JEC21 and B-3501A revealed the 20 Mb haploid genome to consist of 14 chromosomes ranging in size from 762 kb to 2.3 Mb”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Genotypic Differences between C. neoformans and C. gattii
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Loftus et al. 2005
- Not checked yetcites Fraser et al. 2005b
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“a region where identity between the genomes was 98.5%, evidence of recent introgression of var.neoformans (molecular type, VNIV) genetic material into var.grubii (molecular type VNI).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Genotypic Differences between C. neoformans and C. gattii
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kavanaugh et al. 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the highly rearranged subtelomeric regions”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Genotypic Differences between C. neoformans and C. gattii
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kavanaugh et al. 2006
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Molecular genetic studies using gene-deletion strains have confirmed the role of these three traits in cryptococcal virulence”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Virulence Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chang and Kwon-Chung 1994
- Not checked yetcites Salas et al. 1996
- Not checked yetcites Odom et al. 1997
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Unlike the black fungi commonly found in soil or on plants, which synthesize dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin constitutively, C. neoformans produces eumelanin only in the presence of substrates such as 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) and other di/polyphenolic compounds”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Melanin Formation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chasakes 1975
- Not checked yetcites Polacheck et al. 1982
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The glycosyltransferases that directly mediate capsule synthesis are largely uncharacterized, with only one demonstrated to date”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Capsule
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Klutts et al. 2007
- Not checked yetcites Castle et al. 2008
- Not checked yetcites Klutts and Doering 2008
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As a consequence, CNA1 disrupted mutant strains are avirulent”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Growth at Mammalian Body Temperature
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Odom et al. 1997
- Not checked yetcites Fox et al. 2001
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“this may be because galactofuranose is a minor component of capsule polysaccharides”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Capsule
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Heiss et al. 2013
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Activation of these pathways induces or alters expression of specific transcription factors necessary for C. neoformans to adapt to its new environment.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Genetic Control and Regulation of Capsule Formation and Secretion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Numerous genes functioning in different transduction pathways are necessary for C. neoformans to sense any alteration in its environment.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Genetic Control and Regulation of Capsule Formation and Secretion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In fact, the transduction pathways that regulate capsule size also seem to regulate capsule secretion”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Genetic Control and Regulation of Capsule Formation and Secretion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Choi et al. 2012
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“a nonconventional capsule secretion pathway has also been identified”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Genetic Control and Regulation of Capsule Formation and Secretion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kmetzsch et al. 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“All the remaining cryptococcal species produce a polysaccharide capsule with or without melanin but fail to grow or grow poorly at 37 ˚C”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Growth at Mammalian Body Temperature
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Petter et al. 2001
- Not checked yetcites Fonseca et al. 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In vitro, diverse signals like iron concentration, CO 2 level, pH, and nitrogen or glucose concentrations are important modulators of capsule size”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Genetic Control and Regulation of Capsule Formation and Secretion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Staib et al. 1976
- Not checked yetcites Dykstra et al. 1977
- Not checked yetcites Granger et al. 1985
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These data together with the existence of extracellular vesicles containing capsule polysaccharides in C. neoformans suggests an elaborate regulatory mechanism for capsule secretion”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Genetic Control and Regulation of Capsule Formation and Secretion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rodrigues et al. 2008
- Not checked yetcites Rodrigues and Djordjevic 2012
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“cations likely play a significant role in intermolecular interactions of capsule polysaccharides that contribute to capsule formation”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Capsule
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nimrichter et al. 2007
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the in vivo capsule variability suggests an important role for this regulation in the pathophysiology of infection”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Genetic Control and Regulation of Capsule Formation and Secretion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dykstra et al. 1977
- Not checked yetcites Granger et al. 1985
- Not checked yetcites Rivera et al. 1998
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“two C. neoformans Sec proteins, homologous to Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteins necessary for vesicle-mediated exocytic secretion, have been shown to play a major role in GXM secretion”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Genetic Control and Regulation of Capsule Formation and Secretion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Yoneda and Doering 2006
- Not checked yetcites Panepinto et al. 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The primary reason that both C. neoformans and C. gattii are the only successful pathogens among the more than 70 Cryptococcus species is their ability to grow robustly at physiological temperatures.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Growth at Mammalian Body Temperature
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The ability to grow at 37°C is essential for any microbial pathogen to cause invasive disease.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The size and antigenicity of the C. neoformans capsule is dynamic and regulated by the fungus in response to different environmental cues.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Genetic Control and Regulation of Capsule Formation and Secretion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Chitin has also been implicated in capsule association with the cell wall”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Capsule
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rodrigues et al. 2008
- Not checked yetcites Fonseca et al. 2009
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Despite numerous studies on the transcriptional response associated with the activation of these transduction pathways, the genetic basis of capsule size regulation has not been elucidated”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Genetic Control and Regulation of Capsule Formation and Secretion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Haynes et al. 2011
- Not checked yetcites O'Meara and Alspaugh 2012
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two nucleotide sugar transporters for GDP-mannose and one for UDP-galactose have also been investigated”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Capsule
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cottrell et al. 2007
- Not checked yetcites Moyrand et al. 2007
- Not checked yetcites Wang et al. 2014
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on the capsule structures (Fig. 4), the sugar donors are expected to include GDPmannose,UDP-glucuronate,UDP-xylose,UDPgalactofuranose, and UDP-galactopyranose.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Capsule
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, temperatureregulated genes did not necessarily correlate with a temperature-sensitive phenotype”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Growth at Mammalian Body Temperature
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Akhter et al. 2003
- Not checked yetcites Cox et al. 2003
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Disruption in C. gattii of the ZAP1 gene, which encodes a zinc sensor and transcription factor, reduces virulence”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SENSING AND RESPONDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schneider et al. 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“mutants impaired in melanin synthesis can be rescued by the addition of copper to the medium”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SENSING AND RESPONDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Torres-Guererro and Edman 1994
- Not checked yetcites Walton et al. 2005
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nickel is a cofactor for urease.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SENSING AND RESPONDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Genes regulated by hypoxia include those for sterol biosynthesis and metal homeostasis.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SENSING AND RESPONDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“overexpression of the ERG25 gene for sterol biosynthesis can alleviate the effects of deleting SRE1”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SENSING AND RESPONDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lee et al. 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, Ure7 (the homolog of bacterial UreG) appears to combine the functions of bacterial UreE and UreG.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Degradation Enzymes
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CO 2 sensing uses carbonic anhydrase and adenylyl cyclase.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SENSING AND RESPONDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: O2 and CO2 vary in concentration in different parts of the body, lower or higher, respectively, than the natural environment in which Cryptococcus species reside.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The cryptococcal genome lacks a homolog of bacterial UreE, a nickel chaperone.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Degradation Enzymes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“it was proposed that the signaling cascade involving calcineurin is required for cryptococcal pathogenesis”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Growth at Mammalian Body Temperature
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Odom et al. 1997
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The functions of these genes varied ranging from cell-wall assembly, stress signaling, membrane integrity, basic metabolism, pre-mRNA splicing, chromatin remodeling, and others”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Growth at Mammalian Body Temperature
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Steen et al. 2002
- Not checked yetcites Chung et al. 2003
- Not checked yetcites Kraus et al. 2004
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Deletion of genes that encode a blue-light-sensing complex reduces virulence”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SENSING AND RESPONDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Idnurm and Heitman 2005
- Not checked yetcites Zhu et al. 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The cryptococcal urease activation system has recently been deciphered, which showed that the factors required for activation of the urease apoenzyme encoded by URE1 resemble plants more than bacteria”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Degradation Enzymes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Singh et al. 2013
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike the polysaccharide capsule, however, a lack of these enzymes results in reduced rather than a complete loss of virulence.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Degradation Enzymes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Transport of the enzyme to the cell surface enhances adhesion of the cryptococcal cells to human lung epithelial cells, the first step toward initiation of interstitial pulmonary cryptococcosis”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Degradation Enzymes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ganendren et al. 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The deleterious effects of low O 2 levels are likely in part through altered membrane fluidity.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SENSING AND RESPONDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The MAC1 gene was identified as naturally variable in populations, affecting mating efficiency and melanization”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SENSING AND RESPONDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lin et al. 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Altered copper homeostasis influences these two properties.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SENSING AND RESPONDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, altered Fe or Cu homeostasis affects multiple aspects of C. neoformans biology that are clinically relevant, including antifungal drug efficacy.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SENSING AND RESPONDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Like urease deficient strains, those impaired in nickel homeostasis have defects in dissemination after pulmonary infection”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SENSING AND RESPONDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Olszewski et al. 2004
- Not checked yetcites Singh et al. 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Cryptococcal urease activity is important for fungal propagation in the lung as the enzyme promotes accumulation of immature dendritic cells as well as the nonprotective T2 immune response”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Degradation Enzymes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Osterholzer et al. 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Concentrations of O 2 are sensed by Scp1, a candidate endoplasmic reticulum peptidase.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SENSING AND RESPONDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: O2 and CO2 vary in concentration in different parts of the body, lower or higher, respectively, than the natural environment in which Cryptococcus species reside.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Functional studies of the genes identified as important for growth at 37 ˚C, using targeted disruption, showed correlation with low to no infectivity”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Growth at Mammalian Body Temperature
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kraus et al. 2004
- Not checked yetcites Liu et al. 2008
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both are relevant to pathogenesis because of their availability to the pathogen, the interconnection between oxygen availability, metal uptake, heme (with iron as a cofactor), and hemedependent sterol biosynthesis.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SENSING AND RESPONDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The enzyme appears to require SEC6 for secretion to the surface of the yeast cells”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Degradation Enzymes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Panepinto et al. 2009
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“It also disrupts the host cell membranes by hydrolysis of the ester linkages on membrane phospholipids, which enables penetration into the host tissue”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Degradation Enzymes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chen et al. 2000
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This indicates functional divergence of this pathway among different genotypes of Cryptococcus.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SIGNALING PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN STRESS RESPONSE
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Similar to other eukaryotes, Cryptococcus contains a series of conserved ROS/RNS defense proteins, including superoxide dismutases (SODs), catalases (Cat1-4), glutathione/thioredoxins, and their peroxidase systems”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SIGNALING PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN STRESS RESPONSE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brown et al. 2007
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“To control these ROS and RNS defense systems, C. neoformans primarily utilizes two stress-activated MAPKS: Hog1 and Mpk1 (Bahn et al. 2005b;Gerik et al. 2008).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SIGNALING PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN STRESS RESPONSE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bahn et al. 2005b
- Not checked yetcites Gerik et al. 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“To survive in low CO 2 conditions, Cryptococcus employs carbonic anhydrases, which catalyze the reversible interconversion between CO 2 /H 2 O and HCO 3 2 /H þ that occurs spontaneously under high CO 2 conditions (Bahn et al. 2005a).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SIGNALING PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN STRESS RESPONSE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bahn et al. 2005a
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In C. gattii, ROS and RNS defense systems are also important for antifungal drug resistance because itraconazole (but not fluconazole) and amphotericin B induce ROS and RNS production, which causes lipid peroxidation and oxidative degradation of lipid membranes (Ferreira et al. 2013).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SIGNALING PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN STRESS RESPONSE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ferreira et al. 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In C. gattii, ROS and RNS defense systems are also important for antifungal drug resistance because itraconazole (but not fluconazole) and amphotericin B induce ROS and RNS production, which causes lipid peroxidation and oxidative degradation of lipid membranes (Ferreira et al. 2013).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SIGNALING PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN STRESS RESPONSE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ferreira et al. 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In fact, a key cation transporter, Ena1 (Na þ / ATPase), which plays an essential role in osmotic stress response, survival under alkaline pH conditions and plasma membrane potential, is required for virulence of C. neoformans (Idnurm et al. 2009;Jung et al. 2012).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SIGNALING PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN STRESS RESPONSE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Idnurm et al. 2009
- Not checked yetcites Jung et al. 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Major controllers of these defense systems in C. neoformans include the HOG and Rim101 pathways (Ko et al. 2009;O'Meara et al. 2010).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SIGNALING PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN STRESS RESPONSE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ko et al. 2009
- Not checked yetcites O'Meara et al. 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Induction of the nonreducing disaccharide trehalose and transcription of its biosynthetic genes is required for high-temperature growth, which affects the virulence of both C. gattii and C. neoformans”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SIGNALING PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN STRESS RESPONSE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ngamskulrungroj et al. 2009b
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Oxidative and nitrosative damage are critical stresses for C. neoformans and C. gattii.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SIGNALING PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN STRESS RESPONSE
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In C. neoformans, in addition to the Ras, calcineurin, and UPR pathways, which play major roles, the HOG and Pkc1/Mpk1 pathways also play a significant role in thermotolerance”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SIGNALING PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN STRESS RESPONSE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bahn and Jung 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the host environment, cryptococci respond and adapt to the drastic change in conditions by activating stress defense systems such as the high osmolarity glycerol response (HOG), protein kinase C (Pkc1)/MPK1 MAPK, protein kinase A (Ras, cAMP/PKA), calcineurin, and unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SIGNALING PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN STRESS RESPONSE
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“To survive in low CO 2 conditions, Cryptococcus employs carbonic anhydrases, which catalyze the reversible interconversion between CO 2 /H 2 O and HCO 3 2 /H þ that occurs spontaneously under high CO 2 conditions (Bahn et al. 2005a).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SIGNALING PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN STRESS RESPONSE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bahn et al. 2005a
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 29
- It may state two separate claims as one. 67
In the paper
“Cryptococcal antigenic heterogeneity was confirmed in 1950 by Evans who identified three serotypes: A, B, and C (Evans 1950).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Evans 1950
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The characteristic neurotropism of C. neoformans was first recognized in 1914 by Verse ´(1914), and 2 years later by Stoddard and Cutler (1916).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Verse 1914
- Not checked yetcites Stoddard and Cutler 1916
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most common risk for cryptococcosis caused by C. neoformans is AIDS, whereas infections caused by C. gattii are more often reported in immunocompetent patients with undefined risk than in the immunocompromised.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A fourth serotype, D, was discovered in 1968 (Wilson et al. 1968).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wilson et al. 1968
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“They belong to the phylum Basidiomycota and can be readily distinguished from other pathogenic yeasts such as Candida by the presence of a polysaccharide capsule, formation of melanin, and urease activity, which all function as virulence determinants.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Seeliger 1956
- Not checked yetcites Staib 1962b
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii are the two etiologic agents of cryptococcosis.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Infection proceeds via inhalation and subsequent dissemination to the central nervous system to cause meningoencephalitis.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In the same year, Busse provided the first description of a case of cryptococcosis (Busse 1894) and isolated a yeast culture from a sarcoma-like lesion in the infected young woman's tibia.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Busse 1894
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most common risk for cryptococcosis caused by C. neoformans is AIDS, whereas infections caused by C. gattii are more often reported in immunocompetent patients with undefined risk than in the immunocompromised.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because the propagules are small (1.5 -3.5 mm), they reach the distal airways and come into contact with alveolar macrophages.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > HOST RESPONSE AND PATHOGENESIS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Serologic evidence indicates that cryptococcal infection in humans is prevalent (Goldman et al. 2001) but disease is rare.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > HOST RESPONSE AND PATHOGENESIS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Goldman et al. 2001
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“C. neoformans contains molecular types VNI-VNIV and VNB with var.grubii VNI, VNII, and VNB strains, estimated to have diverged from the single var.neoformans molecular type VNIV (serotype D) approximately 25 million years ago, and serotype AD (VNIII) strains representing hybrids of the two varieties.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE OF C. neoformans AND C. gattii
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Meyer et al. 2011
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Regardless of molecular type, global clinical isolates are almost always mating type a (MATa) except for certain areas in Africa such as Botswana, where MATa can be as common as 10% of strains (Litvintseva et al. 2003).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > EPIDEMIOLOGY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Litvintseva et al. 2003
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, elevating the eight major haploid molecular types to separate species status is controversial at present and a consensus on how to treat the C. neoformans/C.gattii species complex taxonomically has yet to be achieved among medical mycologists (de Hoog et al. 2013).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE OF C. neoformans AND C. gattii
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites de Hoog et al. 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Upon this loss of immunity, the dormant yeast cells are activated and begin to multiply in the pulmonary -lymph node complex and disseminate into extrapulmonary sites.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > HOST RESPONSE AND PATHOGENESIS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“C. neoformans can survive in amoebae and the fungus can utilize the same pathogenic strategy in human macrophages, which in some respect provides a similar environment.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > ECOLOGY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The importance of understanding the pathogen became even more pressing as an unprecedented rate of increase in cryptococcosis began in the early 1980s, with AIDS becoming the leading risk factor of the disease.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“its use has been abandoned as of 2013 and only Cryptococcus is used in accordance with the new fungal nomenclatural rule of one name for one fungus (Hawksworth et al. 2011).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE OF C. neoformans AND C. gattii
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hawksworth et al. 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These discoveries were timely, as cryptococcosis had been considered a rare disease until immunosuppressive therapy came into wide use starting in the 1970s.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the vast majority of patients with disseminated cryptococcosis are immunocompromised, C. neoformans also causes disease in apparently normal hosts.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > EPIDEMIOLOGY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importation of Eucalyptus trees from Australia, the accelerated rate of human international travel, and climate changes may all have contributed to the spread of C. gattii to temperate zones.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > EPIDEMIOLOGY
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although serotype AD hybrids are common, these are sterile, and hybrids between other molecular types are rare, raising the possibility that each haploid type may in fact represent different species.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE OF C. neoformans AND C. gattii
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“C. gattii molecular types VGI and VGII usually correspond with serotype B, and molecular types VGIII and VGIV with serotype C; these molecular types have been estimated to have diverged over 8.5 -12.5 million years.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE OF C. neoformans AND C. gattii
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Meyer et al. 2011
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although virtually every organ in the body can be involved, infection of the central nervous system (CNS) is the most common clinical manifestation of cryptococcosis and the most common cause of death.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > HOST RESPONSE AND PATHOGENESIS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In 2000, C. neoformans var.gattii was elevated to a species, C. gattii (Kwon-Chung et al. 2002) and the taxon C. neoformans was reserved for the varieties neoformans and grubii.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE OF C. neoformans AND C. gattii
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kwon-Chung et al. 2002
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cryptococcosis caused by C. gattii is significantly less frequent globally (,20%) than C. neoformans (80%), and the major risk factors for C. gattii infection remain unclear.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > EPIDEMIOLOGY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The global burden of the disease is estimated to be close to 1 million cases with 700,000 deaths annually (Park et al. 2009).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > EPIDEMIOLOGY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Park et al. 2009
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Like C. neoformans, C. gattii has 14 chromosomes, and although the predicted centromere locations are conserved, the chromosomes have been rearranged by inversions and balanced translocations.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Genotypic Differences between C. neoformans and C. gattii
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites D 'Souza et al. 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The capsule may also include mannoproteins, hyaluronic acid, and sialic acid.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Capsule
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“These basidiospores can cause infection in a mouse model just as efficiently as vegetative yeast cells, and may play the role of infectious particles (Giles et al. 2009).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > MYCOLOGY Life Cycle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Giles et al. 2009
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A majority of the clinical isolates obtained before the birth of azoles had an LHF of 16 mg/mL or lower (Sionov et al. 2009), whereas the LHF of C. gattii was generally higher (Varma and Kwon-Chung 2010).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > TREATMENT AND RESISTANCE TO DRUGS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sionov et al. 2009
- Not checked yetcites Varma and Kwon-Chung 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Animal studies supported these differences in the primary target organs between the two species; mice infected with C. neoformans succumbed to infection by CNS infection, whereas mice infected with C. gattii died by pulmonary infection (Ngamskulrungroj et al. 2012c).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > HOST RESPONSE AND PATHOGENESIS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ngamskulrungroj et al. 2012c
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The morphology of the two teleomorphs are even more different: rough-walled oblong to eliptical basidiospores are produced in C. neoformans, whereas the basidiospores produced by C. gattii, as suggested by the original teleomorph designation of F. bacillispora, are in bacillary form with smooth walls (Fig. 3A) (Kwon-Chung 1975, 1976b).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > MYCOLOGY Life Cycle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kwon-Chung 1975, 1976b
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although the morphology of C. neoformans yeast cells are almost uniformly globose, those of C. gattii are a mixture of globose and oblong to elliptical cells (Kwon-Chung et al. 1982a); this proportion of globose to oblong cells in C. gattii is strain dependent (Fig. 3B -D).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > MYCOLOGY Life Cycle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kwon-Chung et al. 1982a
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It has subsequently been shown that since the divergence of var.grubii and var.neoformans, few genomic rearrangements have occurred in the var.grubii lineage and even more in var.neoformans”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Genotypic Differences between C. neoformans and C. gattii
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sun and Xu 2009
- Not checked yetcites Morrow et al. 2012
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“C. neoformans (Fig. 2) and C. gattii (Fig. 3) are both heterothallic haploid yeasts that exist in two mating types, MATa and MATa.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > MYCOLOGY Life Cycle
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although sometimes used alone, it be-came common in the early 1980s to use this polyene in combination with flucytosine, a fluorinated pyrimidine analog (Bennett et al. 1979).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > TREATMENT AND RESISTANCE TO DRUGS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bennett et al. 1979
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Amphotericin B, a secondary metabolite of Streptomyces nodosus, has been the major therapeutic agent for cryptococcal meningoencephalitis since the late 1960s (Sarosi et al. 1969).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > TREATMENT AND RESISTANCE TO DRUGS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sarosi et al. 1969
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With .6500genes with an average size of 1.9 kb”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Genotypic Differences between C. neoformans and C. gattii
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Furthermore, a recent report indicates that monokaryotic hyphal production unrelated to unisexual reproduction can be induced by high-temperature arrest of yeast cell cycle in the G 2 stage (Fu et al. 2013).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > MYCOLOGY Life Cycle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fu et al. 2013
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“More important, the treatment strategy for cryptococcosis may vary depending on the different categories of risk groups: HIV-infected patients, organ transplant recipients, non-HIV-infected, and nontransplant patients.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > TREATMENT AND RESISTANCE TO DRUGS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Perfect et al. 2010
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The capsule is displayed on the cryptococcal surface and component polysaccharides are also shed into the environment.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Capsule
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The lowest level of fluconazole at which the heteroresistant minor subpopulation emerges (LHF) and the frequency of resistant subpopulation varies depending on the strain.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > TREATMENT AND RESISTANCE TO DRUGS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The cryptococcal capsule is anchored by the cell wall, which is composed of glucans, chitin, chitosan, and glycoprotein”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Capsule
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Doering 2009
- Not checked yetcites Gilbert et al. 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Activation of the cAMP/ PKA pathway, which can be triggered by altered CO 2 levels, low glucose, low nitrogen, or low iron resulting in direct activation of the transcription factor Nrg1, can also result in the regulation of Hog1 and/or Rim101 in response to pH alteration and osmotic stress, respectively”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Genetic Control and Regulation of Capsule Formation and Secretion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bahn et al. 2005b
- Not checked yetcites Cramer et al. 2006
- Not checked yetcites O'Meara et al. 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Rim101 also plays a central role in pH response and capsule regulation”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Genetic Control and Regulation of Capsule Formation and Secretion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites O'Meara et al. 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the genome encodes other putative nucleotide sugar transporters, they have not been matched to specific functions required for capsule synthesis.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Capsule
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“calcineurin, the highly conserved Ca 2þ / calmodulin-activated serine/threonine-specific phosphatase encoded by CNA1, to be essential for growth at 37 ˚C but not at 24 ˚C.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Growth at Mammalian Body Temperature
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Odom et al. 1997
- Not checked yetcites Fox et al. 2001
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“C. neoformans contains two laccase genes, LAC1 and LAC2, in the genome but only LAC1 is expressed significantly under most conditions and virulence is reduced only when the LAC1 gene is deleted”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Melanin Formation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zhu and Williamson 2004
- Not checked yetcites Pukkila-Worley et al. 2005
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Melanin is produced by a wide variety of fungal species and the pigment deposited in the cell wall is known to play an important protective role against environmental stress”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Melanin Formation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nosanchuk and Casadevall 2006
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, secretion of the capsule and the genetics of its regulation have not been studied extensively.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Genetic Control and Regulation of Capsule Formation and Secretion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“although whether this is a direct or indirect interaction has not been determined.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Capsule
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The lack of these proteins reduces capsule produc-tion and virulence in animal models, except for the enzyme responsible for UDP-galactofuranose synthesis”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Capsule
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Heiss et al. 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Enzymes required for synthesis of the first four have been biochemically characterized, and genes encoding synthetic machinery for all five have been identified and deleted to assess the impact on cells”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Capsule
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bar-Peled et al. 2001, 2004
- Not checked yetcites Wills et al. 2001
- Not checked yetcites Moyrand et al. 2002
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, multiple transduction pathways respond to each environmental signal and a single transduction cascade can respond to multiple signals.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Genetic Control and Regulation of Capsule Formation and Secretion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the genes that encode the transcription factors Cir1 and HapX are necessary for iron homeostasis and are specifically induced under low iron conditions”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Genetic Control and Regulation of Capsule Formation and Secretion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kronstad et al. 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As in the case of capsule formation, melanization is regulated by number of different pathways”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Melanin Formation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Liu et al. 2008
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“C. neoformans senses iron levels, and regulates a suite of genes using the Cir1 transcription factor”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SENSING AND RESPONDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jung et al. 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two homologs are expressed in C. neoformans, with Can2 having the major function.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SENSING AND RESPONDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Other factors, such as the siderophore transporter Sit1, are not required for pathogenesis although this may reflect gene redundancy”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SENSING AND RESPONDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tangen et al. 2007
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Scp1 cleaves the inactive Sre1 into an active transcription factor that is shuttled into the nucleus.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SENSING AND RESPONDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Effects of iron limitation on C. neoformans have been known since the early 1990s, because one consequence is the enhancement of capsule formation”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SENSING AND RESPONDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Vartivarian et al. 1993
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Strains harboring an intact URE1 but disrupted accessory proteins disseminated to the brain at rates similar to the ure1 mutant, which indicates that it is the urease activity and not the Ure1 protein that is a virulence factor in C. neoformans”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Degradation Enzymes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Singh et al. 2013
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Carbonic anhydrases are zinc proteins that convert CO 2 to bicarbonate (HCO3 -).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SENSING AND RESPONDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although genes for heme biosynthesis and iron uptake are induced by light, the light-sensing mutants do not have phenotypes that indicate any change in these properties”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SENSING AND RESPONDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Idnurm and Heitman 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Another source of iron for C. neoformans is heme, yet use of this iron source is currently less well established”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SENSING AND RESPONDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jung et al. 2010
- Not checked yetcites Cadieux et al. 2013
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“C. neoformans produces many degradation enzymes; some of them have been confirmed as virulence determinants.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Degradation Enzymes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“MAC1 (CUF1) encodes a copper-response transcription factor that regulates target genes”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SENSING AND RESPONDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ding et al. 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the cryptococcal urease is a nickel enzyme and requires the accessory proteins, Ure4, Ure6, and Ure7, which are homologs of the bacterial accessory proteins UreD, UreF, and UreG, respectively.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > Degradation Enzymes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Deletion of CAN2 prevents growth under low CO 2 concen-trations; however, virulence is unaffected presumably because of the high CO 2 concentrations within the host”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SENSING AND RESPONDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bahn et al. 2005a
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: O2 and CO2 vary in concentration in different parts of the body, lower or higher, respectively, than the natural environment in which Cryptococcus species reside.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Zinc is a cofactor in many proteins, including zinc finger transcription factors, so loss of virulence may reflect an impact on a number of key processes.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SENSING AND RESPONDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Those genes include an adjacent pair of genes for iron oxidation and high-affinity uptake, which are also required for full virulence”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SENSING AND RESPONDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jung et al. 2008
- Not checked yetcites Jung et al. 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Deletion of either gene reduces the ability of C. neoformans to grow at ,3% oxygen levels, and reduces virulence”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SENSING AND RESPONDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chang et al. 2007
- Not checked yetcites Chun et al. 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: O2 and CO2 vary in concentration in different parts of the body, lower or higher, respectively, than the natural environment in which Cryptococcus species reside.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Copper is a cofactor for multicopper oxidases, which include the ferroxidase Cfo1 for iron uptake and laccase for melanin synthesis.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SENSING AND RESPONDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The link between copper and melanization has also been known for two decades.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SENSING AND RESPONDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, carbonic anhydrases do not affect virulence of Cryptococcus within the host, but may influence its survival on the outer surface (e.g., the skin) of the host and in the natural environment.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SIGNALING PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN STRESS RESPONSE
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Upon entering the host, Cryptococcus is subjected to drastic changes in CO2 levels from 0.0036% (ambient air) to 5%.
In the paper
“In C. gattii, ROS and RNS defense systems are also important for antifungal drug resistance because itraconazole (but not fluconazole) and amphotericin B induce ROS and RNS production, which causes lipid peroxidation and oxidative degradation of lipid membranes (Ferreira et al. 2013).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SIGNALING PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN STRESS RESPONSE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ferreira et al. 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several studies comparing the stress management between C. neoformans and C. gattii have revealed both redundant and distinct roles of the diverse signaling pathways.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SIGNALING PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN STRESS RESPONSE
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hence, the three best-established virulence traits and growth or stress phenotypes are unaffected, and further analysis may enable discoveries about virulence factors operating in Cryptococcus species.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SENSING AND RESPONDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“inhibition of the calcineurin pathway is fungistatic against the highly virulent C. gattii VGIIa strain R265 at 37 ˚C, whereas it is fungicidal against the less virulent C. gattii VGIIb strain R272 and C. neoformans”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SIGNALING PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN STRESS RESPONSE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chen et al. 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Comparative microarray analysis revealed MPK1 to be more up-regulated in R265 than in R272 and its deletion caused temperature sensitivity, defects in cell wall integrity, and a reduced production of melanin and capsule”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SIGNALING PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN STRESS RESPONSE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ngamskulrungroj et al. 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In fact, a key cation transporter, Ena1 (Na þ / ATPase), which plays an essential role in osmotic stress response, survival under alkaline pH conditions and plasma membrane potential, is required for virulence of C. neoformans (Idnurm et al. 2009;Jung et al. 2012).”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SIGNALING PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN STRESS RESPONSE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Idnurm et al. 2009
- Not checked yetcites Jung et al. 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the trehalose pathway modulates production of melanin and capsule as well as cell wall integrity in C. gattii, but not in C. neoformans.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SIGNALING PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN STRESS RESPONSE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ngamskulrungroj et al. 2009b
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In C. gattii, Sod1 not only counteracts superoxide anions, but also promotes production of virulence factors such as melanin, urease, and phospholipase”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > SIGNALING PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN STRESS RESPONSE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Narasipura et al. 2003
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Accurate identification of the subspecies is not only of taxonomic interest but may be clinically relevant because patients infected by these subspecies could have varying risk factors.”
§ Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis > CONCLUDING REMARKS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: There are a number of genetically diverged subspecies within each agent of cryptococcosis.
The paper relies on this without support.
The ability to grow at 37°C is essential for any microbial pathogen to cause invasive disease.
“Although the ability to grow at 37 ˚C is not sufficient by itself to be a mammalian pathogen, it is essential for any microbial pathogen to be able to cause invasive disease.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Iron can be either limiting or in excess in a host depending on health status.
“Iron can be either limiting or in excess in a host depending on health status.”
The paper relies on this without support.
O2 and CO2 vary in concentration in different parts of the body, lower or higher, respectively, than the natural environment in which Cryptococcus species reside.
“O 2 and CO 2 vary in concentration in different parts of the body, lower or higher, respectively, than the natural environment in which Cryptococcus species reside.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There are a number of genetically diverged subspecies within each agent of cryptococcosis.
“There are a number of genetically diverged subspecies within each agent of cryptococcosis.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Upon entering the host, Cryptococcus is subjected to drastic changes in CO2 levels from 0.0036% (ambient air) to 5%.
“Finally, upon entering the host, Cryptococcus is subjected to drastic changes in CO 2 levels from 0.0036% (ambient air) to 5%.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Melanin and capsule production are two major virulence traits in C. neoformans (Kwon-Chung et al. 2014).”
From Genetic analysis of Hsp90 function in Cryptococcus neoformans highlights key roles in stress tolerance and virulence (2022) · cites this paper as Kwon-Chung et al. 2014
In the citing paper
“immunocompromised individuals are most vulnerable, but there are also reports of cryptococcal infections in immunocompetent hosts4,5”
From Treatment strategies for cryptococcal infection: challenges, advances and future outlook (2021) · cites this paper as [5]
Citations
Cites
Kurtzman, C. P., & Lodder, J. (1972) · Mycologia · doi:10.2307/3758036 · Cited by 3,441
Perfect, J. R., Dismukes, W. E., Dromer, F., Goldman, D. L., Graybill, J. R., Hamill, R. J., Harrison, T. S., Larsen, R. A., Lortholary, O., Nguyen, M.-H., et al. (2010) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/649858 · Cited by 2,660
Park, B. J., Wannemuehler, K. A., Marston, B. J., Govender, N. P., Pappas, P. G., & Chiller, T. M. (2009) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0b013e328322ffac · Cited by 2,062
Bennett, J. E., Dismukes, W. E., Duma, R. J., Medoff, G., Sande, M. A., Gallis, H. A., Leonard, J. M., Fields, B. T., Bradshaw, M. W., Haywood, H. B., et al. (1979) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm197907193010303 · Cited by 861
Kidd, S. E., Hagen, F., Tscharke, R. L., Huynh, M., Bartlett, K. H., Fyfe, M. W., MacDougall, L., Boekhout, T., Kwon-Chung, K. J., & Meyer, W. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0402981101 · Cited by 766
Self-citationThe Genome of the Basidiomycetous Yeast and Human Pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans
Loftus, B., Fung, E., Roncaglia, P., Rowley, D., Amedeo, P., Bruno, D., Vamathevan, J. J., Miranda, M., Anderson, I., Fraser, J. A., et al. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1103773 · Cited by 694
Self-citationNatural habitat of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii
Ellis, D. H., & Pfeiffer, T. (1990) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.28.7.1642-1644.1990 · Cited by 561
Kwon-Chung, K. J., Polacheck, I., & Bennett, J. E. (1982) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.15.3.535-537.1982 · Cited by 528
Self-citationUrease as a Virulence Factor in Experimental Cryptococcosis
Cox, G. M., Mukherjee, J., Cole, G. T., Casadevall, A., & Perfect, J. R. (2000) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.68.2.443-448.2000 · Cited by 522
Calcineurin is required for virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans
Odom, A., Muir, S., Lim, E., Toffaletti, D. L., Perfect, J., & Heitman, J. (1997) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/16.10.2576 · Cited by 516
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Kurtzman CP, Fell JW, Boekhout T), pp. 1661-1745. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
- Hsueh YP, Lin X, Kwon-Chung KJ, Heitman J. 2011b. Sexual reproduction of Cryptococcus. In Cryptococcus: From hu- man pathogen to model yeast (ed. Heitman J, et al.), pp. 81-96. ASM, Washington, DC.
- Mitchell TG, Castaneda E, Niersen K, Wanke BMSL. 2011. Environmental niches for Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. In Cryptococcus: From human patho- gen to model yeast (ed. Heitman J, et al.), pp. 237-259.
- Perfect JR. 2010. Cryptococcus neoformans In Principles and practice of infectious diseases (ed. Mandell GL, et al.), pp. 3287-3303. Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia.
- C. neoformans and C. gattii in Cryptococcosis Cite this article as Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014;4:a019760 2014; doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a019760 Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Fungal evolution: major ecological adaptations and evolutionary transitions
Naranjo-Ortíz, M. A., & Gabaldón, T. (2019) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.12510 · Cited by 412
Diagnosis of invasive fungal infections: challenges and recent developments
Fang, W., Wu, J., Cheng, M., Zhu, X., Du, M., Chen, C., Liao, W., Zhi, K., & Pan, W. (2023) · Journal of Biomedical Science · doi:10.1186/s12929-023-00926-2 · Cited by 413
Treatment strategies for cryptococcal infection: challenges, advances and future outlook
Iyer, K. R., Revie, N. M., Fu, C., Robbins, N., & Cowen, L. E. (2021) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41579-021-00511-0 · Cited by 363
Guimaraes, A. J., Gomes, K. X., Cortines, J. R., Peralta, J. M., & Peralta, R. H. S. (2016) · Microbiological Research · doi:10.1016/j.micres.2016.08.001 · Cited by 161
The world’s ten most feared fungi
Hyde, K. D., Al‐Hatmi, A. M. S., Andersen, B., Boekhout, T., Buzina, W., Dawson, T. L., Eastwood, D. C., Jones, E. B. G., de Hoog, S., Kang, Y., et al. (2018) · Fungal Diversity · doi:10.1007/s13225-018-0413-9 · Cited by 155
Metadata
- Authors
- Kwon-Chung, K. J., Fraser, J. A., Doering, T. L., Wang, Z. A., Janbon, G., Idnurm, A., & Bahn, Y.-S.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Institut Pasteur (FR)
- University of Missouri–Kansas City (US)
- Yonsei University (KR)
- Venue
- Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 2014-07-01
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- a019760-a019760
- ISSN
- 2157-1422 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4066639
- OpenAlex
- W2160571905
- Semantic Scholar
- b424d63f850032f2753f4a64cb25fe91c4fe102b
- Cited by
- 531
- References
- 257
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 64 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 4
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Research Foundation (109623)
- National Research Foundation of Korea
- National Institutes of Health
- U.S. Public Health Service (87794, 102882, 78795, 109623)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI087794, R01AI102882, R21AI109623, R01AI078795)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Fungal Infections and Studies
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Yeasts and Rust Fungi Studies
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Bacterial Infections and Vaccines
- Keywords
- Cryptococcus neoformans, Cryptococcus gattii, cryptococcosis, fungal pathogenesis, virulence factors, polysaccharide capsule, melanin, urease activity, meningoencephalitis, AIDS, immunocompetent patient, life cycle, stress response
- MeSH terms
- Cryptococcosis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Enzymes, Genotype, Humans, Life Cycle Stages, Melanins, Terminology as Topic, Phenotype, Stress, Physiological, Signal Transduction, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Fungal, Virulence Factors, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Cryptococcus gattii, Fungal Capsules
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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