The DOI matches its Crossref record; 70 of the 70 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Recognition and repair of the cyclobutane thymine dimer, a major cause of skin cancers, by the human excision nuclease
Open accessAbstract
The cyclobutane thymine dimer is the major DNA lesion induced in human skin by sunlight and is a primary cause of skin cancer, the most prevalent form of cancer in the Northern Hemisphere. In humans, the only known cellular repair mechanism for eliminating the dimer from DNA is nucleotide excision repair. Yet the mechanism by which the dimer is recognized and removed by this repair system is not known. Here we demonstrate that the six-factor human excision nuclease recognizes and removes the dimer at a rate consistent with the in vivo rate of removal of this lesion, even though none of the six factors alone is capable of efficiently discriminating the dimer from undamaged DNA. We propose a recognition mechanism by which the low-specificity recognition factors, RPA, XPA, and XPC, act in a cooperative manner to locate the lesion and, aided by the kinetic proofreading provided by TFIIH, form a high-specificity complex at the damage site that initiates removal of thymine dimers at a physiologically relevant rate and specificity.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Importantly, the defects in components of the NER pathway result in Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), Cockayne syndrome (CS), and trichothiodystrophy which are characterized by sensitivity to UV irradiation and predisposition to skin cancers [11, 12].”
From NER initiation factors, DDB2 and XPC, regulate UV radiation response by recruiting ATR and ATM kinases to DNA damage sites (2013) · cites this paper as [11]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease.
(1988) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-108-3-503_7 · Cited by 7,807
Hopfield, J. J. (1974) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.71.10.4135 · Cited by 1,594
Sancar, A. (1996) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.65.070196.000355 · Cited by 1,131
Self-citationTHE DISAPPEARANCE OF THYMINE DIMERS FROM DNA: AN ERROR-CORRECTING MECHANISM
Setlow, R. B., & Carrier, W. L. (1964) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.51.2.226 · Cited by 984
Sugasawa, K., Ng, J. M. Y., Masutani, C., Iwai, S., van der Spek, P. J., Eker, A. P. M., Hanaoka, F., Bootsma, D., & Hoeijmakers, J. H. J. (1998) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(00)80132-x · Cited by 899
Sequential Assembly of the Nucleotide Excision Repair Factors In Vivo
Volker, M., Moné, M. J., Karmakar, P., van Hoffen, A., Schul, W., Vermeulen, W., Hoeijmakers, J. H. J., DRIEL, R. V., van Zeeland, A. A., & Mullenders, L. H. F. (2001) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(01)00281-7 · Cited by 782
Groisman, R., Polanowska, J., Kuraoka, I., Sawada, J.-I., Saijo, M., Drapkin, R., Kisselev, A. F., Tanaka, K., & Nakatani, Y. (2003) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00316-7 · Cited by 756
RELEASE OF ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT-INDUCED THYMINE DIMERS FROM DNA IN E. COLI K-12
Boyce, R. P., & Howard-Flanders, P. (1964) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.51.2.293 · Cited by 708
Recombinant replication protein A: expression, complex formation, and functional characterization
Henricksen, L. A., Umbricht, C. B., & Wold, M. S. (1994) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)78100-9 · Cited by 597
Hwang, B. J., Ford, J. M., Hanawalt, P. C., & Chu, G. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.2.424 · Cited by 581
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Ptashne M . and Gann, A. 2002. Genes & signals. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–178 of 178
Li, W., Liu, W., Kakoki, A., Wang, R., Adebalı, O., Jiang, Y., & Sancar, A. (2019) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.ra119.007861 · Cited by 25
Self-citationXeroderma Pigmentosum: A Glimpse into Nucleotide Excision Repair, Genetic Instability, and Cancer
Dworaczek, H., & Xiao, W. (2007) · Critical Reviews™ in Oncogenesis · doi:10.1615/critrevoncog.v13.i2.20 · Cited by 26
Proton-Transfer-Steered Mechanism of Photolesion Repair by (6–4)-Photolyases
Faraji, S., & Dreuw, A. (2012) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1021/jz201587v · Cited by 23
Role of Interaction of XPF with RPA in Nucleotide Excision Repair
Fisher, L. A., Bessho, M., Wakasugi, M., Matsunaga, T., & Bessho, T. (2011) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2011.08.034 · Cited by 23
A quantum chemical perspective on (6-4) photolesion repair by photolyases
Dreuw, A., & Faraji, S. (2013) · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics · doi:10.1039/c3cp53313a · Cited by 22
Beckwitt, E. C., Jang, S., Detweiler, I. C., Kuper, J., Sauer, F., Simon, N., Bretzler, J., Watkins, S. C., Carell, T., Kisker, C., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-15168-1 · Cited by 23
RPA repair recognition of DNA containing pyrimidines bearing bulky adducts
Petruseva, I. O., Tikhanovich, I., Chelobanov, B. P., & Lavrik, O. I. (2008) · Journal of Molecular Recognition · doi:10.1002/jmr.877 · Cited by 21
Sarmini, L., Meabed, M., Emmanouil, E., Atsaves, G., Robeska, E., Karwowski, B. T., Campalans, A., Gimisis, T., & Khobta, A. (2023) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkad256 · Cited by 20
New synthetic substrates of mammalian nucleotide excision repair system
Evdokimov, A. N., Petruseva, I. O., Tsidulko, A. Y., Королева, Л. С., Serpokrylova, I. Y., Silnikov, V. N., & Lavrik, O. I. (2013) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkt301 · Cited by 20
Nucleotide excision repair impairment by nodularin in CHO cell lines due to ERCC1/XPF inactivation
Lankoff, A., Sochacki, J., Spoof, L. E. M., Meriluoto, J. A. O., Wójcik, A., Węgierek-Ciuk, A., & Verschaeve, L. (2008) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.04.008 · Cited by 19
Thymine Dimer-Induced Structural Changes to the DNA Duplex Examined with Reactive Probes
Rumora, A. E., Kolodziejczak, K. M., Malhowski Wagner, A., & Núñez, M. E. (2008) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi801417u · Cited by 18
Wong, C. T., & Oh, D. H. (2021) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jid.2020.11.033 · Cited by 18
Harbach, P. H. P., Borowka, J., Bohnwagner, M. V., & Dreuw, A. (2010) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1021/jz100898x · Cited by 18
Crosslinking of nucleotide excision repair proteins with DNA containing photoreactive damages
Maltseva, E. A., Rechkunova, N. I., Petruseva, I. O., Vermeulen, W., Schärer, O. D., & Lavrik, O. I. (2008) · Bioorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bioorg.2007.11.004 · Cited by 17
Viral Interference with DNA Repair by Targeting of the Single-Stranded DNA Binding Protein RPA
Banerjee, P., DeJesus, R., Gjoerup, O. V., & Schaffhausen, B. S. (2013) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003725 · Cited by 16
Mourrain, L., & Boissonneault, G. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222212418 · Cited by 17
Discrimination and versatility in mismatch repair
Hays, J. B., Hoffman, P. D., & Wang, H. (2005) · DNA repair · doi:10.1016/j.dnarep.2005.09.002 · Cited by 16
Plant tolerance mechanisms to DNA-damaging UV stress
Asik, E., Kashif, S. Z., & Oztas, O. (2025) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/eraf272 · Cited by 18
Maltseva, E. A., Rechkunova, N. I., Petruseva, I. O., Silnikov, V. N., Vermeulen, W., & Lavrik, O. I. (2006) · Biochemistry (Moscow) · doi:10.1134/s0006297906030060 · Cited by 15
Song, J., Kemp, M. G., & Choi, J. (2016) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/php.12638 · Cited by 14
Nucleotide excision repair in Human cell lines lacking both XPC and CSB proteins
Lindsey‐Boltz, L. A., Yang, Y., Köse, C., Deger, N., Eynullazada, K., Kawara, H., & Sancar, A. (2023) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkad334 · Cited by 12
Self-citationTesting excision models for responses of mismatch‐repair systems to UV photoproducts in DNA
Wang, H., Hoffman, P. D., Lawrence, C. W., & Hays, J. B. (2006) · Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis · doi:10.1002/em.20206 · Cited by 13
Xeroderma pigmentosum: from genetics to hopes and realities of cutaneous gene therapy
Magnaldo, T. (2004) · Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy · doi:10.1517/14712598.4.2.169 · Cited by 14
Papel das proteínas XPD e DNA polimerase eta nas respostas de células humanas a danos no genoma
Lerner, L. K. (2014) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.5.2014.tde-20102014-103732 · Cited by 13
Transcription-Coupled Nucleotide Excision Repair: A Faster Solution or the Only Option?
Khobta, A., & Sarmini, L. (2025) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom15071026 · Cited by 14
Nucleotide Excision Repair from Bacteria to Humans: Structure–Function Studies
Ye, P., Wang, H., Santana‐Santos, L., Kisker, C., & Houten, B. V. (2010) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-61737-995-6_13 · Cited by 12
Multiple ATR-Chk1 Pathway Proteins Preferentially Associate with Checkpoint-Inducing DNA Substrates
Yilmaz, S., Sancar, A., & Kemp, M. G. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022986 · Cited by 12
Self-citationEmerging Roles of Post-Translational Modifications in Nucleotide Excision Repair
Borsos, B. N., Majoros, H., & Pankotai, T. (2020) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells9061466 · Cited by 12
Recognition and Repair Pathways of Damaged DNA in Higher Plants
Biedermann, S., Mooney, S., & Hellm, H. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/21380 · Cited by 13
Nucleotide excision repair: DNA damage recognition and preincision complex assembly
Rechkunova, N. I., Krasikova, Y. S., & Lavrik, O. I. (2011) · Biochemistry (Moscow) · doi:10.1134/s0006297911010056 · Cited by 12
Zhao, H., Li, H., Du, J., Mauro, G. D., Lungu-Mitea, S., Geyer, N., Vallone, D., Bertolucci, C., & Foulkes, N. S. (2021) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1009356 · Cited by 12
CSB-independent, XPC-dependent transcription-coupled repair in Drosophila
Deger, N., Cao, X., Selby, C. P., Gulec, S., Kawara, H., Dewey, E. B., Wang, L., Yang, Y., Archibald, S. J., Selçuk, B., et al. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2123163119 · Cited by 11
Self-citationBringing It All Together: Coupling Excision Repair to the DNA Damage Checkpoint
Lindsey‐Boltz, L. A. (2016) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/php.12667 · Cited by 13
Nucleotide Excision Repair, Oxidative Damage, DNA Sequence Polymorphisms, and Cancer Treatment
Hutsell, S. Q., & Sancar, A. (2005) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-0024 · Cited by 11
Self-citationFu, I., Geacintov, N. E., & Broyde, S. B. (2023) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkad974 · Cited by 10
Cai, Y., Geacintov, N. E., & Broyde, S. B. (2019) · DNA repair · doi:10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.102768 · Cited by 10
Mechanismen der DNA‐Reparatur durch Photolyasen und Exzisionsnukleasen (Nobel‐Aufsatz)
Sancar, A. (2016) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.201601524 · Cited by 10
Self-citationChronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: From Injury to Genomic Stability
Sergio, L. P. D. S., de Paoli, F., Mencalha, A. L., & da Fonseca, A. D. S. (2017) · COPD Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease · doi:10.1080/15412555.2017.1332025 · Cited by 9
Carell, T. (2015) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201509770 · Cited by 10
Chaurasia, P., Sen, R., & Bhaumik, S. R. (2012) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m112.413716 · Cited by 9
Quantum Chemical Study of the Enzymatic Repair of T(6‐4)C/C(6‐4)T UV‐Photolesions by DNA Photolyases
Faraji, S., Wirz, L. N., & Dreuw, A. (2013) · ChemPhysChem · doi:10.1002/cphc.201300223 · Cited by 8
Pal, R., Paul, N., Bhattacharya, D. S., Rakshit, S., Shanmugam, G., & Sarkar, K. (2022) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-022-07324-1 · Cited by 7
Fujii, N. (2017) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00358 · Cited by 6
Urinary thymidine dimer excretion reflects personal ultraviolet radiation exposure levels
Lerche, C. M., Frederiksen, N. J. S., Thorsteinsson, I. S., Køster, B., Nybo, L., Flouris, A. D., Heydenreich, J., Philipsen, P. A., Hædersdal, M., Wulf, H. C., et al. (2024) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43630-024-00563-0 · Cited by 5
UVA irradiation strengthened an interaction between UBF1/2 proteins and H4K20 di-/tri-methylation
Stixová, L., Komůrková, D., Kovaříková, A. S., & Bártová, E. (2019) · Chromosome Research · doi:10.1007/s10577-018-9596-x · Cited by 5
Feher, K. M., Kolbanovskiy, A., Durandin, A., Shim, Y., Min, J., Lee, Y. C., Shafirovich, V., Mu, H., Broyde, S. B., & Geacintov, N. E. (2020) · DNA repair · doi:10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.102985 · Cited by 5
Sung, J., & Park, I. K. (2005) · Integrative Biosciences · doi:10.1080/17386357.2005.9647255 · Cited by 5
La « guerre » du NER (nucleotide excision repair)
Magnaldo, T. (2004) · médecine/sciences · doi:10.1051/medsci/2004203268 · Cited by 5
Adebalı, O., Sancar, A., & Selby, C. P. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2416877121 · Cited by 4
Self-citationDoes the XPA–FEN1 Interaction Concern to Nucleotide Excision Repair or Beyond?
Krasikova, Y. S., Maltseva, E. A., Khodyreva, S. N., Evdokimov, A. N., Rechkunova, N. I., & Lavrik, O. I. (2024) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom14070814 · Cited by 5
Structure-specific nucleases in genome dynamics and strategies for targeting cancers
Sun, H., Luo, M., Zhou, M., Zheng, L., Li, H., Esworthy, R. S., & Shen, B. (2024) · Journal of Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1093/jmcb/mjae019 · Cited by 3
Model DNA for investigation of mechanism of nucleotide excision repair
Evdokimov, A. N., Lavrik, O. I., & Petruseva, I. O. (2014) · Biopolymers and Cell · doi:10.7124/bc.000893 · Cited by 3
Faraji, S., Zhong, D., & Dreuw, A. (2016) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.201511950 · Cited by 3
Liu, Y. (2007) · Digital Commons - East Tennessee State University (East Tennessee State University) · Cited by 3
Nucleotide excision repair in higher eukaryotes: Mechanism of primary damage recognition
Rechkunova, N. I., Maltseva, E. A., & Lavrik, O. I. (2008) · Molecular Biology · doi:10.1134/s0026893308010032 · Cited by 4
Maltseva, E. A., Krasikova, Y. S., Naegeli, H., Lavrik, O. I., & Rechkunova, N. I. (2014) · Biochemistry (Moscow) · doi:10.1134/s000629791406008x · Cited by 2
DNA Damage Recognition and Repair in Mammalian Global Genome Nucleotide Excision Repair
Sakai, W., & Sugasawa, K. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-4-431-55873-6_7 · Cited by 2
Nucleotide excision repair hotspots and coldspots of UV-induced DNA damage in the human genomePreprint
Jiang, Y., Li, W., Lindsey-Boltz, L. A., Yang, Y., Li, Y., & Sancar, A. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.04.16.045369 · Cited by 2
Self-citationStructural polymorphism of the PH domain in TFIIH
Okuda, M., & Nishimura, Y. (2023) · Bioscience Reports · doi:10.1042/bsr20230846 · Cited by 1
Kusakabe, M., & Sugasawa, K. (2026) · DNA repair · doi:10.1016/j.dnarep.2026.103951 · Cited by 1
Aggarwal, A., Naskar, S., & Maiti, P. K. (2022) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c01371 · Cited by 1
DNA Damage Recognition for Mammalian Global Genome Nucleotide Excision Repair
Sugasawa, K. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/23254 · Cited by 1
Xeroderma Pigmentosum and the DNA Damage Response to Ultraviolet Light
Cleaver, J. E. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-458-2_24 · Cited by 1
SINGLE-MOLECULE STUDIES OF RAD4-RAD23 REVEAL A DYNAMIC DNA DAMAGE RECOGNITION PROCESS
Kong, M. (2017) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) · Cited by 1
Mechanism of Nucleotide Excision Repair in Eukaryotes
Friedberg, E. C., Walker, G. C., Siede, W., Wood, R. D., Schultz, R. A., & Ellenberger, T. E. (2014) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555816704.ch9 · Cited by 1
Kuschal, C. (2009) · eDiss (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen)
Processing of cisplatin interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) by DNA repair proteins
Dangeti, V. S. M. N. (2012) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
Hutsell, S. Q. (2007) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/kbsx-cn10
Carell, T. (2015) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.201509770
Uncovering the Genetic Landscape of Spinal Dysraphism: A Retrospective Analysis of 150 Fetal Cases
Bedei, I. A., Feresin, A., Zemet, R., Berner, D., Polidori, D., Fröbius, K., Skakkebaek, A. H., Axt-Fliedner, R., Shoukier, M., & Keil, C. N. (2025) · Prenatal Diagnosis · doi:10.1002/pd.70037
Theoretical approach of complex DNA lesions : from formation to repair
Bignon, E. (2017) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/627be32az9b1dz4941za5fbz218b61cb1810
La réparation par excision de nucléotides à la croisée des chemins avec la transcription
Cerutti, E. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/7981b4d3zd54bz440azb76azb293aa83e753
Xu, T., Shen, Y., Dai, X., Shao, Y., Yuanting, Z., Zhang, Y., Wang, G., & Li, N. (2026) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-026-12816-5
Metadata
- Authors
- Reardon, J. T., & Sancar, A.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Reardon, Joyce T.
- ORCID
- Sancar, Aziz
- Venue
- Genes & Development
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 2003-01-01
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 20
- Pages
- 2539-2551
- ISSN
- 0890-9369 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-5477
- PMC
- PMC218148
- OpenAlex
- W4298368564
- Cited by
- 179
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 6
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Genes & Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- Kanazawa University
- National Institutes of Health
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM032833, GM32833)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA Repair Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA and Nucleic Acid Chemistry
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment
- Keywords
- cyclobutane thymine dimers, nucleotide excision repair, DNA damage recognition, skin cancer, UV-induced DNA damage, RPA, XPA, XPC, TFIIH, kinetic proofreading, cooperative recognition
- MeSH terms
- Deoxyribodipyrimidine Photo-Lyase, DNA Repair, Humans, Models, Molecular, DNA Ligases, Pyrimidine Dimers, Skin Neoplasms, Protein Structure, Tertiary
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
