The DOI matches its Crossref record; 75 of the 76 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A core transcriptional network for early mesoderm development in Drosophila melanogaster
Open accessAbstract
Embryogenesis is controlled by large gene-regulatory networks, which generate spatially and temporally refined patterns of gene expression. Here, we report the characteristics of the regulatory network orchestrating early mesodermal development in the fruitfly Drosophila , where the transcription factor Twist is both necessary and sufficient to drive development. Through the integration of chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by microarray analysis (ChIP-on-chip) experiments during discrete time periods with computational approaches, we identified >2000 Twist-bound cis -regulatory modules (CRMs) and almost 500 direct target genes. Unexpectedly, Twist regulates an almost complete cassette of genes required for cell proliferation in addition to genes essential for morophogenesis and cell migration. Twist targets almost 25% of all annotated Drosophila transcription factors, which may represent the entire set of regulators necessary for the early development of this system. By combining in vivo binding data from Twist, Mef2, Tinman, and Dorsal we have constructed an initial transcriptional network of early mesoderm development. The network topology reveals extensive combinatorial binding, feed-forward regulation, and complex logical outputs as prevalent features. In addition to binary activation and repression, we suggest that Twist binds to almost all mesodermal CRMs to provide the competence to integrate inputs from more specialized transcription factors.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Five novel Dorsal-binding (Zeitlinger et al. 2007) and six novel Twistbinding cis-regulatory sequences (Sandmann et al. 2007) were confirmed.”
From Graded dorsal and differential gene regulation in the Drosophila embryo. (2009) · cites this paper as Sandmann et al. 2007
In the citing paper
“Twist and Snail transcription factors play an instrumental role in controlling invagination and ventral furrow formation by regulated expression of the genes folded-gastrulation, concertina, and T48”
From Graded dorsal and differential gene regulation in the Drosophila embryo. (2009) · cites this paper as Sandmann et al. 2007
In the citing paper
“Experiments to identify cis-regulatory regions using ChIP-chip methodology were able to identify in vivo binding site occupancy for Dorsal, Twist, and Snail transcription factors”
From Graded dorsal and differential gene regulation in the Drosophila embryo. (2009) · cites this paper as Sandmann et al. 2007
Citations
Cites
In silico prediction of protein-protein interactions in human macrophages
Souiai, O., Guerfali, F. Z., Miled, S. B., Brun, C., & Benkahla, A. (2014) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/1756-0500-7-157 · Cited by 10,785
Significance analysis of microarrays applied to the ionizing radiation response
Tusher, V. G., Tibshirani, R., & Chu, G. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.091062498 · Cited by 10,568
TM4: a free, open-source system for microarray data management and analysis
Saeed, A. I., Sharov, V., White, J., Li, J., Liang, W., Bhagabati, N., Braisted, J., Klapa, M., Currier, T., Thiagarajan, M., et al. (2003) · BioTechniques · doi:10.2144/03342mt01 · Cited by 4,837
Core Transcriptional Regulatory Circuitry in Human Embryonic Stem Cells
Boyer, L. A., Lee, T. I., Cole, M. F., Johnstone, S. E., Levine, S. S., Zucker, J. P., Guenther, M. G., Kumar, R. M., Murray, H. L., Jenner, R. G., et al. (2005) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.08.020 · Cited by 4,505
Twist, a Master Regulator of Morphogenesis, Plays an Essential Role in Tumor Metastasis
Yang, J., Mani, S. A., Donaher, J. L., Ramaswamy, S., Itzykson, R., Côme, C., Savagner, P., Gitelman, I., Richardson, A. L., & Weinberg, R. A. (2004) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.06.006 · Cited by 3,917
TRANSFAC(R) and its module TRANSCompel(R): transcriptional gene regulation in eukaryotes
Matys, V. (2005) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkj143 · Cited by 2,142
[9] TM4 Microarray Software Suite
Saeed, A. I., BHAGABATI, N. K., Braisted, J. C., Liang, W. P., Sharov, V., Howe, E., Li, J., Thiagarajan, M., White, J., & Quackenbush, J. F. (2006) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/s0076-6879(06)11009-5 · Cited by 1,996
Genome-Wide Location and Function of DNA Binding Proteins
Ren, B., Robert, F., Wyrick, J. J., Aparicio, O. M., Jennings, E. G., Simon, I., Zeitlinger, J., Schreiber, J., Hannett, N. M., Kanin, E. I., et al. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.290.5500.2306 · Cited by 1,768
A genomic regulatory network for development
Davidson, E. H., Rast, J. P., Oliveri, P., Ransick, A., Calestani, C., Yuh, C.-H., Minokawa, T., Amore, G., Hinman, V., Arenas-Mena, C., et al. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1069883 · Cited by 1,567
Control of Pancreas and Liver Gene Expression by HNF Transcription Factors
Odom, D. T., Zizlsperger, N., Gordon, D. B., Bell, G. W., Rinaldi, N. J., Murray, H. L., Volkert, T. L., Schreiber, J., Rolfe, A., Gifford, D. K., et al. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1089769 · Cited by 1,348
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 76 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Davidson, E.H. (2006) The regulatory genome (Academic Press, Burlington, MA).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–286 of 286
CF2 activity and enhancer integration are required for proper muscle gene expression in Drosophila
García-Zaragoza, E., Más, J. A. G., Vivar, J., Arredondo, J. J., & Cervera, M. (2008) · Mechanisms of Development · doi:10.1016/j.mod.2008.03.003 · Cited by 12
The Importance of Being Specified: Cell Fate Decisions and Their Role in Cell Biology
Furlong, E. E. M. (2010) · Molecular Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1091/mbc.e10-05-0436 · Cited by 11
Self-citationFernández-Valverde, S. L., Aguilera, F., & Ramos-Díaz, R. A. (2018) · Integrative and Comparative Biology · doi:10.1093/icb/icy061 · Cited by 12
Wong, M., Dobi, K. C., & Baylies, M. K. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0099553 · Cited by 10
Elwell, J. A., Lovato, T. L., Adams, M. M., Baca, E. M., Lee, T., & Cripps, R. M. (2015) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.02.005 · Cited by 10
The Complex Spatio-Temporal Regulation of the Drosophila Myoblast Attractant Gene duf/kirre
Guruharsha, K. G., Ruiz‐Gómez, M., Ranganath, H. A., Siddharthan, R., & VijayRaghavan, K. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006960 · Cited by 10
Accurate genome-wide predictions of spatio-temporal gene expression during embryonic development
Zhou, J., Schor, I. E., Yao, V., Theesfeld, C. L., Marco-Ferreres, R., Tadych, A., Furlong, E. E. M., & Troyanskaya, O. G. (2019) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1008382 · Cited by 9
Self-citationDiversification of muscle types in Drosophila embryos
Junion, G., & Jagla, K. (2021) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112950 · Cited by 9
Berni, M. A., Mota, J., Bressan, D., Ribeiro, L., Martins, G., Pereira, J., Ramos, I., da Fonseca, R. N., & Araujo, H. M. (2023) · Open Biology · doi:10.1098/rsob.230023 · Cited by 9
Functional Transcription Factor Target Networks Illuminate Control of Epithelial Remodelling
Overton, I. M., Sims, A. H., Owen, J. A., Heale, B. S. E., Ford, M. J., Lubbock, A. L. R., Pairo‐Castineira, E., & Essafi, A. (2020) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers12102823 · Cited by 9
Secchia, S., Forneris, M., Heinen, T., Stegle, O., & Furlong, E. E. M. (2022) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2022.01.016 · Cited by 12
Self-citationZhang, W., Feng, D., Li, R., Chernikov, A. N., Chrisochoides, N. P., Osgood, C. J., Konikoff, C. E., Newfeld, S. J., Kumar, S., & Ji, S. (2013) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/1471-2105-14-372 · Cited by 8
Targeted inactivation of the rickets receptor in muscle compromises Drosophila viability
Harwood, B. N., Draper, I., & Kopin, A. S. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.110098 · Cited by 8
Macedo, C., Magalhães, D. A., Tonani, M., Marques, M. M., Junta, C. M., & Passos, G. A. S. (2008) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s11010-008-9857-7 · Cited by 8
Козин, В. В., & Kostyuchenko, R. P. (2016) · Biology Bulletin · doi:10.1134/s1062359016030079 · Cited by 8
Arias-García, M., Sánchez‐Álvarez, M., Sailem, H., Bousgouni, V., Sero, J., & Bakal, C. (2012) · Molecular BioSystems · doi:10.1039/c2mb25092f · Cited by 8
The strength of transcription-factor binding modulates co-variation in transcriptional networks
Nuzhdin, S. V., Rychkova, A., & Hahn, M. W. (2010) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.tig.2009.12.005 · Cited by 8
Li, X., & Eisen, M. B. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/380857 · Cited by 8
Galouzis, C. C., Kherdjemil, Y., Forneris, M., Viales, R. R., Marco-Ferreres, R., & Furlong, E. E. M. (2025) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2025.05.018 · Cited by 10
Self-citationInternetwork connectivity of molecular networks across species of life
Mahajan, T., & Dar, R. D. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-80745-9 · Cited by 8
Arredondo, J. J., Vivar, J., Laine-Menéndez, S., Martínez-Morentin, L., & Cervera, M. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0179194 · Cited by 7
Huang, Y., Yu, G., & Yang, Y. (2023) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011623 · Cited by 6
Schember, I., Reid, W. R., Sterling-Lentsch, G., & Halfon, M. S. (2024) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1010891 · Cited by 6
Molecular cloning and characterization of twist gene in Bombyx mori
Guo, M., Wang, Y., Shi, J., Kang, L., Yao, Q., Wang, F., LüGao, Q., & Chen, K. (2010) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s11010-010-0639-7 · Cited by 6
Ohlen, T. L. V., Moses, C., & Poulson, W. (2009) · Developmental Dynamics · doi:10.1002/dvdy.22096 · Cited by 6
Drosophila models of metastasis
Murray, M. J. (2015) · Global Medical Genetics · doi:10.3934/genet.2015.1.25 · Cited by 6
The regulatory landscape of early maize inflorescence developmentPreprint
Parvathaneni, R. K., Bertolini, E., Shamimuzzaman, M., Vera, D. L., Lung, P.-Y., Rice, B. R., Zhang, J., Brown, P. J., Lipka, A. E., Bass, H. W., et al. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/870378 · Cited by 6
Alvarez-Buylla, E. R., Martínez‐García, J. C., Dávila-Velderrain, J., Domínguez‐Hüttinger, E., & Martínez-Sánchez, M. E. (2018) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-89354-9_1 · Cited by 5
Bhogale, S. G., & Sinha, S. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.104152 · Cited by 6
Spatiotemporal control of gene expression boundaries using a feedforward loop
Bandodkar, P. U., Asafen, H. A., & Reeves, G. T. (2020) · Developmental Dynamics · doi:10.1002/dvdy.150 · Cited by 4
Wu, W., Kuo, T., Kao, C., Girardot, C., Hung, S., Liu, T., Furlong, E. E. M., & Liu, Y. (2019) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1002/1873-3468.13443 · Cited by 4
Self-citationAn Evolutionary Perspective on Hox Binding Site Preferences in Two Different Tissues
Folkendt, L., Lohmann, I., & Domsch, K. (2021) · Journal of Developmental Biology · doi:10.3390/jdb9040057 · Cited by 4
Early mesodermal development in the patellogastropod Lottia goshimai
Sun, D., Huan, P., & Liu, B. (2022) · Evolutionary Applications · doi:10.1111/eva.13373 · Cited by 4
Methods of massive parallel reporter assays for investigation of enhancers
Romanov, S. E., Kalashnikova, D. A., & Laktionov, P. P. (2021) · Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding · doi:10.18699/vj21.038 · Cited by 3
Pers, D., Buchta, T., Özüak, O., Roth, S., & Lynch, J. (2022) · Journal of Developmental Biology · doi:10.3390/jdb10010007 · Cited by 2
Regulation Of Fshr And SF-1 In The Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) Axis.
George, J. W. (2013) · Cited by 3
An embryonic system to assess direct and indirect Wnt transcriptional targets
Suresh, J., Harmston, N., Lim, K. K., Kaur, P., Jin, H. J., Lusk, J. B., Petretto, E. G., & Tolwinski, N. S. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-11519-z · Cited by 3
Genome Mapping and Genomics in Drosophila
Adryan, B., & Russell, S. R. H. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-31316-5_3 · Cited by 2
Lusk, J. B., Chua, E., Kaur, P., Sung, I. C. H., Lim, W.-K., Lam, V., Harmston, N., & Tolwinski, N. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-11699-3 · Cited by 1
Sigalova, O. M., Forneris, M., Stojanovska, F., Zhao, B., Viales, R. R., Rabinowitz, A. H., Hammal, F., Ballester, B., Zaugg, J. B., & Furlong, E. E. M. (2025) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.279652.124 · Cited by 2
Self-citationOsman, N. M., Kitapci, T. H., Vlaho, S., Wunderlich, Z., & Nuzhdin, S. V. (2018) · BIOPHYSICS · doi:10.1134/s0006350918010128 · Cited by 1
The combinatorial binding syntax of transcription factors in forebrain-specific enhancers
Batool, F., Shireen, H., Malik, M. F., Abrar, M. M., & Abbasi, A. A. (2025) · Biology Open · doi:10.1242/bio.061751 · Cited by 2
Bernadskaya, Y. Y., Brahmbhatt, S., Gline, S. E., Wang, W., & Christiaen, L. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/154880 · Cited by 1
Lovato, T. L., Ryan, D., Bileckyj, C., Johnston, C. A., & Cripps, R. M. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.06.28.546941 · Cited by 1
C. Elegans Metabolic Gene Regulatory Networks: A Dissertation
Arda, H. E. (2010) · PubMed · doi:10.13028/9v59-hc11
Baguñà, J. (2009) · RACO (Revistes Catalanes amb Accés Obert) (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya)
Computational regulatory genomics: motifs, networks, and dynamics
Kellis, M., & Kheradpour, P. (2012) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
Peleato, R. A. (2007) · Repositori digital de la UPF (Universitat Pompeu Fabra)
Role of the TLM in the localization of HRO-TWIST mRNA
Farooq, M. (2008) · doi:10.31979/etd.dp47-7eqk
Understanding honey bee worker sterility: a conceptual-empirical framework
Mullen, E. K. (2013) · Scholarship@Western (Western University)
Chipping away at developmental networks
Skipper, M. (2007) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2077
Identification of downstream targets of Alk signaling in Drosophila melanogaster
Varshney, G. K. (2008) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)
Identification of the wings apart transcriptional unit in Drosophila melanogaster
Morriss, G. R. (2012) · UNM’s Digital Repository (University of New Mexico)
Furlong, E. E. M. (2010)
Self-citationFunctional proteomics of Bcr-Abl signaling
Brehme, M. (2009) · University of Vienna · doi:10.25365/thesis.3955
Self-citationToll-Dorsal Pathway Regulates Immunity as well as Dorso-Ventral Patterning in Drosophila
Chauhan, M. (2015) · Revista de Fomento Social · doi:10.16943/ptinsa/2015/v81i2/48096
The Role of Twist1 in Cellular Mechanosensing
Wei, S. C. (2014) · eScholarship (California Digital Library)
Researchdevelopmental expression dynamics of Drosophila melanogaster transcription factors
Adryan, B., & Teichmann, S. A. (2010)
Investigating the Failure of Myogenesis in the Pediatric Tumor Rhabdomyosarcoma
MacQuarrie, K. L. (2011) · authors@Fred Hutch (Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center)
Chromatin Topology and Transcription in Myogenesis
Fisher-Aylor, K. I. (2016) · CaltechTHESIS (California Institute of Technology) · doi:10.7907/z9k07290
Jermusyk, A. A., Gharavi, S. E., Tingare, A. S., & Reeves, G. T. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/319434
Overton, I. M., Sims, A. H., Owen, J. A., Heale, B. S. E., Ford, M. J., Lubbock, A. L. R., Pairo-Castineira, E., & Essafi, A. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/455709
Palli, S. R., Bai, H., & Wigginton, J. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-384747-8.10001-7
An investigation into Mef2-interacting proteins during embryonic muscle development of Drosophila
Cepraga, A. (2020) · ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)
Gaiewski, M. J., Drewell, R. A., & Dresch, J. M. (2021) · Mathematical Biosciences · doi:10.1016/j.mbs.2021.108716
Contextualising transcription factor binding during embryogenesis using natural sequence variationPreprint
Sigalova, O. M., Forneris, M., Stojanovska, F., Zhao, B., Viales, R. R., Rabinowitz, A. H., Hammal, F., Ballester, B., Zaugg, J. B., & Furlong, E. E. M. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.10.24.619975
Self-citationAbbasi, S., Li, S., Charitos, G., Chrysostomou, E., Zhou, W., Apostolidis, P., Borad, P., He, P., & Koromila, T. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.02.11.636561
dos Santos, R. C., Santos, D., Ribeiro, L., Muñoz, J. J. M., Uhl, M. V. D. C., Logullo, C., Amarante, A. D. M., Fantappíé, M. R., & da Fonseca, R. N. (2025) · Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B Molecular and Developmental Evolution · doi:10.1002/jez.b.23315
Pelletier, A., Carayon, A., Carrier, Y., Sengenès, C., Dubois, L., & Frendo, J. (2025) · Skeletal Muscle · doi:10.1186/s13395-025-00392-4
Megaly, M., Foran, G., Ali, A., Turgambayeva, A., Sengsouriya, T., Berube, S., Hallam, R. D., Liang, P., & Necakov, A. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27031284
Martin, E. A., Patchigolla, V. S. P., & Fu, A. Q. (2026) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1014039 · Cited by 1
Discovery and analysis of silencers in Drosophila acting as enhancers in other cellular contexts
Palagi, A. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/375b5b81z3e0dz42f1z8c46z6f2263bd048b
The role of auxin in cell differentiation in meristems
Truskina, J. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/052c5654z7a9ez4582zb1ffz7c7130c67970
Identification and characterization of Polycomb repressed gene-enhancer loops
Souaid, C. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/ad8a4539z2325z46aazbc1fza812d4b02626
Tracking cell fates during limb regeneration
Çevrim, Ç. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/1d5ea358zb007z4badzb77bz2be00d54f500
Grasso, A. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/b515ba9bz64b1z4216z9453zcfa3418436dd
The study of evolvability in gene regulatory networks
Jorritsma, A., Kiggen, A., Belleghem, S. M. V., & van den Berg, P. (2026) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.tig.2026.08.004
Enhancer Tuning by Sequence-Specific RepressorsPreprint
Ichino, L., Brennan, K., Mallory, B. J., Swigut, T., Bohaczuk, S. C., Mohammed, J., Mudeppa, D. G., Tabatabaee, S., Ni, C., Stergachis, A. B., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.09.11.751074 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Sandmann, T., Girardot, C., Brehme, M., Tongprasit, W., Stolc, V., & Furlong, E. E. M.
- Affiliations
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (DE)
- Ames Research Center (US)
- Venue
- Genes & Development
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 2007-02-15
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 436-449
- ISSN
- 0890-9369 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-5477
- PMC
- PMC1804332
- OpenAlex
- W2127043599
- Cited by
- 286
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 21
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Genes & Development (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gene Regulatory Network Analysis
- Keywords
- Twist transcription factor, Drosophila melanogaster, cis-regulatory modules, transcriptional regulatory networks, direct target genes, MEF2, tinman, Dorsal, feedforward control, cell proliferation, cell migration, morphogenesis, network topology
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Drosophila melanogaster, Enhancer Elements, Genetic, Mesoderm, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Drosophila Proteins, Embryonic Development, Chromatin Immunoprecipitation, Twist-Related Protein 1, Gene Regulatory Networks
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review