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The chaplins: a family of hydrophobic cell-surface proteins involved in aerial mycelium formation in Streptomyces coelicolor
Open accessAbstract
The filamentous bacterium Streptomyces coelicolor differentiates by forming specialized, spore-bearing aerial hyphae that grow into the air. Using microarrays, we identified genes that are down-regulated in a mutant unable to erect aerial hyphae. Through this route, we identified a previously unknown layer of aerial mycelium surface proteins (the “chaplins”). The chaplins share a hydrophobic domain of ∼40 residues (the “chaplin domain”), and all have a secretion signal. The five short chaplins (ChpD,E,F,G,H) have one chaplin domain, whereas the three long chaplins (ChpA,B,C) have two chaplin domains and a C-terminal “sorting signal” that targets them for covalent attachment to the cell wall by sortase enzyme. Expression of the two chaplin genes examined ( chpE, chpH ) depended on aerial hyphae formation but not sporulation, and egfp fusions showed their expression localized to aerial structures. Mass spectrometry of cell wall extracts confirmed that the short chaplins localized to the cell surface. Deletion of chaplin genes caused severe delays in aerial hyphae formation, a phenotype rescued by exogenous application of chaplin proteins. These observations implicate the chaplins in aerial mycelium formation, and suggest that coating of the envelope by the chaplins is required for aerial hyphae to grow out of the aqueous environment of the substrate mycelium into the air.
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“Recently, two groups have identified a set of six genes encoding proteins that are likely involved in aerial hyphae formation and which were named chaplins [66,67].”
From Protein sorting to the cell wall envelope of Gram-positive bacteria (2004) · cites this paper as [67]
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“All chaplins are synthesized as precursors with an N-terminal leader sequence and a short hydrophobic domain (chaplin domain) of about 40 residues.”
From Protein sorting to the cell wall envelope of Gram-positive bacteria (2004) · cites this paper as [67]
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“Deletion of six chaplin genes (chpA -H) hindered the formation of aerial hyphae; the defect could be complemented by the addition of exogenous chaplin proteins.”
From Protein sorting to the cell wall envelope of Gram-positive bacteria (2004) · cites this paper as [67]
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“Chaplins D -H are very short polypeptides, whereas chaplins A -C are longer and carry a C-terminal sorting signal (LAXTG motif).”
From Protein sorting to the cell wall envelope of Gram-positive bacteria (2004) · cites this paper as [67]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Elliot, M. A., Karoonuthaisiri, N., Huang, J., Bibb, M. J., Cohen, S. N., Kao, C. M., & Buttner, M. J.
- Affiliations
- John Innes Centre (GB)
- Stanford University (US)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Genes & Development
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 2003-06-27
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 1727-1740
- ISSN
- 0890-9369 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-5477
- PMC
- PMC196181
- OpenAlex
- W2126316619
- Cited by
- 246
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 23
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Genes & Development (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology › Microbial Natural Products and Biosynthesis
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Biochemical and Structural Characterization
- Keywords
- Charlie Chaplin, Streptomyces coelicolor, aerial hyphae formation, aerial mycelium, cell surface proteins, hydrophobic domains, sortase, gene expression regulation
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acid Sequence, Cell Wall, Molecular Sequence Data, Proteins, Streptomyces, Sequence Alignment, Gene Expression Profiling, Hyphae, Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions
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