Working memory, long-term memory, and medial temporal lobe function

In the paper

“In the third study (Holdstock et al. 2000), four MTL patients exhibited fully intact performance at the three short delays (Fig. 1C), and were impaired only at the longer delays (during which active maintenance was disrupted by a filler task).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Holdstock et al. 2000

In the paper

“because the four study items were presented serially (1-sec presentation time/item) with a 1-sec inter-stimulus-interval, the delay between the first study item and test was actually 6 -8 sec, even in the 0 -2-sec delay condition (average delay for all four study items at the shortest delay ¼ 3.8 sec).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Buffalo et al. 1998

In the paper

“In the second study (Buffalo et al. 1998), two patients with confirmed MTL damage exhibited intact performance at the shortest retention delay and impaired performance at the longer delays (Fig. 1B).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Buffalo et al. 1998

In the paper

“In the three studies just reviewed, which tested retention of novel visual objects after MTL damage, performance was intact at the shortest delay(s) and impaired only at longer delays.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Aggleton et al. 1992
• Not checked yetcites Buffalo et al. 1998
• Not checked yetcites Holdstock et al. 2000

In the paper

“In two similar experiments, the results were that patients were intact in the feature condition and impaired in the conjunction condition.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Olson et al. 2006b

In the paper

“Patients exhibited good memory for the scenes themselves (item information) but were impaired at remembering information about the location of objects within the scenes (relational information).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hannula et al. 2006

In the paper

“At the longer delays (average of the three longer delays), patients performed as well as controls for small array sizes (one and two items) and were impaired only for array sizes that could be expected to exceed memory capacity (three, four, and six items).”

In the paper

“the patients were intact when the controls made no errors but were impaired in two conditions when the controls made errors”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Barense et al. 2007

In the paper

“the impaired performance reported for patients at a 1-sec delay in Experiment 2 (but not in Experiment 1) occurred despite the fact that the patients performed the same in both experiments.”

In the paper

“patient G.P. reached criterion as quickly as controls for one, two, and three objectlocation associations (within one or two trials).Yet, when the set size was increased by only one additional object (set size 4), he failed to reach criterion even after 10 attempts with the same array of four objects”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Jeneson et al. 2010

In the paper

“the patients exhibited fully intact memory for object-in-scene information when the retention delay was short (3 sec), and they exhibited impaired memory when the delay was long (14 sec).”

In the paper

“Note that the patients were intact when the controls made no errors but were impaired in two conditions when the controls made errors”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Barense et al. 2007

In the paper

“In a separate behavioral study, they also found that subsequent recognition memory was better for complex images-the same condition that elicited the greatest MTL activity in the corresponding fMRI experiment when the material was studied”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Lee and Rudebeck 2010

In the paper

“MTL patient H.M. succeeded at six digits in his first try but could not succeed at repeating back seven digits even after 25 attempts with the same string.”

• Also stated in: § MTL activity during and after learning as a predictor of long-term memory · plain

  “G.P. succeeded easily with one, two, and three objects but could not reproduce the locations of four objects, even after 10 attempts with the same display.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Squire and Wixted 2011

In the paper

“A number of studies have reported impaired performance after MTL damage on tasks involving delays as short as a few seconds.”

In the paper

“Thus, impairments have been noted on tasks involving novel objects or patterns (Aggleton et al. 1992;Buffalo et al. 1998;Holdstock et al. 2000), faces (Nichols et al. 2006;Olson et al. 2006a;Ezzyat and Olson 2008), colored squares (Olson et al. 2006a), topographical scenes (Hartley et al. 2007), and tasks requiring retention of the relations between items (Hannula et al. 2006;Olson et al. 2006b).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Aggleton et al. 1992
• Not checked yetcites Buffalo et al. 1998
• Not checked yetcites Holdstock et al. 2000

In the paper

“This error, which was reproduced in the more recent review by Graham et al. (2010), may have contributed to the impression that the MTL is needed for working memory of novel visual objects because, in Figure 1D, the patients performed poorly at short delays.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Graham et al. 2010

In the paper

“The most parsimonious and consistent interpretation of all the data is that subspan memoranda are supported by immediate memory and working memory and are independent of the MTL.”

In the paper

“several neuroimaging studies have reported MTL activation during short-delay tasks involving various kinds of visual material.”

In the paper

“Impaired performance has also been noted in two continuous recognition tests where the inter-stimulus-interval was only 3 sec (Hannula et al. 2006) and (less consistently) in tasks where the delays were as short as 1 -2 sec”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hannula et al. 2006
• Not checked yetcites Olson et al. 2006b
• Not checked yetcites Hartley et al. 2007

In the paper

“Early studies of memory-impaired patients with medial temporal lobe (MTL) damage led to the view that the hippocampus and related MTL structures are involved in the formation of long-term memory and that immediate memory and working memory are independent of these structures.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Drachman and Arbit 1966
• Not checked yetcites Baddeley and Warrington 1970
• Not checked yetcites Milner 1972

In the paper

“In neuroimaging studies, MTL activity during encoding is influenced by the memory load and correlates positively with long-term retention of the material that was presented.”

In the paper

“In a third study (Ezzyat and Olson 2008), MTL damage impaired retention of a single morphed face across a delay of 1 sec (in a forced-choice test but not in a yes/no test) and after a delay of 8 sec (in the yes/no test but not in the forced-choice test).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Ezzyat and Olson 2008

In the paper

“The difficulty is that the appropriate comparison group for evaluating the memory capacity of MTL patients is a group of age-matched and education-matched individuals.”

In the paper

“Finally, it has been demonstrated that changedetection performance is limited both by the number of items that can be maintained in memory and by the similarity between sample and test stimuli (Awh et al. 2007).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Awh et al. 2007

In the paper

“participants also had to try to hold in mind a number of previous scene-face pairs even at the lag of 1, because they did not know whether the next trial would consist of a new study trial, a probe trial concerning the most recently presented scene-face pair, or a probe trial concerning a scene-face pair that had been presented up to nine trials earlier.”

In the paper

“Accordingly, we suggest that performance at these longer delays depends, in part, on long-term memory and that impaired performance at these longer delays reflects impaired long-term memory.”

In the paper

“An alternative possibility is that memory for relational information was impaired because the demands on memory were higher in the conditions assessing memory for relations than in the conditions assessing memory for items, and that these demands on memory exceeded visual working memory capacity (Shrager et al. 2008;Baddeley et al. 2010;Jeneson et al. 2011b).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Shrager et al. 2008
• Not checked yetcites Baddeley et al. 2010
• Not checked yetcites Jeneson et al. 2011b

In the paper

“When the sample-test similarity is high, more visual detail must be maintained and the memory capacity is lower (see also Alvarez and Cavanagh 2004).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Alvarez and Cavanagh 2004

In the paper

“It is also worth emphasizing that intact performance at short delays after hippocampal lesions or larger MTL lesions, and impaired performance at longer delays, has been well-demonstrated in monkeys (Overman et al. 1990;Alvarez et al. 1994) and also in rats (Clark et al. 2001).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Overman et al. 1990
• Not checked yetcites Alvarez et al. 1994
• Not checked yetcites Clark et al. 2001

In the paper

“In the study by Ezzyat and Olson (2008), patients exhibited intact performance at the 1-sec delay in one of the two tests (in the forced-choice test but not in the yes/no test).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Ezzyat and Olson 2008

In the paper

“Furthermore, estimates of visual working memory capacity in change-detection tasks are typically obtained by assessing performance after delays of 1 sec (e.g., 900 msec in Luck and Vogel 1997; average delay of 1.1 sec [average of 300, 900, and 2000 msec] in Eng et al. 2005), and therefore do not provide suitable estimates of working memory capacity in tests given after delays of 4 sec or longer”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Luck and Vogel 1997
• Not checked yetcites Eng et al. 2005

In the paper

“It is true that previous research suggests that three or four colored squares can be maintained in visual working memory (e.g., Luck and Vogel 1997;Cowan 2001;Fukuda et al. 2010).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Luck and Vogel 1997
• Not checked yetcites Cowan 2001
• Not checked yetcites Fukuda et al. 2010

In the paper

“the striking finding summarized in Figure 1 is not that the patients were impaired at study-test delays of 6 -30 sec but that they exhibited intact retention of complex visual information at delays of 0 -10 sec.”

In the paper

“Both interference and delay increase the probability of distraction, and active maintenance can support good performance only so long as attention is continuously directed toward the memorandum.”

In the paper

“patients were intact in tasks where distraction disrupted control performance, suggesting that the patients were successful because they (like controls) could maintain information in working memory.”

In the paper

“patients with MTL lesions that included perirhinal cortex were intact in the minimum ambiguity condition and impaired in the intermediate and maximum ambiguity conditions.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Barense et al. 2007

In the paper

“Controls presumably succeeded in the face of distraction in tasks where they were depending on long-term memory rather than working memory.”

In the paper

“the fact that controls exhibited errors only in these more difficult conditions (Fig. 4, right) suggests that working memory was not sufficient to support performance, that is, immediate memory capacity may have been exceeded in the two more difficult conditions.”

In the paper

“All five MTL patients were impaired after the 2-sec delay, and three of the five patients were impaired even in the matching task.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hartley et al. 2007

In the paper

“Controls made their first errors with strings of eight digits, but, with repeated attempts at each string, they were eventually able to repeat back as many as 20 digits.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Drachman and Arbit 1966

In the paper

“patients with hippocampal lesions were impaired when the same comparison stimuli were used on every trial but were fully intact when the stimuli were unique to every trial (Kim et al. 2011).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Kim et al. 2011

In the paper

“the answer to the orienting question did not provide information about whether the scene had been altered or not.”

In the paper

“Thus, in this study, memory was impaired for object-in-scene information only when the task imposed relatively large demands on memory (because several scenes needed to be maintained [Experiment 1], or because the retention interval was long [Experiment 2]).”

In the paper

“The story that emerges is not that some kinds of working memory depend on the MTL, but rather that some kinds of short-delay tasks depend on long-term (supraspan) memory.”

In the paper

“A long tradition of work has identified the importance of prefrontal cortex and the cortical association areas that are involved in perceptual processing.”

In the paper

“This finding and much subsequent work linked the prefrontal cortex to what was initially termed short-term memory and, in later elaborations, working memory (Goldman-Rakic 1995;Fuster 2008).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Goldman-Rakic 1995
• Not checked yetcites Fuster 2008

In the paper

“Thus, working memory is a collection of temporary capacities intrinsic to”

• Also stated in: § MTL activity during and after learning as a predictor of long-term memory · plain

  “information processing”

• Also stated in: § MTL activity during and after learning as a predictor of long-term memory · plain

  “subsystems and are under top-down control by the prefrontal cortex.”

In the paper

“One view is that the prefrontal cortex supports working memory by directing attention to task-relevant sensory signals (Postle 2006).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Postle 2006

In the paper

“Instead, the important distinction is between tasks where the material to be learned and maintained is within the capacity of immediate memory (subspan material) and tasks where what is to be learned exceeds immediate memory capacity (supraspan material).”

In the paper

“Immediate memory and working memory, in contrast, deal”

• Also stated in: § MTL activity during and after learning as a predictor of long-term memory · plain

  “only with subspan memoranda, evanescently, as long as the subject's attention is directed toward the memorandum”

• Also stated in: § MTL activity during and after learning as a predictor of long-term memory · plain

  “(Drachman and Arbit 1966, p. 59).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Drachman and Arbit 1966

In the paper

“From this perspective, retention of information in working memory is supported by sustained activity in the various brain areas that process perceptual information (Jonides et al. 2005;Pasternak and Greenlee 2005;Postle 2006).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Jonides et al. 2005
• Not checked yetcites Pasternak and Greenlee 2005
• Not checked yetcites Postle 2006