Working Memory and the Organization of Brain Systems
Open accessAbstract
Working memory has historically been viewed as an active maintenance process that is independent of long-term memory and independent of the medial temporal lobe. However, impaired performance across brief time intervals has sometimes been described in amnesic patients with medial temporal lobe damage. These findings raise a fundamental question about how to know when performance depends on working memory and when the capacity for working memory has been exceeded and performance depends on long-term memory. We describe a method for identifying working memory independently of patient performance. We compared patients with medial temporal lobe damage to controls who were given either distraction or no distraction between study and test. In four experiments, we found concordance between the performance of patients and the effect of distraction on controls. The patients were impaired on tasks in which distraction had minimal effect on control performance, and the patients were intact on tasks in which distraction disrupted control performance. We suggest that the patients were impaired when the task minimally depended on working memory (and instead depended substantially on long-term memory), and they performed well when the task depended substantially on working memory. These findings support the conclusion that working memory (active maintenance) is intact after medial temporal lobe damage.
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Working memory requires the integration of large-scale neural circuits.
“Working memory lies at the interface of perception and action (7) and requires the integration of large-scale neural circuits (8–11).”
From Dynamic reconfiguration of frontal brain networks during executive cognition in humans (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
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Cites
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Working Memory: Theories, Models, and Controversies
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MethodThe Cognitive Neuroscience of Human Memory Since H.M.
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BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationBinding in visual working memory: The role of the episodic buffer
Baddeley, A. D., Allen, R. J., & Hitch, G. J. (2011) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.12.042 · Cited by 469 · see citing works
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“Working memory, as originally conceived by Baddeley’s model, has been shown to be independent of the hippocampus and related temporal lobe structures (17).”
MethodEvent boundaries in perception affect memory encoding and updating
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BackgroundResultGraham, K. S., Barense, M. D., & Lee, A. C. H. (2010) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.01.001 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Working memory, long-term memory, and medial temporal lobe function
Jeneson, A., & Squire, L. R. (2012) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.024018.111 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
“duced during the retention interval (Shrager et al. 2008).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationConscious and Unconscious Memory Systems
Squire, L. R., & Dede, A. J. O. (2015) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a021667 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
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The hippocampus supports multiple cognitive processes through relational binding and comparison
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“…(typically visual) across retention intervals that were as brief as a few seconds (Hannula et al., 2006; Nichols et al., 2006; Olson et al., 2006a,b; Hartley et al., 2007; Piekema et al., 2007; Ezzyat and Olson, 2008; Finke et al., 2008; Shrager et al., 2008; Jeneson et al., 2010, 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe hippocampus and visual perception
Lee, A. C. H., Yeung, L., & Barense, M. D. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00091 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
“…2001; Stern et al., 2001; Ryan and Cohen, 2004; Hannula et al., 2006; Nichols et al., 2006; Olson et al., 2006a,b; Hartley et al., 2007; Hannula and Ranganath, 2008; Cashdollar et al., 2009; Bird et al., 2010; Warren et al., 2010) (see however, Shrager et al., 2008; Jeneson et al., 2011).”
BackgroundGondi, V., Hermann, B. P., Mehta, M. P., & Tomé, W. A. (2011) · International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics · doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.10.021 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Update on Memory Systems and Processes
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“, interference and long delay periods) (26).”
Barense, M. D., Henson, R. N. A., Lee, A. C. H., & Graham, K. S. (2010) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20641 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
“…of short-term memory for stimulus conjunctions in amnesia (Hannula et al., 2006; Nichols et al., 2006; Olson et al., 2006a,b, although see Shrager et al., 2008), and fMRI studies have observed hippocampal activity in tasks typically considered to assess short-term memory (Ranganath and…”
Persistent Single-Neuron Activity during Working Memory in the Human Medial Temporal Lobe
Kornblith, S., Quian Quiroga, R., Koch, C., Fried, I., & Mormann, F. (2017) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.013 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“Deficits are present in MTL lesion patients with more difficult working memory tasks [27–31], but these deficits have been attributed to the use of long-term memory by controls [19, 32, 33].”
Involvement of Medial Temporal Lobe Structures in Memory and Perception
Baxter, M. G. (2009) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.02.007 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
“Although this latter result suggests a more reliable impairment in very short-term memory for spatial relationships rather than perception per se following hippocampal damage, neither finding is consistent with the viewpoint that the hippocampus is only required to maintain memory beyond the capacity of short-term/wor…”
ResultIs the hippocampus necessary for visual and verbal binding in working memory?
Baddeley, A., Allen, R. J., & Vargha‐Khadem, F. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.12.009 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
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“Squire and Wixted (2011) suggest that if methodological precautions are taken, then the results are straightforward as shown in recent studies (Jeneson, Mauldin, Hopkins, & Squire, 2011; Jeneson, Mauldin, & Squire, 2010 ; Shrager, Levy, Hopkins, & Squire, 2008).”
ResultPerception and the Medial Temporal Lobe: Evaluating the Current Evidence
SUZUKI, W. A. (2009) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.02.008 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“Related to the role of the MTL in working memory, a recent study of human amnesic patients (Shrager et al., 2008) used a distraction para- digm to suggest that even with a short delay interval, when the capacity for working memory has been exceeded, by the nature or complexity of the…”
Intact Working Memory for Relational Information after Medial Temporal Lobe Damage
Jeneson, A., Mauldin, K. N., & Squire, L. R. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2895-10.2010 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“In our earlier study with this same procedure (Shrager et al., 2008), patients performed as well as controls at remembering up to six object–location associations after 1 s (for further discussion of the different findings in the two reports, see Shrager et al., 2008).”
MethodSelf-citationWorking Memory and the Hippocampus
Baddeley, A., Jarrold, C., & Vargha‐Khadem, F. (2011) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00066 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“Thus, Nichols, Kao, Verfaellie, and Gabrieli ( 2006 ) found a deficit in retention of a single face after 7 sec but not after 1 sec, whereas Shrager, Levy, Hopkins, and Squire ( 2008 ) found a deficit in their patients after 14 sec but not after a delay of 2 or 7 sec.”
BackgroundShrager, Y., Kirwan, C. B., & Squire, L. R. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0805414105 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citationHippocampus-dependent and -independent theta-networks of active maintenance
Cashdollar, N. M., Malecki, U., Rugg‐Gunn, F. J., Duncan, J. S., Nilli Lavie, C., & Düzel, E. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0904823106 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“It has recently been argued that a hallmark of working memory is its susceptibility to interference during delay periods (30), and also, that the hippocampus is not critical for this form of active maintenance or working memory.”
BackgroundChanges in events alter how people remember recent information
Swallow, K. M., Barch, D. M., Head, D., Maley, C. J., Holder, D., & Zacks, J. M. (2011) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2010.21524 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“These data have reignited the debate about the relationship between episodic memory and active memory (Jonides et al, 2008 ; Shrager, Levy, Hopkins, & Squire, 2008 ; Olson et al, 2006 ), supporting claims that it is the type of information maintained in memory that is most important for predicting whether the MTL are…”
Olsen, R. K., Nichols, E. A., Chen, J., Hunt, J. F. V., Glover, G. H., Gabrieli, J. D. E., & Wagner, A. D. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2245-09.2009 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“…as evidence that working memory mechanisms (e.g., active maintenance) are MTL dependent (Ranganath and Blumenfeld, 2005; Hasselmo and Stern, 2006), or as evidence that the MTL mediates short-delay performance when working memory is insufficient (Warrington and Taylor, 1973; Shrager et al., 2008).”
Contrasting effects on path integration after hippocampal damage in humans and rats
Kim, S., Sapiurka, M., Clark, R. E., & Squire, L. R. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1300869110 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
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Bergmann, H. C., Rijpkema, M., Fernández, G., & Kessels, R. P. C. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.03.047 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“, 1998) and, therefore, the results of Hannula and Ranganath (2008) may in part be due to the intrinsic spatial component of their task rather than actual relational (working) memory processing (Shrager et al., 2008).”
BackgroundResultVisual Working Memory Capacity and the Medial Temporal Lobe
Jeneson, A., Wixted, J. T., Hopkins, R. O., & Squire, L. R. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.6444-11.2012 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“In studies where the contribution of working memory and long-term memory to task performance have been formally assessed, patients with MTL damage exhibited intact performance so long as working memory was sufficient to support performance, and they were impaired only when long-term memory was also needed to support p…”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe hippocampus supports high‐precision binding in visual working memory
Borders, A. A., Charan Ranganath, A., & Yonelinas, A. P. (2021) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.23401 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
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“Third, although it has been suggested that similar impairments in amnesic performance solely reflect dysfunction of a well-characterized long-term memory system (Shrager et al., 2008), our results demonstrate that irrespective of the underlying mechanisms, apparent attempts by MTL patients to adjust their behavior to…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialJeneson, A., Mauldin, K. N., Hopkins, R. O., & Squire, L. R. (2011) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.2010711 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“This issue has been addressed in the case of retention intervals of 8 sec or longer (Shrager et al. 2008) as well as in the case of a retention interval as short as 1 sec (Jeneson et al.”
Self-citationNeural correlates of working memory in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy — An fMRI study
Stretton, J., Winston, G. P., Sidhu, M. K., Centeno, M., Vollmar, C., Bonelli, S. B., Symms, M. R., Koepp, M. J., Duncan, J. S., & Thompson, P. J. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.126 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“There is much evidence to suggest the MTL is independent of WM function (Shrager et al., 2008; Talmi, et al., 2005; Tudesco Ide et al., 2010; Zarahn et al., 2005), proposing that damage to the MTL impairs WM performance only when the task depends more on long-term memory processes (Jeneson and Squire, 2011).”
BackgroundItem-location binding in working memory: Is it hippocampus-dependent?
Allen, R. J., Vargha‐Khadem, F., & Baddeley, A. (2014) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.04.013 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“…in binding objects to locations in working memory (e.g. Hannula et al., 2006; King et al., 2002; Mitchell et al., 2000; Olson et al., 2006; Piekema et al., 2006), although these findings may reflect LTM involvement (e.g. Piekema et al., 2010; Jeneson & Squire, 2012; Shrager et al., 2008).”
InfluentialMemory, Visual Discrimination Performance, and the Human Hippocampus
Kim, S., Jeneson, A., van der Horst, A. S., Frascino, J. C., Hopkins, R. O., & Squire, L. R. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5954-10.2011 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Second, impairment might sometimes occur, not because of demands on perception, but because the capacity for working memory has been exceeded such that task performance depends on long-term memory (Shrager et al., 2008; Jeneson et al., 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citationRole of the dorsal hippocampus in object memory load
Sannino, S., Russo, F., Torromino, G., Pendolino, V., Calabresi, P., & De Leonibus, E. (2012) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.025213.111 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“According to the memory consolidation theory of the HP, Shrager et al. (2008) suggested that the demonstrated role of the HP in mediating item memory is dependent on its specific contribution to LTM formation, rather than on working memory maintenance, despite the short-retention time interval.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWorking memory and amnesia: The role of stimulus novelty
Rose, N. S., Olsen, R. K., Craik, F. I. M., & Rosenbaum, R. S. (2011) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.10.016 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“This finding is consistent with the prediction made by Stern et al. (2001) and Jonides et al.”
ResultInsausti, R., Annese, J., Amaral, D. G., & Squire, L. R. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1306244110 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“also performed well on tests of working memory (39).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationOlsen, R. K., Lee, Y., Kube, J., Rosenbaum, R. S., Grady, C. L., Moscovitch, M., & Ryan, J. D. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3987-14.2015 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“By contrast, Race et al. (2013) reported that short-delay recognition performance was intact in hippocampal amnesics when novel faces were used as lures in the test phase (see also, Shrager et al., 2008).”
MethodKoen, J. D., Borders, A. A., Petzold, M. T., & Yonelinas, A. P. (2016) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.22682 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“There are however a number of studies that failed to find short-term memory impairments for associative information in MTL patients (Shrager et al., 2008; Baddeley et al., 2010; Jeneson et al., 2010, 2011, 2012; Jeneson and Squire, 2012), which suggests that a purely associative deficit account does not sufficiently c…”
BackgroundWhen recognition memory is independent of hippocampal function
Smith, C. N., Jeneson, A., Frascino, J. C., Kirwan, C. B., Hopkins, R. O., & Squire, L. R. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1409878111 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationSchön, K., Newmark, R. E., Ross, R. S., & Stern, C. E. (2015) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhv013 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“…between EC and PrC. Recent investigations in patients with MTL damage have suggested that the hippocampus in particular should only be recruited when WM capacity is exceeded (Shrager et al. 2008; Jeneson et al. 2010) or when active maintenance is impaired through distraction (Shrager et al. 2008).”
BackgroundInterference of working memory load with long‐term memory formation
Axmacher, N., Haupt, S., Cohen, M. X., Elger, C. E., & Fell, J. (2009) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06676.x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Moreover, because each of these stimuli was highly verbalizable, they are more likely to be encoded in WM rather than in LTM (Shrager et al., 2008), although we cannot exclude a contribution of LTM processes (see Discussion).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe human hippocampus beyond the cognitive map: evidence from a densely amnesic patient
Lavenex, P. B., Colombo, F., Lambert, F. R., & Lavenex, P. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00711 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Visual discrimination performance, memory, and medial temporal lobe function
Knutson, A. R., Hopkins, R. O., & Squire, L. R. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1208876109 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“01], an effect of difficulty level [F(5, 75) = 28.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationBinding deficits in visual short‐term memory in patients with temporal lobe lobectomy
Zokaei, N., Nour, M. M., Sillence, A., Drew, D., Adcock, J., Stacey, R. J., Voets, N., Sen, A., & Husain, M. (2018) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.22998 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“The distinction between short and long term memories has been established over many years by studying patients with MTL damage (Baddeley et al., 2010; Jeneson et al., 2010; Jeneson and Squire, 2012; Shrager et al., 2008; Squire, 2017).”
BackgroundPhosphorylation of the AMPA receptor GluA1 subunit regulates memory load capacity
Olivito, L., Saccone, P., Perri, V., Bachman, J. L., Fragapane, P., Mele, A., Huganir, R. L., & Leonibus, E. D. (2014) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-014-0927-1 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Recently, the attention has shifted to the role of the hippocampus in mediating MC. Patients and monkeys with hippocampal damage and amnesic patients have reduced item, digit or spatial memory at short RTI (Shrager et al. 2008; Beason-Held et al. 1999; Levy et al. 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialHippocampal Contributions to Language Use and Processing
Duff, M. C., & Brown‐Schmidt, S. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-50406-3_16 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Human memory retention and recall processes. A review of EEG and fMRI studies
Amin, H. U., & Malik, A. S. (2013) · Neurosciences · doi:10.17712/1658-3183.2037 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“18 (4) Memory retention and recall processes .”
BackgroundCauses and consequences of limitations in visual working memory
Fallon, S. J., Zokaei, N., & Masud Husain, B. (2016) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.12992 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Instead, some have argued that performance is impaired in hippocampal patients only when WM capacity is breached [100,101].”
Poch, C., & Campo, P. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00036 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Although the involvement of MTL in WM is matter of debate (Talmi et al., 2005; Zarahn et al., 2005; Shrager et al., 2008; Tudesco Ide et al., 2010; Jeneson et al., 2011), it has called for a re-evaluation of the prevailing conception considering that MTL is exclusively dedicated to long-term memory (LTM).”
BackgroundInfluentialHannula, D. E., Tranel, D., Allen, J. S., Kirchhoff, B. A., Nickel, A. E., & Cohen, N. J. (2014) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000119 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“It is important to mention that these outcomes have not always been replicated (Baddeley et al., 2010, 2011; Jeneson et al., 2010, 2011; Shrager et al., 2008).”
Yee, L. T. S., Hannula, D. E., Tranel, D., & Cohen, N. J. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00016 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“…reported contributions of MTL structures to short-term or working memory have been questioned (cf. Jeneson and Squire, 2011) and some new findings from other groups have challenged the reported outcomes (e.g., Shrager et al., 2008; Jeneson et al., 2010, 2011; see also Baddeley et al., 2010, 2011).”
BackgroundResultThe medial temporal lobe supports the quality of visual short-term memory representation
Xie, W., Chapeton, J. I., Bhasin, S., Zawora, C., Wittig, J. H., Inati, S. K., Zhang, W., & Zaghloul, K. A. (2023) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-023-01529-5 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Jonin, P., Calia, C., Muratot, S., Belliard, S., Duché, Q., Barbeau, E. J., & Parra, M. A. (2018) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2018.08.011 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 33 Thus, the procedure used by Shrager et al., (2008) does not allow definitive conclusion about”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialThe medial temporal lobe supports sensing-based visual working memory
Goodrich, R. I., & Yonelinas, A. P. (2016) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.07.011 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“…or same/different judgments) to compute a single-point measure of performance, such as proportion correct or d′ (e.g., Allen et al., 2014; Jeneson et al., 2012; Olson et al., 2006a; Shrager et al., 2008; Yee et al., 2014; but see Pertzov et al., 2013; Warren et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialRoss, R. S., LoPresti, M. L., Schon, K., & Stern, C. E. (2013) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-013-0170-x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The Neuropsychology of Attention: Revisiting the “Mirsky Model”
Koziol, L. F., Joyce, A. W., & Wurglitz, G. (2014) · Applied Neuropsychology Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2013.870016 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Squire (1987) and Squire and Shimamura (1986) have demonstrated that even severely amnestic patients can have a normal digit span.”
BackgroundBilingual aphasia: Explanations in population encoding
Nadeau, S. E. (2018) · Journal of Neurolinguistics · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2018.10.002 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Boran, E., Hilfiker, P., Stieglitz, L. H., Grünwald, T., Sarnthein, J., & Klaver, P. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119123 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Guida, A., Gobet, F. R., & Nicolas, S. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00590 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Squire and Wixted (2011) observed that if WM capacity were not exceeded, MTL was not involved (e.g., Shrager et al., 2008; Jeneson et al., 2012).”
BackgroundEnslaving Central Executives: Toward A Brain Theory of Cinema
Dudai, Y. (2008) · Projections · doi:10.3167/proj.2008.020203 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“14 Unlikely, given that damage to WM is usually associated with global cognitive deficits, such as in dementia, and that global amnesiacs may have intact WM (Shrager et al. 2008).”
BackgroundDas, S. R., Mancuso, L., Olson, I. R., Arnold, S. E., & Wolk, D. A. (2015) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhv022 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Lai, V. D., Theppitak, C., Makizuka, T., Higuchi, Y., Movahed, M., Kumudini, G., Izumi, H., & Kumashiro, M. (2014) · International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2013.11.015 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Thalamo-hippocampal pathway regulates incidental memory capacity in mice
Torromino, G., Loffredo, V., Cavezza, D., Sonsini, G., Esposito, F., Crevenna, Á. H., Gioffrè, M., Risi, M. D., Treves, A., Griguoli, M., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-31781-8 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Hales, J. B., & Brewer, J. B. (2011) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00902.2010 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Memory for relations in the short term and the long term after medial temporal lobe damage
Squire, L. R. (2017) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.22716 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Other studies of MTL patients found intact performance for object-place associations when testing occurred shortly after learning (Shrager et al., 2008; Jeneson et al., 2010; Jeneson and Squire, 2012).”
Self-citationMedial temporal lobe contributions to short-term memory for faces.
Race, E., LaRocque, K. F., Keane, M. M., & Verfaellie, M. H. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0033612 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“If delay-period processing of distractor faces disrupts participants’ ability to make match/mismatch decisions about study and test faces, this would qualify the delayed face matching-to-sample task as a STM task according to the proposed distractor-based criterion (Shrager et al., 2008).”
InfluentialHannula, D. E., Ryan, J. D., & Warren, D. E. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-50406-3_10 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Cashdollar, N. M., Duncan, J. S., & Düzel, E. (2011) · Future Neurology · doi:10.2217/fnl.11.12 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“, stimulus retention relies on long-term memory [13]); that is, hippocampal amnesic patients were unimpaired in tasks that displayed the behavioral indication of active working memory maintenance: susceptibility to distracter interference [13].”
BackgroundInfluentialMap reading, navigating from maps, and the medial temporal lobe
Urgolites, Z. J., Kim, S., Hopkins, R. O., & Squire, L. R. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1617786113 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationExpectations of Task Demands Dissociate Working Memory and Long-Term Memory Systems
Zanto, T. P., Clapp, W. C., Rubens, M. T., Karlsson, J., & Gazzaley, A. H. (2015) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhu307 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Xie, W., Cappiello, M., Yassa, M. A., Ester, E. F., Zaghloul, K. A., & Zhang, W. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.83365 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“, 2000) and hence our findings could not be explained by the MTL’s contribution to WM retrieval (Shrager et al., 2008).”
BackgroundKnutson, A. R., Hopkins, R. O., & Squire, L. R. (2013) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.032490.113 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Studies of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) have suggested that lesions to the MTL impair long-term memory while sparing immediate and working memory as well as perceptual and intellectual functions (Baddeley and Warrington 1970; Milner 1972; Shrager et al. 2008; Squire and Wixted 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citationWorking memory and active sampling of the environment: Medial temporal contributions
Pollmann, S., & Schneider, W. X. (2022) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823493-8.00029-8 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Stepanov, I. I., Abramson, C. I., Wolf, O. T., & Convit, A. J. (2010) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617709991457 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Aging-Related Cognitive Decline
Nadeau, S. E. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108554350.015 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Bouman, Z., Elhorst, D., Hendriks, M. P. H., Kessels, R. P. C., & Aldenkamp, A. P. (2016) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.11.022 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Some research has supported this view, showing that working memory is unaffected in patients with TLE [16–18].”
BackgroundMethodResultAllen, R. J., Atkinson, A. L., Vargha‐Khadem, F., & Baddeley, A. (2022) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.23452 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Indeed, it has been suggested that apparent evidence for hippocampal involvement in WM in fact reflects LTM contribution to task performance (Jeneson et al., 2010, 2012; Jeneson & Squire, 2012; Shrager et al., 2008).”
Alleviating Memory Impairment through Distraction
Cashdollar, N. M., Nilli Lavie, C., & Düzel, E. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1797-13.2013 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“…education cannot account for the impairments found in BHS patients compared with the first control group and are also in agreement with previous reports of visual memory load impairments found in patients with hippocampal damage (Shrager et al., 2008; Jeneson et al., 2011; Jeneson et al., 2012).”
BackgroundResultThe thalamus and working memory
Nadeau, S. E. (2008) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617708081149 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Thus, there is an overwhelming likelihood that the hippocampus contributes to many phenomena that have been subsumed under the concept of working memory, particularly when longer delays are involved (Shrager et al., 2008).”
BackgroundAssari, S., Boyce, S., & Jovanović, T. (2021) · Children · doi:10.3390/children8050411 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Shrager, Levy, Hopkins, and Squire (2008) found a deficit in their H patients after 14 s [76].”
BackgroundBarnard, I. L., Onofrychuk, T. J., Toderash, A. D., Patel, V. N., Glass, A. E., Adrian, J. C., Laprairie, R. B., & Howland, J. G. (2023) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0115-23.2023 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“The preferential interaction with novel stimuli compared with familiar stimuli after a brief delay suggests that recognition memory is intact in both object and odor-based tests (Shrager et al., 2008; van Vugt et al., 2010; Sannino et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSamrani, G., & Persson, J. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119098 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“There is much evidence showing that amnesic patients can retain information over brief delays despite severe deficits in long-term memory (Baddeley et al., 2010; Jeneson et al., 2010, 2011, 2012; Shrager et al., 2008).”
BackgroundStudying the Impact of Aging on Memory Systems: Contribution of Two Behavioral Models in the Mouse
Marighetto, A., Brayda-Bruno, L., & Etchamendy, N. (2011) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2011_151 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…systems (Olson et al. 2006; Hannula et al. 2006; Kumaran 2008; Jonides et al. 2008; Quinette et al. 2006; Ranganath and Blumenfeld 2005; Shrager et al. 2008; Hannula and Ranganath 2008), our findings point to potential interaction between WM and DM in the hippocampus and the necessity…”
Yonelinas, A. P., Ramey, M. M., & Riddell, C. D. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190917982.013.32 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Neuropsychological and neuropathological observations of a long-studied case of memory impairment
Squire, L. R., Kim, S., Frascino, J. C., Annese, J., Bennett, J., Insausti, R., & Amaral, D. G. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2018960117 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Wada memory test and prediction of outcome after anterior temporal lobectomy
Yu, H., Shih, Y., Su, T., Shan, I., Yiu, C.-H., Lin, Y., Kwan, S., Chen, C., & Yen, D. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2009.11.027 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Medial temporal lobe lesions reduce visual working memory precision
Choo, Y., Thakurdesai, S., Qadri, A., Fruchet, O., Jackson, S. N., Chatterjee, R., Inati, S. K., Zaghloul, K. A., & Xie, W. (2025) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awaf397 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Aging-Related Alterations in Language
Nadeau, S. E. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108554350.008 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Chareyron, L. J., Chong, W. K., Banks, T., Burgess, N., Saunders, R. C., & Vargha‐Khadem, F. (2024) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.23638 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“However, it was reported that the volume of the parahippocampal gyrus was not significantly reduced in patients with adult-onset amnesia presenting with bilateral hippocampal damage (Shrager et al., 2008).”
Shain, C. (2021) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) · doi:10.17605/osf.io/ah429 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Gamayani, U., Lestari, N. L. M. D., Ganiem, A. R., & Panigoro, R. (2019) · The Open Psychology Journal · doi:10.2174/1874350101912010076 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Billancourt, B., Campitelli, G., & Langner, R. (2013) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Thalamo-hippocampal pathway regulates incidental memory load in micePreprint
Torromino, G., Loffredo, V., Cavezza, D., Sonsini, G., Esposito, F., Crevenna, Á. H., Gioffrè, M., Risi, M. D., Treves, A., Griguoli, M., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.08.07.453742 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Shrager, Y., Levy, D. A., Hopkins, R. O., & Squire, L. R.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Weizmann Institute of Science (IL)
- Brigham Young University (US)
- VA San Diego Healthcare System (US)
- Corresponding author
- Squire, Larry R.
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2008-04-30
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 4818-4822
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC2426968
- OpenAlex
- W2093870847
- Cited by
- 123
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 6.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
- National Institute of Mental Health (R37MH024600, R01MH024600, MH24600)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- working memory, amnesia, long-term memory, distraction, memory maintenance
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Brain Injuries, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Memory, Short-Term, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Temporal Lobe, Case-Control Studies, Recognition, Psychology
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