PreprintCited by 334Memory and Neural MechanismsNeuroscience and Neuropharmacology ResearchMemory Processes and Influences

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 72 of the 72 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Different mechanisms of fear extinction dependent on length of time since fear acquisition

Open access

Myers, Karyn M., Ressler, Kerry J., Davis, Michael·2006·Learning & Memory

DOI 10.1101/lm.119806PMC PMC1409828

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

Fear extinction is defined as a decline in conditioned fear responses (CRs) following nonreinforced exposure to a feared conditioned stimulus (CS). Behavioral evidence indicates that extinction is a form of inhibitory learning: Extinguished fear responses reappear with the passage of time (spontaneous recovery), a shift of context (renewal), and unsignaled presentations of the unconditioned stimulus (reinstatement). However, there also is evidence to suggest that extinction is an "unlearning" process corresponding to depotentiation of potentiated synapses within the amygdala. Because depotentiation is induced more readily at short intervals following LTP induction and is not inducible at all at a sufficient delay, it may be that extinction initiated shortly following fear acquisition preferentially engages depotentiation/"unlearning," whereas extinction initiated at longer delays recruits a different mechanism. We investigated this possibility through a series of behavioral experiments examining the recoverability of conditioned fear following extinction. Consistent with an inhibitory learning mechanism of extinction, rats extinguished 24-72 h following acquisition exhibited moderate to strong reinstatement, renewal, and spontaneous recovery. In contrast, and consistent with an erasure mechanism, rats extinguished 10 min to 1 h after acquisition exhibited little or no reinstatement, renewal, or spontaneous recovery. These data support a model in which different neural mechanisms are recruited depending on the temporal delay of fear extinction.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1101/lm.119806

Cites

72 of 72 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

AMPA Receptor Trafficking and Synaptic Plasticity
Malinow, R., & Malenka, R. C. (2002) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.25.112701.142758 · Cited by 2,588
Context, time, and memory retrieval in the interference paradigms of Pavlovian learning
Bouton, M. E. (1993) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.114.1.80 · Cited by 1,896
Neurons in medial prefrontal cortex signal memory for fear extinction
Milad, M. R., & Quirk, G. J. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01138 · Cited by 1,836
Are theories of learning necessary?
Skinner, B. F. (1950) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0054367 · Cited by 1,808
Effects of an expanding-spaced vs massed exposure schedule on fear reduction and return of fear
Rowe, M. K., & Craske, M. G. (1998) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(97)10016-x · Cited by 1,782
Cognitive Enhancers as Adjuncts to Psychotherapy: Use of D-Cycloserine in Phobic Individuals to Facilitate Extinctionof Fear
Ressler, K. J., Rothbaum, B. O., Tannenbaum, L., Anderson, P., Graap, K., Zimand, E., Hodges, L., & Davis, M. (2004) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.11.1136 · Cited by 1,063
Self-citation
The Amygdala: a functional analysis
Aggleton, J. P. (2000) · Cited by 966
The role of ventromedial prefrontal cortex in the recovery of extinguished fear
Quirk, G. J., Russo, G. K., Barron, J. L., & Lebron, K. (2000) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-16-06225.2000 · Cited by 957
Stimulation of medial prefrontal cortex decreases the responsiveness of central amygdala output neurons
Quirk, G. J., Likhtik, E., Pelletier, J. G., & Paré, D. (2003) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-25-08800.2003 · Cited by 927
Behavioral and Neural Analysis of Extinction
Myers, K. M., & Davis, M. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)01064-4 · Cited by 918

Show all 70 references

Research works printed but not linked: 3

10.1037//0097-7403.12.4.333 · DOI
Pavlov I.P. 1927 Conditioned reflexes. Oxford University Press London.
Wagner A.R. Rescorla R.A. 1972 Inhibition in Pavlovian conditioning: Application of a theory. In Inhibition and learning (eds. R.A. Boakes and M.S. Halliday) pp. 301–336. Academic Press London

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 333

Fear Extinction as a Model for Synaptic Plasticity in Major Depressive Disorder
Kühn, M., Höger, N., Feige, B., Blechert, J., Normann, C., & Nissen, C. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115280 · Cited by 65
Early extinction after fear conditioning yields a context-independent and short-term suppression of conditional freezing in rats.Preprint
Chang, C.-H., & Maren, S. (2009) · Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.) · doi:10.1101/lm.1085009 · Cited by 65
Augmentation of Fear Extinction by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)
Dittert, N., Hüttner, S., Polak, T., & Herrmann, M. J. (2018) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00076 · Cited by 63
Stress-enhanced fear learning in rats is resistant to the effects of immediate massed extinction
Long, V., & Fanselow, M. S. (2012) · Stress · doi:10.3109/10253890.2011.650251 · Cited by 62
Bidirectional Synaptic Plasticity and Spatial Memory Flexibility Require Ca2+-Stimulated Adenylyl Cyclases
Zhang, M., Storm, D. R., & Wang, H. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0009-11.2011 · Cited by 61
Enhancing exposure therapy for anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder
McGuire, J. F., Lewin, A. B., & Storch, E. A. (2014) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.2014.934677 · Cited by 57
“Although different neural mechanisms may be utilized depending on the temporal delay of fear extinction relative to fear learning [26], multiple studies indicate that the neural associations between feared stimuli and conditioned responses are not ‘forgotten’ and instead new associations are developed that eventually…”
Background
Neuropharmacological Modulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate, Noradrenaline and Endocannabinoid Receptors in Fear Extinction Learning: Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity
Battaglia, S., Fazio, C. D., Vicario, C. M., & Avenanti, A. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24065926 · Cited by 56
Remembering Another Aspect of Forgetting
Jasnow, A. M., Cullen, P. K., & Riccio, D. C. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00175 · Cited by 61
Neural Population-Level Memory Traces in the Mouse Hippocampus
Chen, G., Wang, L. P., & Tsien, J. Z. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008256 · Cited by 56
Hippocampal activation during extinction learning predicts occurrence of the renewal effect in extinction recall
Lissek, S., Glaubitz, B., Uengoer, M., & Tegenthoff, M. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.025 · Cited by 60
Long-Term Neural Correlates of Reversible Fear Learning in the Lateral Amygdala
An, B., Hong, I., & Choi, S. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3017-12.2012 · Cited by 57
Ants learn fast and do not forget: associative olfactory learning, memory and extinction inFormica fusca
Piqueret, B., Sandoz, J., & d’Ettorre, P. (2019) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.190778 · Cited by 53
Evidence for the persistence of contextual fear memories following immediate extinction
Archbold, G. E. B., Bouton, M. E., & Nader, K. (2010) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07161.x · Cited by 52
Extinction from a rationalist perspective
Gallistel, C. R. (2012) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2012.02.008 · Cited by 56
Social buffering enhances extinction of conditioned fear responses in male rats
Mikami, K., Kiyokawa, Y., Takeuchi, Y., & Mori, Y. (2016) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.05.001 · Cited by 51
l-DOPA and consolidation of fear extinction learning among women with posttraumatic stress disorder
Cisler, J. M., Privratsky, A. A., Sartin‐Tarm, A., Sellnow, K. A., Ross, M. C., Weaver, S. S., Hahn, E. M., Herringa, R. J., James, G. A., & Kilts, C. D. (2020) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-00975-3 · Cited by 50
A NMDA Receptor Antagonist, MK-801 Impairs Consolidating Extinction of Auditory Conditioned Fear Responses in a Pavlovian Model
Liu, J., Li, M., Dang, X.-R., Wang, Z.-H., Rao, Z., Wu, S., Li, Y.-Q., & Wang, W. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007548 · Cited by 48
Autophosphorylation of αCaMKII is differentially involved in new learning and unlearning mechanisms of memory extinctionPreprint
Kimura, R., Silva, A. J., & Ohno, M. (2008) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.1049608 · Cited by 44
Extinction: Behavioral Mechanisms and Their Implications
Bouton, M. E., & Woods, A. M. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012370509-9.00088-7 · Cited by 46
Exposure to a fearful context during periods of memory plasticity impairs extinction via hyperactivation of frontal-amygdalar circuitsPreprint
Stafford, J. M., Maughan, D. K., Ilioi, E. C., & Lattal, K. M. (2013) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.029801.112 · Cited by 47
Low-Frequency Stimulation Depresses the Primate Anterior-Cingulate-Cortex and Prevents Spontaneous Recovery of Aversive Memories
Klavir, O., Genud-Gabai, R., & Paz, R. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.6481-11.2012 · Cited by 43
On the participation of hippocampal p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in extinction and reacquisition of inhibitory avoidance memory
Rossato, J. I., Bevilaqua, L. R., Lima, R. H., Medina, J. H., Izquierdo, I., & Cammarota, M. (2006) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.07.025 · Cited by 43
Prelimbic and infralimbic cortical inactivations attenuate contextually driven discriminative responding for reward
Riaz, S., Puveendrakumaran, P., Khan, D., Yoon, S., Hamel, L., & Ito, R. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-40532-7 · Cited by 43
The Threatened Brain
Maren, S. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1147797 · Cited by 41
A pilot study of an exposure-based intervention in the ED designed to prevent posttraumatic stress disorder
ROTHBAUM, B. O., Houry, D., Heekin, M., Leiner, A. S., Daugherty, J., Smith, L. S., & Gerardi, M. A. (2008) · The American Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2007.07.006 · Cited by 38
Associative Learning and Conditioning Theory
Laborda, M. A., McConnell, B. L., & Miller, R. R. (2011) · Cited by 36
Differential fear conditioning generates prefrontal neural ensembles of safety signals
Corches, A., Hiroto, A., Bailey, T. W., Speigel, J. H., Pastore, J., Mayford, M. R., & Korzus, E. (2018) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2018.11.042 · Cited by 39
The exclusive induction of extinction is gated by BDNF
Kirtley, A., & Thomas, K. L. (2010) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.1877010 · Cited by 37
Modification of Fear Memory by Pharmacological and Behavioural Interventions during Reconsolidation
Thome, J., Koppe, G., Hauschild, S., Liebke, L., Schmahl, C. G., Lis, S., & Bohus, M. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161044 · Cited by 38
Involvement of CRFR 1 in the Basolateral Amygdala in the Immediate Fear Extinction Deficit
Hollis, F., Sevelinges, Y., Grosse, J., Zanoletti, O., & Sandi, C. (2016) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0084-16.2016 · Cited by 35
Neuron-Specific Gene 2 (NSG2) Encodes an AMPA Receptor Interacting Protein That Modulates Excitatory Neurotransmission
Chander, P. N., Kennedy, M. J., Winckler, B., & Weick, J. P. (2019) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0292-18.2018 · Cited by 34
Exposure to extinction-associated contextual tone during slow-wave sleep and wakefulness differentially modulates fear expression
Ai, S., Chen, J., Liu, J., He, J., Xue, Y.-X., Bao, Y., Han, F., Tang, X., Lü, L., & Shi, J. (2015) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2015.06.005 · Cited by 35
Immune status influences fear and anxiety responses in mice after acute stress exposure
Clark, S. M., Sand, J., Francis, T. C., Nagaraju, A., Michael, K. C., Keegan, A. D., Kusnecov, A. W., Gould, T. D., & Tonelli, L. H. (2014) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2014.02.001 · Cited by 33
Unrelenting Fear Under Stress: Neural Circuits and Mechanisms for the Immediate Extinction Deficit
Maren, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2022.888461 · Cited by 37
Differential impact of the first and second wave of a stress response on subsequent fear conditioning in healthy men
Antov, M. I., Wölk, C., & Stockhorst, U. (2013) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.08.007 · Cited by 36
A Contemporary Behavioral Perspective on Extinction
Vurbic, D., & Bouton, M. E. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118468135.ch3 · Cited by 33
Pavlovian extinction of fear with the original conditional stimulus, a generalization stimulus, or multiple generalization stimuli
Zbozinek, T. D., & Craske, M. G. (2018) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2018.05.009 · Cited by 33
Modulation of learning and memory by the genetic disruption of circadian oscillator populations
Price, K. H., & Obrietan, K. H. (2018) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.06.035 · Cited by 33
Fear extinction in humans: Effects of acquisition–extinction delay and masked stimulus presentations
Golkar, A., & Öhman, A. (2012) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.07.007 · Cited by 36
Reframing the Past: Role of Memory Processes in Emotion Regulation
Samide, R., & Ritchey, M. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10166-5 · Cited by 38
Acute food deprivation enhances fear extinction but inhibits long-term depression in the lateral amygdala via ghrelin signaling
Huang, C., Chou, D., Yeh, C.-M., & Hsu, K. (2015) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.09.018 · Cited by 32
Is extinction of fear erasure or inhibition? Why both, of coursePreprint
Barad, M. (2006) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.211306 · Cited by 32
A review of boundary conditions and variables involved in the prevention of return of fear after post-retrieval extinction
Zuccolo, P. F., & Hunziker, M. H. L. (2019) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2019.01.011 · Cited by 32
Immediate extinction promotes the return of fear
Merz, C. J., Hamacher‐Dang, T. C., & Wolf, O. T. (2016) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2016.03.013 · Cited by 33
Parent-Led Exposure Therapy: A Pilot Study of a Brief Behavioral Treatment for Anxiety in Young Children
Rudy, B. M., Zavrou, S., Johnco, C. J., Storch, E. A., & Lewin, A. B. (2017) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-017-0772-y · Cited by 29
A predictive coding account of value-based learning in PTSD: Implications for precision treatments
Putica, A., Felmingham, K. L., Garrido, M. I., O'Donnell, M. L., & Dam, N. T. V. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104704 · Cited by 29
Inhibitory circuits in fear memory and fear-related disorders
Singh, S. P., & Topolnik, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2023.1122314 · Cited by 29
Temporal factors in the extinction of fear in inbred mouse strains differing in extinction efficacy
MacPherson, K. P., Whittle, N., Camp, M., Gunduz‐Cinar, O., Singewald, N., & Holmes, A. (2013) · Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1186/2045-5380-3-13 · Cited by 31
The role of context in the re-extinction of learned fear
Langton, J. M., & Richardson, R. (2009) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2009.06.008 · Cited by 28
Issues in the extinction of specific stimulus-outcome associations in Pavlovian conditioning
Delamater, A. R. (2012) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2012.03.006 · Cited by 30
Exposure Therapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Factors of Limited Success and Possible Alternative Treatment
Markowitz, S., & Fanselow, M. S. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10030167 · Cited by 28
Neural substrates of fear conditioning, extinction, and spontaneous recovery in passive avoidance learning: A c-fos study in rats
Huang, A. C. W., Shyu, B., Hsiao, S., Chen, J. T.-C., & He, A. B.-H. (2012) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.09.024 · Cited by 27
Memory creation and modification: Enhancing the treatment of psychological disorders.
Kredlow, M. A., Eichenbaum, H., & Otto, M. W. (2018) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000185 · Cited by 25
Sex differences in the immediate extinction deficit and renewal of extinguished fear in rats
Binette, A. N., Totty, M. S., & Maren, S. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0264797 · Cited by 26
Prior fear conditioning and reward learning interact in fear and reward networks
Bulganin, L., Bach, D. R., & Wittmann, B. C. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00067 · Cited by 30
Associative memory for movement-evoked chronic back pain and its extinction with musculoskeletal physiotherapy
Zusman, M. (2008) · Physical Therapy Reviews · doi:10.1179/174328808x251948 · Cited by 26
Thoughts about thinking: cognition according to the second law of thermodynamics
Varpula, S., Annila, A., & Beck, C. (2013) · Advanced Studies in Biology · doi:10.12988/asb.2013.13012 · Cited by 26
Extinction: Behavioral Mechanisms and Their Implications ☆
Bouton, M. E. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.21006-7 · Cited by 25
Retrieval and Reconsolidation Accounts of Fear Extinction
Ponnusamy, R., Zhuravka, I., Poulos, A. M., Shobe, J. L., Merjanian, M., Huang, J. S., Wolvek, D., O’Neill, P.-K., & Fanselow, M. S. (2016) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00089 · Cited by 26
Contextual modulation of conditioned responses in humans: A review on virtual reality studies
Andreatta, M., & Pauli, P. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102095 · Cited by 27
Memory formation orchestrates the wiring of adult-born hippocampal neurons into brain circuits
Petsophonsakul, P., Richetin, K., Andraini, T., Roybon, L., & Rampon, C. (2017) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-016-1359-x · Cited by 25
Investigation of optimal dose of early intervention to prevent posttraumatic stress disorder: A multiarm randomized trial of one and three sessions of modified prolonged exposure
Maples‐Keller, J. L., Post, L. M., Price, M., Goodnight, J. R. M., Burton, M. S., Yasinski, C. W., Michopoulos, V., Stevens, J. S., Hinrichs, R. C., Rothbaum, A. O., et al. (2020) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23015 · Cited by 26
Sex difference affects fear extinction but not lithium efficacy in rats following fear-conditioning with respect to the hippocampal level of BDNF
Rahimi-Danesh, M., Samizadeh, M., Sajadi, A.-E., Rezvankhah, T., & Vaseghi, S. (2023) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173675 · Cited by 26
Reinstatement of extinguished fear by an unextinguished conditional stimulus
Halladay, L. R., Zelikowsky, M., Blair, H. T., & Fanselow, M. S. (2012) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2012.00018 · Cited by 24
Enhanced Discriminative Fear Learning of Phobia-Irrelevant Stimuli in Spider-Fearful Individuals
Mosig, C., Merz, C. J., Mohr, C., Adolph, D., Wolf, O. T., Schneider, S., Margraf, J., & Zlomuzica, A. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00328 · Cited by 28
The effect of D-cycloserine on immediate vs. delayed extinction of learned fearPreprint
Langton, J. M., & Richardson, R. (2010) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.1927310 · Cited by 24
Exposure Techniques: The Role of Extinction Learning
Urcelay, G. P. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3342-2_4 · Cited by 26
Genetic disruptions of Drosophila Pavlovian learning leave extinction learning intact
Qin, H., & Dubnau, J. (2009) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1601-183x.2009.00548.x · Cited by 23
Translational neuroscience measures of fear conditioning across development: applications to high-risk children and adolescents
Jovanović, T., Nylocks, K. M., & Gamwell, K. L. (2013) · Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1186/2045-5380-3-17 · Cited by 24
Long-term maintenance of immediate or delayed extinction is determined by the extinction-test intervalPreprint
Johnson, J. S., Escobar, M. E., & Kimble, W. L. (2010) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.1932310 · Cited by 24
Extinction memory in the crab Chasmagnathus: recovery protocols and effects of multi-trial extinction training
Hepp, Y., Pérez-Cuesta, L. M., Maldonado, H., & Pedreira, M. E. (2009) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-009-0288-y · Cited by 23
Initiation, Labile, and Stabilization Phases of Experience-Dependent Plasticity at Neocortical Synapses
Wen, J. A., DeBlois, M. C., & Barth, A. L. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3575-12.2013 · Cited by 22
Renewal of extinguished behavior in pigeons (Columba livia) does not require memory consolidation of acquisition or extinction in a free-operant appetitive conditioning paradigm
Packheiser, J., Güntürkün, O., & Pusch, R. (2019) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2019.111947 · Cited by 22
Preventing the return of fear using reconsolidation updating and methylene blue is differentially dependent on extinction learning
Auchter, A., Shumake, J., Gonzalez-Lima, F., & Monfils, M. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep46071 · Cited by 22
An Update on Psychotherapy for the Treatment of PTSD
ROTHBAUM, B. O., & Watkins, L. E. (2025) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20250110 · Cited by 26
Enhancing Psychological Interventions for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Treatment with Memory Influencing Drugs
Marchetta, E., Mancini, G. F., Morena, M., & Campolongo, P. (2022) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x21666221207162750 · Cited by 17
Effects of standardized Ginkgo biloba extract on the acquisition, retrieval and extinction of conditioned suppression: Evidence that short-term memory and long-term memory are differentially modulated
Zamberlam, C. R., Vendrasco, N. C., de Oliveira, D. R., Gaiardo, R. B., & Cerutti, S. M. (2016) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.06.036 · Cited by 19
The Role of the Entorhinal Cortex in Extinction: Influences of Aging
Bevilaqua, L. R., Rossato, J. I., Bonini, J. S., Myskiw, J. D. C., Clarke, J. R., Monteiro, S. C., Lima, R. H., Medina, J. H., Cammarota, M., & Izquierdo, I. (2008) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2008/595282 · Cited by 20
Boosting Psychotherapy With Noninvasive Brain Stimulation: The Whys and Wherefores of Modulating Neural Plasticity to Promote Therapeutic Change
Saccenti, D., Lauro, L. J. R., Crespi, S. A., Moro, A. S., Vergallito, A., Grgič, R. G., Pretti, N., Lamanna, J., & Ferro, M. (2024) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/np/7853199 · Cited by 16
How engram mediates learning, extinction, and relapse
Lee, H., & Kaang, B. (2023) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2023.102723 · Cited by 21
The temporal specificity of the switch from NMDAr-dependent extinction to NMDAr-independent re-extinction
Langton, J. M., & Richardson, R. (2009) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.12.018 · Cited by 18
Neuroepigenetic mechanisms underlying fear extinction: emerging concepts
Marshall, P. R., & Bredy, T. W. (2018) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-018-5084-4 · Cited by 18
Role of noradrenergic arousal for fear extinction processes in rodents and humans
Bierwirth, P., & Stockhorst, U. (2022) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2022.107660 · Cited by 22
Dissociated Role of D-Serine in Extinction During Consolidation vs. Reconsolidation of Context Conditioned Fear
Inoue, R., Talukdar, G., Takao, K., Miyakawa, T., & Mori, H. (2018) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2018.00161 · Cited by 17
Eternal sunshine of the neuromodulated mind: Altering fear memories through neuromodulation
Tan, S. Z. K., Sheng, V., Chan, Y., & Lim, L. W. (2019) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.01.004 · Cited by 18
Inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase in the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus blocks extinction of inhibitory avoidance memory
Bevilaqua, L. R., Rossato, J. I., Clarke, J. H. R., Medina, J. H., Izquierdo, I., & Cammarota, M. (2007) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0b013e3282ee7436 · Cited by 17
Differential regulation of glutamic acid decarboxylase gene expression after extinction of a recent memory vs. intermediate memoryPreprint
Sangha, S., Ilenseer, J., Sosulina, L., Lesting, J., & Pape, H. (2012) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.025874.112 · Cited by 17
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Bryant, R. A. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394259229.ch12 · Cited by 19
Treatment Approaches for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Derived From Basic Research on Fear Extinction
Maples‐Keller, J. L., Watkins, L. E., Hellman, N. M., Phillips, N. L., & ROTHBAUM, B. O. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.07.010 · Cited by 16
Extinction trial spacing across days differentially impacts fear regulation in adult and adolescent male mice
Gerhard, D. M., & Meyer, H. C. (2021) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107543 · Cited by 17
What does it take to demonstrate memory erasure? Theoretical comment on Norrholm et al. (2008).
Lattal, K. M., & Stafford, J. M. (2008) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0012993 · Cited by 16
Updating versus Exposure to Prevent Consolidation of Conditioned Fear
Pile, V., Barnhofer, T., & Wild, J. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122971 · Cited by 18
Auditory conditioned stimulus presentation during NREM sleep impairs fear memory in mice
Purple, R. J., Sakurai, T., & Sakaguchi, M. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep46247 · Cited by 16
Diminishing fear: Optogenetic approach toward understanding neural circuits of fear control
Luchkina, N. V., & Bolshakov, V. Y. (2017) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2017.05.005 · Cited by 16
Neuropeptide Y2 receptors in anteroventral BNST control remote fear memory depending on extinction training
Verma, D., Tasan, R. O., Sperk, G., & Pape, H. (2018) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2018.01.011 · Cited by 15
The type IV phosphodiesterase inhibitor rolipram disturbs expression and extinction of conditioned fear in mice
Mueller, E. M., Hofmann, S. G., & Cherry, J. A. (2010) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.03.002 · Cited by 15
Differential involvement of medial prefrontal cortex and basolateral amygdala extracellular signal-regulated kinase in extinction of conditioned taste aversion is dependent on different intervals of extinction following conditioning
Lin, P.-Y., Wang, S.-P., Tai, M.-Y., & Tsai, Y.-F. (2010) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.08.066 · Cited by 15
A Randomized Trial of Modified Prolonged Exposure to Prevent the Development of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Patients Hospitalized With Traumatic Injuries
Larsen, S. E., Hunt, J. C., Geier, T. J., Heyrman, K., Schumann, N. R., Brandolino, A. M., Timmer‐Murillo, S. C., Bergner, C., Larson, C. L., & deRoon‐Cassini, T. A. (2020) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22580 · Cited by 15
Sex-Related Predisposition to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Development—The Role of Neuropeptides
Lehner, M., Skórzewska, A., & Wisłowska-Stanek, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19010314 · Cited by 15
Periodic reinforcement of acoustically conditioned behavior in St. Peter's fish, Sarotherodon galilaeus, for ranching purposes
Zion, B., Karplus, I., Grinshpon, J., Rosenfeld, L., & Barki, A. (2011) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.03.001 · Cited by 14

Authors: Myers, K. M., Ressler, K. J., & Davis, M.
Affiliations: Emory University (US)
ORCID: Ressler, Kerry J.
Davis, Michael
Venue: Learning & Memory
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Published: 2006-03
Volume: 13
Issue: 2
Pages: 216-223
ISSN: 1072-0502 (ISSN-L)
1549-5485
DOI: 10.1101/lm.119806
PMC: PMC1409828
OpenAlex: W2156746271
Cited by: 334
References: 70
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 24
Type: posted content
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Learning & Memory (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Science Foundation (9876754)
Woodruff Foundation
National Institute of Mental Health (MH 47840, R37MH047840, R01MH047840)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Keywords: fear extinction, spontaneous recovery, reinstatement, renewal, inhibitory learning, depotentiation, unlearning, long-term potentiation, amygdala, fear conditioning
MeSH terms: Animals, Association Learning, Conditioning, Classical, Extinction, Psychological, Fear, Male, Retention, Psychology, Time Factors, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Rats

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Different mechanisms of fear extinction dependent on length of time since fear acquisition

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks