The DOI matches its Crossref record; 72 of the 72 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Different mechanisms of fear extinction dependent on length of time since fear acquisition
Open accessAbstract
Fear extinction is defined as a decline in conditioned fear responses (CRs) following nonreinforced exposure to a feared conditioned stimulus (CS). Behavioral evidence indicates that extinction is a form of inhibitory learning: Extinguished fear responses reappear with the passage of time (spontaneous recovery), a shift of context (renewal), and unsignaled presentations of the unconditioned stimulus (reinstatement). However, there also is evidence to suggest that extinction is an "unlearning" process corresponding to depotentiation of potentiated synapses within the amygdala. Because depotentiation is induced more readily at short intervals following LTP induction and is not inducible at all at a sufficient delay, it may be that extinction initiated shortly following fear acquisition preferentially engages depotentiation/"unlearning," whereas extinction initiated at longer delays recruits a different mechanism. We investigated this possibility through a series of behavioral experiments examining the recoverability of conditioned fear following extinction. Consistent with an inhibitory learning mechanism of extinction, rats extinguished 24-72 h following acquisition exhibited moderate to strong reinstatement, renewal, and spontaneous recovery. In contrast, and consistent with an erasure mechanism, rats extinguished 10 min to 1 h after acquisition exhibited little or no reinstatement, renewal, or spontaneous recovery. These data support a model in which different neural mechanisms are recruited depending on the temporal delay of fear extinction.
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“Myers et al. (32) showed that extinction training initiated immediately after (10 min) fear acquisition prevented the return of learned fear via reinstatement, renewal, or spontaneous recovery.”
From Conditioned fear associated phenotypes as robust, translational indices of trauma-, stressor-, and anxiety-related behaviors (2014) · cites this paper as [32]
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Milad, M. R., & Quirk, G. J. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01138 · Cited by 1,836
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Self-citationThe Amygdala: a functional analysis
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The role of ventromedial prefrontal cortex in the recovery of extinguished fear
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Behavioral and Neural Analysis of Extinction
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Neural Mechanisms of Extinction Learning and Retrieval
Quirk, G. J., & Mueller, D. (2008) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301555 · Cited by 1,645
Optimizing inhibitory learning during exposure therapy
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Preventing the return of fear in humans using reconsolidation update mechanisms
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Metadata
- Authors
- Myers, K. M., Ressler, K. J., & Davis, M.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Venue
- Learning & Memory
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 2006-03
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 216-223
- ISSN
- 1072-0502 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-5485
- PMC
- PMC1409828
- OpenAlex
- W2156746271
- Cited by
- 334
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 24
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Learning & Memory (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (9876754)
- Woodruff Foundation
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 47840, R37MH047840, R01MH047840)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- fear extinction, spontaneous recovery, reinstatement, renewal, inhibitory learning, depotentiation, unlearning, long-term potentiation, amygdala, fear conditioning
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Association Learning, Conditioning, Classical, Extinction, Psychological, Fear, Male, Retention, Psychology, Time Factors, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Rats
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