The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Conservation of Isotopic Spin and Isotopic Gauge Invariance
Open accessAbstract
It is pointed out that the usual principle of invariance under isotopic spin rotation is not consistant with the concept of localized fields. The possibility is explored of having invariance under local isotopic spin rotations. This leads to formulating a principle of isotopic gauge invariance and the existence of a b field which has the same relation to the isotopic spin that the electromagnetic field has to the electric charge. The b field satisfies nonlinear differential equations. The quanta of the b field are particles with spin unity, isotopic spin unity, and electric charge $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}e$ or zero.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
No references could be resolved yet.
Research works printed but not linked: 13
- W. Heisenberg, 1932, Z. Physik, 77, 1, 10.1007/BF01342433 · DOI
- Breit, 1936, Phys. Rev., 50, 825, 10.1103/PhysRev.50.825 · DOI
- J. Schwinger, 1950, Phys. Rev., 78, 135, 10.1103/PhysRev.78.135 · DOI
- E. Wigner, 1937, Phys. Rev., 51, 106, 10.1103/PhysRev.51.106 · DOI
- B. Cassen, 1936, Phys. Rev., 50, 846, 10.1103/PhysRev.50.846 · DOI
- T. Lauritsen, 1952, Ann. Rev. Nuclear Sci., 1, 67, 10.1146/annurev.ns.01.120152.000435 · DOI
- D. R. Inglis, 1953, Revs. Modern Phys., 25, 390, 10.1103/RevModPhys.25.390 · DOI
- R. H. Hildebrand, 1953, Phys. Rev., 89, 1090, 10.1103/PhysRev.89.1090 · DOI
- W. Pauli, 1941, Revs. Modern Phys., 13, 203, 10.1103/RevModPhys.13.203 · DOI
- W. Heisenberg, 1929, Z. Physik, 56, 1, 10.1007/BF01340129 · DOI · Paper page
- M. Gell-Mann, 1953, Phys. Rev., 92, 833, 10.1103/PhysRev.92.833 · DOI
- F. J. Dyson, 1949, Phys. Rev., 75, 486, 10.1103/PhysRev.75.486 · DOI
- J. Schwinger, 1949, Phys. Rev., 76, 790, 10.1103/PhysRev.76.790 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
General relativity with spin and torsion: Foundations and prospects
Hehl, F. W., von der Heyde, P., Kerlick, G. D., & Nester, J. M. (1976) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.48.393 · Cited by 2,709
Hamiltonian formulation of Wilson's lattice gauge theories
Kogut, J., & Susskind, L. (1975) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.11.395 · Cited by 2,021
Quantum Theory of Gravity. II. The Manifestly Covariant Theory
DeWitt, B. S. (1967) · Physical Review · doi:10.1103/physrev.162.1195 · Cited by 1,765
Lorentz Invariance and the Gravitational Field
Kibble, T. W. B. (1961) · Journal of Mathematical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.1703702 · Cited by 1,655
Massive and mass-less Yang-Mills and gravitational fields
van Dam, H., & Veltman, M. (1970) · Nuclear Physics B · doi:10.1016/0550-3213(70)90416-5 · Cited by 1,288
Light-induced gauge fields for ultracold atoms
Goldman, N., Juzeliūnas, G., Öhberg, P., & Spielman, I. B. (2014) · Reports on Progress in Physics · doi:10.1088/0034-4885/77/12/126401 · Cited by 1,212
Concept of nonintegrable phase factors and global formulation of gauge fields
Wu, T. T., & Yang, C. N. (1975) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.12.3845 · Cited by 1,196
Self-citationAnomalous Ward Identities in Spinor Field Theories
Bardeen, W. A. (1969) · Physical Review · doi:10.1103/physrev.184.1848 · Cited by 1,093
Chern–Simons modified general relativity
Alexander, S., & Yunes, N. (2009) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2009.07.002 · Cited by 715
Field and particle equations for the classical Yang-Mills field and particles with isotopic spin
Wong, S. K. (1970) · Il Nuovo Cimento A · doi:10.1007/bf02892134 · Cited by 579
Exploring 4D quantum Hall physics with a 2D topological charge pump
Lohse, M., Schweizer, C., Price, H. M., Zilberberg, O., & Bloch, I. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature25000 · Cited by 455
Photon and graviton mass limits
Goldhaber, A. S., & Nieto, M. M. (2010) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.82.939 · Cited by 445
Thermal Photons and Lepton Pairs from Quark Gluon Plasma and Hot Hadronic Matter
Alam, J.-E., Sarkar, S., Roy, P., Hatsuda, T., & Sinha, B. (2000) · Annals of Physics · doi:10.1006/aphy.2000.6091 · Cited by 128
Non-Abelian gauge field optics
Chen, Y., Zhang, R.-Y., Xiong, Z., Hang, Z. H., Li, J., Shen, J. Q., & Chan, C. T. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-10974-8 · Cited by 88
Optical analogue of Dresselhaus spin–orbit interaction in photonic graphene
Whittaker, C. E., Dowling, T., Nalitov, A. V., Yulin, A. V., Royall, B., Clarke, E., Skolnick, M. S., Shelykh, I. A., & Krizhanovskii, D. N. (2021) · Nature Photonics · doi:10.1038/s41566-020-00729-z · Cited by 83
Non-Abelian lattice gauge fields in photonic synthetic frequency dimensions
Cheng, D., Wang, K., Roques-Carmes, C., Lustig, E., Long, O. Y., Wang, H., & Fan, S. (2025) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08259-2 · Cited by 58
“Non-Abelian gauge fields [2] have been of particular interest, since they interact with particles possessing internal spin degrees of freedom.”
Non-Abelian Aharonov-Bohm effect
Horváthy, P. A. (1986) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.33.407 · Cited by 51
Berry and Pancharatnam topological phases of atomic and optical systems
Ben-Aryeh, Y. (2004) · Journal of Optics B: Quantum and Semiclassical Optics · doi:10.1088/1464-4266/6/4/r01 · Cited by 40
Metadata
- Authors
- Yang, C. N., & Mills, R. L.
- Venue
- Physical Review
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 1954-10-01
- Volume
- 96
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 191-195
- ISSN
- 0031-899X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2232347689
- Cited by
- 3,272
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 1.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.