Experimental generation and characterization of single-photon hybrid ququarts based on polarization and orbital angular momentum encoding
Open accessAbstract
High-dimensional quantum states, or qudits, represent a promising resource in the quantum information field. Here we present the experimental generation of four-dimensional quantum states, or ququarts, encoded in the polarization and orbital angular momentum of a single photon. Our technique, based on the $q$-plate device, allows the ququart to be prepared and measured in all five mutually unbiased bases. We report the reconstruction of the four-dimensional density matrix through the tomographic procedure for different ququart states.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
The paper experimentally generates and characterizes four-dimensional single-photon “hybrid ququarts” encoded in polarization and orbital angular momentum using a q-plate. It reconstructs density matrices by measuring all five mutually unbiased bases and reports state fidelities across those bases.
Key findings
- Ququart states were prepared and measured in all five mutually unbiased bases of a four-dimensional Hilbert space, with average fidelities per basis of I: 97.6 ± 0.4%, II: 94.2 ± 0.4%, III: 95.2 ± 0.4%, IV: 88.5 ± 0.4%, and V: 89.1 ± 0.4%.
- Quantum state tomography reconstructed the density matrices; example fidelities and linear entropies were |H,−2⟩: 98.5 ± 0.3% and S_L = 0.058 ± 0.002; |A,v⟩: 90.5 ± 0.3% and 0.046 ± 0.002; |L,a⟩: 95.4 ± 0.3% and 0.097 ± 0.002; 1/√2(|R,+2⟩−|L,−2⟩): 93.0 ± 0.3% and 0.092 ± 0.002; 1/√2(|H,a⟩−|V,d⟩): 92.0 ± 0.3% and 0.094 ± 0.002.
- The q-plate enabled preparation and analysis of entangled polarization–OAM bases IV and V, which are not separable in the two degrees of freedom.
- The authors state that the method can generate all ququarts belonging to the five unbiased bases, but not an arbitrary ququart.
Methods
- Single photons were generated by spontaneous parametric fluorescence in a type-II β-barium borate crystal pumped by a Ti:Sa laser, producing photon pairs at λ = 795 nm with Δλ = 4.5 nm and a coincidence rate of 8 kHz; one photon triggered the other, which was coupled into single-mode fiber to define a TEM₀₀ mode.
- The ququart was encoded in polarization and OAM using q-plates with charge q = 1 and retardation δ = π, together with waveplates and polarizing beam splitters; preparation and analysis stages depended on the target mutually unbiased basis.
- Tomography used 16 operators and 36 separable measurements on polarization–OAM subspaces; fidelities were estimated from detection probabilities, and density matrices were reconstructed for states in all five bases.
Limitations
- Stated: the technique generates all ququarts in the five mutually unbiased bases but not an arbitrary ququart; arbitrary states would require a more complex universal unitary gate.
- Stated: several preparation and analysis stages are probabilistic with p = 50%, though deterministic schemes are proposed using a Sagnac interferometer and transferrers.
- Stated: the mean fidelity for bases IV and V is about 6% lower than for bases I–III; about 3% is attributed to efficiency limitations causing random polarization contributions, and the remaining 3% to phase effects and slight misalignment. Evident from the text: the experiment demonstrates single-photon ququarts and does not report a fully deterministic implementation.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
6 of 13 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
The transferrer presented in [44,45] is based on two waveplates, a q-plate and a polarizing beam-splitter, allowing coherent transfer of information initially encoded in polarization to the OAM degree of freedom.
“This transferrer, presented in [44,45], is based on two waveplates, a q-plate and a polarizing beam-splitter, thus allowing the coherent transfer of the information initially encoded in the polarization to the OAM degree of freedom.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [44] source
- cites [45] source
The Summary (p. 2) and Discussion and conclusion (p. 8) address Pauli-operator commutation, mutually unbiased bases, and projective ring geometry, not an optical transferrer. Searches for waveplates, a q-plate, a polarizing beam-splitter, and polarization-to-OAM transfer found no passage addressing the cited claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
It is possible to realize two fully deterministic transferrers π → o2 and o2 → π at the price of a more complex optical layout, based on a q-plate and a Sagnac interferometer.
“Nevertheless it is possible to realize two fully deterministic transferrers π → o 2 and o 2 → π at the price of a more complex optical layout, based on a q-plate and a Sagnac interferometer, as shown in [45].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [45] source
The Summary (p. 2) and Discussion and conclusion (p. 8) address Pauli-operator commutation, mutually unbiased bases, and projective ring geometry, not optical devices. Searches for q-plates, Sagnac interferometers, deterministic transferrers, and optical transfer found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingown data
The average experimental fidelity for basis III is 95.2 ± 0.4%.
“Basis F (%) I 97.6 ± 0.4 II 94.2 ± 0.4 III 95.2 ± 0.4 IV 88.5 ± 0.4 V 89.1 ± 0.4”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The average experimental fidelity for basis V is 89.1 ± 0.4%.
“Basis F (%) I 97.6 ± 0.4 II 94.2 ± 0.4 III 95.2 ± 0.4 IV 88.5 ± 0.4 V 89.1 ± 0.4”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
There is a slight difference (∼6%) between the mean fidelity value of states belonging to the first three bases and the one related to states of the IV and V bases.
“As can be observed from the previous table, there is a slight difference (∼ 6%) between the mean fidelity value of states belonging to the first three basis, and the one related to states of the IV and V basis.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Findingown data
The average experimental fidelity for basis II is 94.2 ± 0.4%.
“Basis F (%) I 97.6 ± 0.4 II 94.2 ± 0.4 III 95.2 ± 0.4 IV 88.5 ± 0.4 V 89.1 ± 0.4”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The average experimental fidelity for basis IV is 88.5 ± 0.4%.
“Basis F (%) I 97.6 ± 0.4 II 94.2 ± 0.4 III 95.2 ± 0.4 IV 88.5 ± 0.4 V 89.1 ± 0.4”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The average experimental fidelity for basis I is 97.6 ± 0.4%.
“Basis F (%) I 97.6 ± 0.4 II 94.2 ± 0.4 III 95.2 ± 0.4 IV 88.5 ± 0.4 V 89.1 ± 0.4”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
For input state |L, a, the experimental fidelity is 95.4 ± 0.3%.
“Input states F (%) S L |H, -2 98.5 ± 0.3 0.058 ± 0.002 |A, v 90.5 ± 0.3 0.046 ± 0.002 |L, a 95.4 ± 0.3 0.097 ± 0.002 1 √ 2 (|R, +2 -|L, -2 ) 93.0 ± 0.3 0.092 ± 0.002 1 √ 2 (|H, a -|V, d ) 92.0 ± 0.3 0.094 ± 0.002”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Experimental density matrices were obtained for ququart states belonging to the first mutually unbiased basis.
“Experimental density matrices of ququart states belonging to the first mutually unbiased basis.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The q-plate can entangle and disentangle the orbital angular momentum and polarization degrees of freedom.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The input photon state is |H_π|0_o.
- Findingown data
For input state 1/√2(|H, a - |V, d), the linear entropy is 0.094 ± 0.002.
“Input states F (%) S L |H, -2 98.5 ± 0.3 0.058 ± 0.002 |A, v 90.5 ± 0.3 0.046 ± 0.002 |L, a 95.4 ± 0.3 0.097 ± 0.002 1 √ 2 (|R, +2 -|L, -2 ) 93.0 ± 0.3 0.092 ± 0.002 1 √ 2 (|H, a -|V, d ) 92.0 ± 0.3 0.094 ± 0.002”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
For input state |A, v, the linear entropy is 0.046 ± 0.002.
“Input states F (%) S L |H, -2 98.5 ± 0.3 0.058 ± 0.002 |A, v 90.5 ± 0.3 0.046 ± 0.002 |L, a 95.4 ± 0.3 0.097 ± 0.002 1 √ 2 (|R, +2 -|L, -2 ) 93.0 ± 0.3 0.092 ± 0.002 1 √ 2 (|H, a -|V, d ) 92.0 ± 0.3 0.094 ± 0.002”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
The state described is an entangled state between two qubits encoded in different degrees of freedom belonging to the mutually unbiased basis IV for ququart states.
“This is an entangled state between two qubits encoded in different degrees of freedom belonging to the mutually unbiased basis IV for ququart states.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The q-plate can entangle and disentangle the orbital angular momentum and polarization degrees of freedom.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The input photon state is |H_π|0_o.
- Findingown data
For input state 1/√2(|R, +2 - |L, -2), the linear entropy is 0.092 ± 0.002.
“Input states F (%) S L |H, -2 98.5 ± 0.3 0.058 ± 0.002 |A, v 90.5 ± 0.3 0.046 ± 0.002 |L, a 95.4 ± 0.3 0.097 ± 0.002 1 √ 2 (|R, +2 -|L, -2 ) 93.0 ± 0.3 0.092 ± 0.002 1 √ 2 (|H, a -|V, d ) 92.0 ± 0.3 0.094 ± 0.002”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
The state reported in Fig. 5 is (2^{1/2})(|H, d - |V, a).
“The state reported is (2 1/2 )(|H, d -|V, a ).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The q-plate can entangle and disentangle the orbital angular momentum and polarization degrees of freedom.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The input photon state is |H_π|0_o.
- Findingown data
For input state 1/√2(|R, +2 - |L, -2), the experimental fidelity is 93.0 ± 0.3%.
“Input states F (%) S L |H, -2 98.5 ± 0.3 0.058 ± 0.002 |A, v 90.5 ± 0.3 0.046 ± 0.002 |L, a 95.4 ± 0.3 0.097 ± 0.002 1 √ 2 (|R, +2 -|L, -2 ) 93.0 ± 0.3 0.092 ± 0.002 1 √ 2 (|H, a -|V, d ) 92.0 ± 0.3 0.094 ± 0.002”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
For input state 1/√2(|H, a - |V, d), the experimental fidelity is 92.0 ± 0.3%.
“Input states F (%) S L |H, -2 98.5 ± 0.3 0.058 ± 0.002 |A, v 90.5 ± 0.3 0.046 ± 0.002 |L, a 95.4 ± 0.3 0.097 ± 0.002 1 √ 2 (|R, +2 -|L, -2 ) 93.0 ± 0.3 0.092 ± 0.002 1 √ 2 (|H, a -|V, d ) 92.0 ± 0.3 0.094 ± 0.002”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
For input state |L, a, the linear entropy is 0.097 ± 0.002.
“Input states F (%) S L |H, -2 98.5 ± 0.3 0.058 ± 0.002 |A, v 90.5 ± 0.3 0.046 ± 0.002 |L, a 95.4 ± 0.3 0.097 ± 0.002 1 √ 2 (|R, +2 -|L, -2 ) 93.0 ± 0.3 0.092 ± 0.002 1 √ 2 (|H, a -|V, d ) 92.0 ± 0.3 0.094 ± 0.002”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
For input state |H, -2, the experimental fidelity is 98.5 ± 0.3%.
“Input states F (%) S L |H, -2 98.5 ± 0.3 0.058 ± 0.002 |A, v 90.5 ± 0.3 0.046 ± 0.002 |L, a 95.4 ± 0.3 0.097 ± 0.002 1 √ 2 (|R, +2 -|L, -2 ) 93.0 ± 0.3 0.092 ± 0.002 1 √ 2 (|H, a -|V, d ) 92.0 ± 0.3 0.094 ± 0.002”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
The authors experimentally carried out the encoding of a ququart state in the polarization and orbital angular momentum of a single photon.
“In this paper we have experimentally carried out the encoding of a ququart state in the polarization and orbital angular momentum of a single photon.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The q-plate can entangle and disentangle the orbital angular momentum and polarization degrees of freedom.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The input photon state is |H_π|0_o.
- Findingown data
For input state |A, v, the experimental fidelity is 90.5 ± 0.3%.
“Input states F (%) S L |H, -2 98.5 ± 0.3 0.058 ± 0.002 |A, v 90.5 ± 0.3 0.046 ± 0.002 |L, a 95.4 ± 0.3 0.097 ± 0.002 1 √ 2 (|R, +2 -|L, -2 ) 93.0 ± 0.3 0.092 ± 0.002 1 √ 2 (|H, a -|V, d ) 92.0 ± 0.3 0.094 ± 0.002”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The overall experimental fidelities including both preparation and measurement stages for the ququart states are (86.1 ± 0.4)%, (88.4 ± 0.4)%, and (92.0 ± 0.4)%.
“(86.1 ± 0.4)%”
- Also stated in: § VI. CONCLUSION · plain
“(88.4 ± 0.4)%”
- Also stated in: § VI. CONCLUSION · plain
“(92.0 ± 0.4)%”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The q-plate can entangle and disentangle the orbital angular momentum and polarization degrees of freedom.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The input photon state is |H_π|0_o.
- Also stated in: § VI. CONCLUSION · plain
- Findingown data
The adoption of the q-plate allowed the reconstruction of the density matrix for the states belonging to the fourth and fifth mutually unbiased bases, which are related to entangled states between orbital angular momentum and polarization of a single photon.
“Let us stress that the adoption of the q-plate has allowed the reconstruction of the density matrix also for the states belonging to the fourth and fifth basis, related to entangled states between orbital angular momentum and polarization of a single photon.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The ability to prepare the ququart codified in the OAM-polarization space in all the mutually unbiased bases has been experimentally verified by reconstructing their density matrices through quantum state tomography.
“The ability to prepare the ququart codified in the OAM-polarization space in all the mutually unbiased bases has been experimentally verified by reconstructing their density matrices through quantum state tomography.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
For input state |H, -2, the linear entropy is 0.058 ± 0.002.
“Input states F (%) S L |H, -2 98.5 ± 0.3 0.058 ± 0.002 |A, v 90.5 ± 0.3 0.046 ± 0.002 |L, a 95.4 ± 0.3 0.097 ± 0.002 1 √ 2 (|R, +2 -|L, -2 ) 93.0 ± 0.3 0.092 ± 0.002 1 √ 2 (|H, a -|V, d ) 92.0 ± 0.3 0.094 ± 0.002”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Any coherent superposition of the two input states given in Eq.(3) is preserved by the QP transformation, leading to the equivalent superposition of the corresponding output states.
“It has been experimentally demonstrated that any coherent superposition of the two input states given in Eq.( 3) is preserved by the QP transformation, leading to the equivalent superposition of the corresponding output states [44].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [44] source
- Interpretationreasoning
The schemes proposed can be adopted to carry out a quantum Bell's state measurement of a hybrid ququart state encoded in polarization and OAM.
“It is worth noting that the schemes here proposed can be adopted in order to carry out a quantum Bell's state measurement of an hybrid ququart state encoded in polarization and OAM.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
These average fidelity values take into account the fidelity of both the preparation and measurement steps.
“These values take into account the fidelity of both the preparation and measurement steps.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
States of bases IV, V can be measured with p = 1 by inserting a C-NOT scheme where polarization controls the OAM degree of freedom.
“In particular states of bases IV, V can be measured with p = 1 by inserting a C -N OT scheme where the polarization controls the OAM degree of freedom.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Since the preparation and measurement processes are fairly symmetrical, the fidelities associated to the single preparation/measurement stage can be estimated as the square root of the previous values.
“Since these two processes are fairly symmetrical, the fidelities associated to the single preparation/measurement stage can be estimated as the square root of the previous values.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The preparation and measurement processes are fairly symmetrical.
- Interpretationnone given
After the transferrer π → o2, it is possible to encode new information in the polarization by adopting two waveplates.
“After the transferrer π → o 2 it is possible to encode new information in the polarization by adopting two waveplates.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductnone given
The detection stage for states belonging to bases IV, V is probabilistic with p = 0.5.
“Let us stress that also this detection stage is a probabilistic one, with p = 0.5.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Study design and conductreasoning
The analysis stage for states belonging to bases I, II, III is probabilistic with p = 0.5.
“Hence this analysis stage is a probabilistic one, with p = 0.5.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Mutually unbiased basis tomography is even more efficient for entangled states because it directly estimates the strength of correlations in entangled bases IV and V.
“Moreover, this technique turned out to be even more efficient for entangled states since it directly estimates the strength of correlations in entangled bases (IV and V ) [51].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [51]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Rests on an assumption: The previous approach to quantum state reconstruction requires measurements of 16 operators and the corresponding 64 eigenstates.
- Study design and conductown data
The generated states were fully characterized through quantum state tomography by measuring all five mutually unbiased bases expected in a four-dimensional Hilbert space.
“The states generated have been fully characterized through the quantum state tomography by measuring all the five mutually unbiased bases expected in a four-dimensional Hilbert space.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The q-plate can entangle and disentangle the orbital angular momentum and polarization degrees of freedom.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The input photon state is |H_π|0_o.
- Interpretationcitation
Using a mutually unbiased basis tomography reduces the number of measurements by a factor of 5/9 to achieve the same reconstruction accuracy.
“The reduced number of bases in a mutually unbiased basis tomography allows to reduce by a factor 5/9 the number of measurements to achieve the same reconstruction accuracy.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [51]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Rests on an assumption: The previous approach to quantum state reconstruction requires measurements of 16 operators and the corresponding 64 eigenstates.
- Interpretationcitation
A more efficient quantum state reconstruction could be achieved by adopting all the mutually unbiased bases, as proposed and demonstrated with a two-photon system by Adamson and Steinberg [51].
“A more efficient quantum state reconstruction could be achieved by adopting all the mutually unbiased bases as just proposed and demonstrated with a 2-photon system by [51].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [51]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Rests on an assumption: The previous approach to quantum state reconstruction requires measurements of 16 operators and the corresponding 64 eigenstates.
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 9
- May combine two claims. 6
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationThe quantum transferrer o2 → π achieves the transformation |Hπ|φo2 ⇒ |φπ|0o.
“Then the orbital contribution has been analysed adopting the quantum transferrer o 2 → π, which achieves the transformation |H π |ϕ o2 ⇒ |ϕ π |0 o [44,45].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [44] source
- cites [45] source
The Summary (p. 2) describes shift and clock operators acting on qudit states, not an orbital quantum transferrer. The Discussion and conclusion (p. 8) addresses commutation structures; searches for the transferrer and the stated state transformation found no passage addressing either. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationcitationSingle-photon encoded ququart states could be adopted for the implementation of a quantum key distribution protocol without a reference frame recently proposed in [21,22].
“In particular, single-photon encoded ququart states could be adopted for the implementation of a quantum key distribution protocol without a reference frame recentely proposed [21,22]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [21] source
The Abstract describes a ququart-based QKD demonstration, but specifies that its ququarts use the polarization degrees of freedom of two-mode biphotons, not single photons. Neither the Abstract nor the Conclusion describes a reference-frame-free protocol; the Conclusion identifies the demonstrated scheme as six-state deterministic QKD. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [22] source
In “Heralded Gates” (p. 3), the paper describes an optical target that is effectively a four-level system, using polarization and spatial modes; p. 4 identifies the polarization states as single-photon states. It discusses a Toffoli-gate implementation, however, not the proposed reference-frame-free quantum key distribution protocol or whether these states could implement it. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Rests on an assumption: The q-plate can entangle and disentangle the orbital angular momentum and polarization degrees of freedom.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationcitationSingle-photon encoded ququart states could be adopted for the implementation of a universal unitary gate [48].
“as well as for the implementation of a universal unitary gate [48].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [48] source
- Rests on an assumption: The q-plate can entangle and disentangle the orbital angular momentum and polarization degrees of freedom.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingnone givenThe coincidence rate of the source is equal to 8 kHz.
“The coincidence rate of the source is equal to 8 kHz.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningA discrepancy of around 3% lies on the present limitation of the efficiency, which implies small random contributions to the polarization after the generation of the ququart states.
“Indeed a discrepancy of around 3% lies on the present limitation of the efficiency, which implies small random contributions to the polarization after the generation of the ququart states.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningSince for the analysis of entangled states between π-OAM the polarizing beam splitter was removed, such unconverted contributions are not filtered and thus affect the final fidelity.
“Since for the analysis of entangled states between π-OAM the polarizing beam splitter was removed, such unconverted contributions are not filtered and thus affect the final fidelity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Premisenone givenTo demonstrate the generality of any quantum protocol it is enough to test it on all states belonging to a complete set of unbiased bases.
“However, to demonstrate the generality of any quantum protocol it is enough to test it on all states belonging to a complete set of unbiased bases, as those generated in the present work.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe QP can be employed to generate single-particle entanglement of π and OAM degrees of freedom, which can be exploited to generate ququart states in the entangled mutually unbiased bases IV and V.
“Hence the QP can be easily employed to generate single-particle entanglement of π and OAM degrees of freedom, a property that can be exploited to generate ququart states in the entangled mutually unbiased bases IV and V .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenBy this method we can generate all ququarts belonging to the five unbiased bases, but not an arbitrary ququart.
“We note that by this method we can generate all ququarts belonging to the five unbiased bases, but not an arbitrary ququart.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThis result can be applied to achieve a deterministic preparation stage for all bases I, II, III, IV, V and a deterministic measurement stage for bases I, II, III.
“This result can be applied in order to achieve a deterministic preparation stage for all the bases I, II, III, IV, V and a deterministic measurement stage for bases I, II, III.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe remaining 3% is due to phase effects between different contributions in the entangled π-OAM wavefunction, as well as a slight misalignment respect to the separable states-experimental setup.
“The remaining 3% is due to phase effects between different contributions in the entangled π-OAM wavefunction, as well as a slight misalignment respect to the separable states-experimental setup.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
InterpretationreasoningThe capacity to manipulate with high reliability all ququart states encoded in a single photon enforces the achievement of quantum state engineering of ququart to direct towards the implementation of new quantum information protocols and more robust communication procedures.
“The capacity to manipulate with high reliability all quqart states encoded in a single photon enforce the achievement of the quantum state engineering of ququart to direct towards the implementation of new quantum information protocols and more robust communication procedures.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The q-plate can entangle and disentangle the orbital angular momentum and polarization degrees of freedom.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationown dataThe accordance between theory and experiment can be appreciated by looking at the tomographies as well as through the fidelity and linear entropy values.
“The accordance between theory and experiment can be appreciated by looking at the tomographies as well as through the fidelity F = φ| ρ |φ and the linear entropy S L values, theoretically equal to zero, with the ideal states evaluated for some states belonging to the five mutually unbiased basis:”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The linear entropy of the ideal ququart states is zero.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationcitationThe advantage of encoding a ququart state in a single photon could be exploited for quantum information protocols like the optimal quantum cloning of quantum states with dimension d > 2 [37].
“Finally the advantage of encoding a ququart state in a single photon could be exploited for quantum information protocols like the optimal quantum cloning of quantum states with dimension d > 2 [37].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [37] source
- Rests on an assumption: The q-plate can entangle and disentangle the orbital angular momentum and polarization degrees of freedom.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenThe uncertainties in the experimental fidelities were evaluated according to the Poissonian statistics of the photon counting.
“The uncertainties have been evaluated according to the Poissonian statistics of the photon counting.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
The preparation and measurement processes are fairly symmetrical.
“Since these two processes are fairly symmetrical, the fidelities associated to the single preparation/measurement stage can be estimated as the square root of the previous values.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The linear entropy of the ideal ququart states is zero.
“the linear entropy S L values, theoretically equal to zero”
The paper relies on this without support.
The previous approach to quantum state reconstruction requires measurements of 16 operators and the corresponding 64 eigenstates.
“The previous approach requires the measurements of 16 operators and the corresponding 64 eigenstates.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The q-plate can entangle and disentangle the orbital angular momentum and polarization degrees of freedom.
“Thus the ability of the q-plate to entangle-disentangle the OAMpolarization degrees of freedom will be exploited for the preparation as well as for the measurement of the ququart states.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The input photon state is |H_π|0_o.
“assuming that the input photon state is |H π |0 o.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Conclusion misidentifies the tomography measurements
MinorThe conclusion says the density matrices were reconstructed by measuring all five mutually unbiased bases. The tomography section instead says its reconstruction used 36 separable measurements and presents mutually unbiased-basis tomography as a more efficient alternative.
“The states generated have been fully characterized through the quantum state tomography by measuring all the five mutually unbiased bases expected in a four-dimensional Hilbert space.”
“The tomography reconstruction obtained in the following way requires the estimation of 16 operators [50] through 36 separable measurements on the polarization-OAM subspaces.”
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Self-citationSecurity of Quantum Key Distribution Using d -Level Systems
Cerf, N. J., Bourennane, M., Karlsson, A., & Gisin, N. (2002) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.88.127902 · Cited by 1,359 · see citing works
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Bell Inequalities for Arbitrarily High-Dimensional Systems
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Advances in optical angular momentum
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Simplifying quantum logic using higher-dimensional Hilbert spaces
Lanyon, B. P., Barbieri, M., de Almeida, M. P., Jennewein, T. D., Ralph, T. C., Resch, K. J., Pryde, G. J., O’Brien, J. L., Gilchrist, A., & White, A. G. (2008) · Nature Physics · doi:10.1038/nphys1150 · Cited by 739 · see citing works
Geometrical description of quantal state determination
Ivonovic, I. D. (1981) · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and General · doi:10.1088/0305-4470/14/12/019 · Cited by 732 · see citing works
Quantum Cryptography with 3-State Systems
Bechmann-Pasquinucci, H., & Peres, A. (2000) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.85.3313 · Cited by 560 · see citing works
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Research on hidden variable theories: A review of recent progresses
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Optimal Eavesdropping in Cryptography with Three-Dimensional Quantum States
Bruß, D., & Macchiavello, C. (2002) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.88.127901 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Quantum Information Transfer from Spin to Orbital Angular Momentum of Photons
Nagali, E., Sciarrino, F., De Martini, F., Marrucci, L., Piccirillo, B., Karimi, E., & Santamato, E. (2009) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.103.013601 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Self-citationUnextendible Product Bases, Uncompletable Product Bases and Bound Entanglement
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Measuring Entangled Qutrits and Their Use for Quantum Bit Commitment
Langford, N. K., Dalton, R. B., Harvey, M., O’Brien, J. L., Pryde, G. J., Gilchrist, A., Bartlett, S. D., & White, A. G. (2004) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.93.053601 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Emulation of a Quantum Spin with a Superconducting Phase Qudit
Neeley, M., Ansmann, M., Bialczak, R. C., Hofheinz, M., Lucero, E. A., O’Connell, A. D., Sank, D., Wang, H., Wenner, J., Cleland, A. N., et al. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1173440 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Efficient Toffoli gates using qudits
Ralph, T. C., Resch, K. J., & Gilchrist, A. (2007) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.75.022313 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Constructions of Mutually Unbiased Bases
Klappenecker, A., & Rötteler, M. (2004) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-24633-6_10 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Quantum key distribution using multilevel encoding
Bourennane, M., Karlsson, A., & Bjork, G. G. (2001) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.64.012306 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Concentration of Higher Dimensional Entanglement: Qutrits of Photon Orbital Angular Momentum
Vaziri, A., Pan, J.-W., Jennewein, T., Weihs, G., & Zeilinger, A. (2003) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.91.227902 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Quantum Key Distribution with Higher-Order Alphabets Using Spatially Encoded Qudits
Walborn, S. P., Lemelle, D. S., de Almeida, M. P., & Ribeiro, P. H. S. (2006) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.96.090501 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Optimal quantum cloning of orbital angular momentum photon qubits through Hong–Ou–Mandel coalescence
Nagali, E., Sansoni, L., Sciarrino, F., Martini, F. D., Marrucci, L., Piccirillo, B., Karimi, E., & Santamato, E. (2009) · Nature Photonics · doi:10.1038/nphoton.2009.214 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Self-citationTriggered Qutrits for Quantum Communication Protocols
Molina‐Terriza, G., Vaziri, A., Řeháček, J., Hradil, Z., & Zeilinger, A. (2004) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.92.167903 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Manipulating Biphotonic Qutrits
Lanyon, B. P., Weinhold, T. J., Langford, N. K., O’Brien, J. L., Resch, K. J., Gilchrist, A., & White, A. G. (2008) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.100.060504 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Preparation of engineered two-photon entangled states for multidimensional quantum information
Torres, J. P., Deyanova, Y., Torner, L., & Molina-Terriza, G. (2003) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.67.052313 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Experimental Quantum Coin Tossing
Molina‐Terriza, G., Vaziri, A., Ursin, R., et al. (2005) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.94.040501 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Quantum key distribution without a shared reference frame
Souza, C. E. R., Borges, C. V. S., Khoury, A. Z., Huguenin, J. A. O., Aolita, L., & Walborn, S. P. (2008) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.77.032345 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Clauser-Horne inequality for three-state systems
Kaszlikowski, D., Kwek, L. C., Chen, J., Żukowski, M., & Oh, C. H. (2002) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.65.032118 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Exceeding the Classical Capacity Limit in a Quantum Optical Channel
Fujiwara, M., Takeoka, M., Mizuno, J., & Sasaki, M. (2003) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.90.167906 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Distinguishability of states and von Neumann entropy
Jozsa, R., & Schlienz, J. (2000) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.62.012301 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Entangling power and operator entanglement in qudit systems
Wang, X., Sanders, B. C., & Berry, D. W. (2003) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.67.042323 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Realization of Four-Level Qudits Using Biphotons
Moreva, E. V., Maslennikov, G., Straupe, S. S., & Kulik, S. P. (2006) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.97.023602 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Polarization control of single photon quantum orbital angular momentum states
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Self-citationPolarization states of four-dimensional systems based on biphotons
Bogdanov, Y. I., Moreva, E. V., Maslennikov, G. A., Galeev, R. F., Straupe, S. S., & Kulik, S. P. (2006) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.73.063810 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Experimental realization of polarization qutrits from nonmaximally entangled states
Vallone, G., Pomarico, E., Martini, F. D., et al. (2007) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.76.012319 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Preparation and characterization of arbitrary states of four-dimensional qudits based on biphotons
Baek, S.-Y., Straupe, S. S., Shurupov, A. P., Kulik, S. P., & Kim, Y.-H. (2008) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.78.042321 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Generation of qudits and entangled qudits
Li, Y., Zhang, K., & Peng, K. (2008) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.77.015802 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Generating qudits with d=3,4 encoded on two-photon states
D’Ariano, G. M., Mataloni, P., & Sacchi, M. F. (2005) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.71.062337 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
One-way quantum computation with four-dimensional photonic qudits
Joo, J., Knight, P. L., O’Brien, J. L., & Rudolph, T. (2007) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.76.052326 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Universal unitary gate for single-photon spin-orbit four-dimensional states
Slussarenko, S., Karimi, E., Piccirillo, B., Marrucci, L., & Santamato, E. (2009) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.80.022326 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationQudits of composite dimension, mutually unbiased bases and projective ring geometry
Planat, M., & Baboin, A.-C. (2007) · Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical · doi:10.1088/1751-8113/40/46/f04 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Qudits of composite dimension, mutually unbiased bases and projective ring geometryPreprint
Planat, M. R. P. (2007) · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Generating entangled states of two ququarts using linear optical elements
Baek, S.-Y., & Kim, Y. H. (2007) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.75.034309 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Quantum state engineering with ququarts: Application for deterministic QKD protocol
Shurupov, A. P., Straupe, S. S., Kulik, S. P., Gharib, M., & Wahiddin, M. R. B. (2009) · EPL (Europhysics Letters) · doi:10.1209/0295-5075/87/10008 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Compatible transformations for a qudit decoherence-free/noiseless encoding
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Symmetric extendibility for qudits and tolerable error rates in quantum cryptography
Ranade, K. S. (2009) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.80.022301 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Optimal purification of a generic n -qudit state
Benenti, G., & Strini, G. (2009) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.79.052301 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Compatible Transformations for a Qudit Decoherence-free/Noiseless EncodingPreprint
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Practical implementation of multilevel quantum cryptography
Kulik, S. P., Maslennikov, G., & Moreva, E. V. (2006) · Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics · doi:10.1134/s1063776106050037 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
On quantum key distribution using ququarts
Kulik, S. P., & Shurupov, A. P. (2007) · Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics · doi:10.1134/s106377610705007x · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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High-dimensional intracity quantum cryptography with structured photons
Sit, A., Bouchard, F., Fickler, R., Gagnon-Bischoff, J., Larocque, H., Heshami, K., Elser, D., Peuntinger, C., Günthner, K., Heim, B., et al. (2017) · Optica · doi:10.1364/optica.4.001006 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
“OAM, are referred to as structured photons; these photons can be used to realize higher-dimensional states of light [8].”
BackgroundMethodMarrucci, L., Karimi, E., Slussarenko, S., Piccirillo, B., Santamato, E., Nagali, E., & Sciarrino, F. (2011) · Journal of Optics · doi:10.1088/2040-8978/13/6/064001 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
“[104].”
Self-citationComplete experimental toolbox for alignment-free quantum communication
D’Ambrosio, V., Nagali, E., Walborn, S. P., Aolita, L., Slussarenko, S., Marrucci, L., & Sciarrino, F. (2012) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms1951 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Self-citationConcepts in quantum state tomography and classical implementation with intense light: a tutorial
Toninelli, E., Ndagano, B. I., Vallés, A., Sephton, B., Nape, I. M., Ambrosio, A., Capasso, F., Padgett, M. J., & Forbes, A. (2019) · Advances in Optics and Photonics · doi:10.1364/aop.11.000067 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Forbes, A., & Nape, I. M. (2019) · AVS Quantum Science · doi:10.1116/1.5112027 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Structured Light in Turbulence
Cox, M. A., Mphuthi, N., Nape, I. M., Mashaba, N., Cheng, L., & Forbes, A. (2020) · IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics · doi:10.1109/jstqe.2020.3023790 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
“While modes can be detected by way of reciprocity, using the same generation methods, deterministic detection methods have been proposed [87], [88].”
MethodCharacterization of High-Dimensional Entangled Systems via Mutually Unbiased Measurements
Giovannini, D., Romero, J., Leach, J., Dudley, A., Forbes, A., & Padgett, M. J. (2013) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.110.143601 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Quantum interference between transverse spatial waveguide modes
Mohanty, A., Zhang, M., Dutt, A., Ramelow, S., Nussenzveig, P., & Lipson, M. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms14010 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Quantum structured light in high dimensions
Nape, I. M., Sephton, B., Ornelas, P., Moodley, C., & Forbes, A. (2023) · APL Photonics · doi:10.1063/5.0138224 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Experimental Optimal Cloning of Four-Dimensional Quantum States of Photons
Nagali, E., Giovannini, D., Marrucci, L., Slussarenko, S., Santamato, E., & Sciarrino, F. (2010) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.105.073602 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citationExperimental Implementation of a Kochen-Specker Set of Quantum Tests
D’Ambrosio, V., Herbauts, I., Amselem, E., Nagali, E., Bourennane, M., Sciarrino, F., & Cabello, A. (2013) · Physical Review X · doi:10.1103/physrevx.3.011012 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“In order to test this state-independent impossible-to-beat quantum advantage in an experiment, we use for the encoding 2 different degrees of freedom of the same photon: the polarization and a bidimensional subset of the orbitalangular-momentum space [42], spanned by the states with eigenvalues m 1⁄4 2@.”
MethodSelf-citationConformal frequency conversion for arbitrary vectorial structured light
Wu, H., Yu, B., Zhu, Z., et al. (2022) · Optica · doi:10.1364/optica.444685 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Slussarenko, S., D’Ambrosio, V., Piccirillo, B., Marrucci, L., & Santamato, E. (2010) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.18.027205 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationJoining the quantum state of two photons into one
Vitelli, C., Spagnolo, N., Aparo, L., Sciarrino, F., Santamato, E., & Marrucci, L. (2013) · Nature Photonics · doi:10.1038/nphoton.2013.107 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“[11] E.”
Self-citationEntanglement-enhanced quantum metrology in a noisy environment
Wang, K., Wang, X., Zhan, X., Bian, Z., Li, J., Sanders, B. C., & Xue, P. (2018) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.97.042112 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“In the preparation stage, we prepare single photons in polarization-spatial hyperentangled states for entanglement-assisted singleprobe approach [31, 32].”
MethodGeneration of isolated asymmetric umbilics in light's polarization
Galvez, E. J., Rojec, B. L., Kumar, V., et al. (2014) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.89.031801 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Hybrid ququart-encoded quantum cryptography protected by Kochen-Specker contextuality
Cabello, A., D’Ambrosio, V., Nagali, E., & Sciarrino, F. (2011) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.84.030302 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationExperimental high-dimensional quantum secret sharing with spin-orbit-structured photons
Oliveira, M. D., Nape, I. M., Pinnell, J., Tabebordbar, N., & Forbes, A. (2020) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.101.042303 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Using all transverse degrees of freedom in quantum communications based on a generic mode sorter
Zhou, Y., Mirhosseini, M., Oliver, S., Zhao, J., Rafsanjani, S. M. H., Lavery, M. P. J., Willner, A. E., & Boyd, R. W. (2019) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.27.010383 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Tam, A. M. W., Fan, F., Du, T., Hu, W., Zhang, W., Zhao, C., Wang, X., Ching, K.-L., Li, G., Luo, H., et al. (2017) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.7.034010 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
High-dimensional encoding based on classical nonseparability
Li, P., Wang, B., & Zhang, X. (2016) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.24.015143 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Quantum teleportation in the spin-orbit variables of photon pairs
Khoury, A. Z., & Milman, P. (2011) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.83.060301 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Test of mutually unbiased bases for six-dimensional photonic quantum systems
D’Ambrosio, V., Cardano, F., Karimi, E., Nagali, E., Santamato, E., Marrucci, L., & Sciarrino, F. (2013) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep02726 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Hybrid methods combining polarization and OAM were also used to define and manipulate photonic ququarts (d = 4) [29, 30].”
MethodSelf-citationSpatial-Polarization-Independent Parametric Up-Conversion of Vectorially Structured Light
Wu, H.-J., Zhao, B., Rosales-Guzmán, C., Gao, W., Shi, B.-S., & Zhu, Z.-H. (2020) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.13.064041 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Topological structures in vector-vortex beam fields
Kumar, V., & Viswanathan, N. K. (2014) · Journal of the Optical Society of America B · doi:10.1364/josab.31.000a40 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Unternährer, M., Bessire, B., Gasparini, L., et al. (2016) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.24.028829 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Unternährer, M., Bessire, B., Gasparini, L., et al. (2016) · Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern) · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Characterization of the focusing performance of axial line-focused spiral zone plates
Zheng, C., Su, S., Zang, H., et al. (2018) · Applied Optics · doi:10.1364/ao.57.003802 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Experimental Observation of Impossible-to-Beat Quantum Advantage on a Hybrid Photonic System
Nagali, E., D’Ambrosio, V., Sciarrino, F., & Cabello, A. (2012) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.108.090501 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationAharon-Vaidman quantum game with a Young-type photonic qutrit
Kolenderski, P. L., Sinha, U., Li, Y., et al. (2012) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.86.012321 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Digital Discovery of 100 diverse Quantum Experiments with PyTheus
Ruiz-Gonzalez, C., Arlt, S., Petermann, J., Sayyad, S., Jaouni, T., Karimi, E., Tischler, N., Gu, X., & Krenn, M. (2023) · Quantum · doi:10.22331/q-2023-12-12-1204 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Sharing the same motivation as spin-1 systems, the four-level spin-3/2 systems have putative implications in qudits with d = 4 quantum computation [214].”
BackgroundPiccirillo, B., Slussarenko, S., Marrucci, L., & Santamato, E. (2013) · Griffith Research Online · doi:10.1393/ncr/i2013-10094-y · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationThe quest for higher dimensionality
Straupe, S. S., & Kulik, S. P. (2010) · Nature Photonics · doi:10.1038/nphoton.2010.215 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Deterministic qubit transfer between orbital and spin angular momentum of single photons
D’Ambrosio, V., Nagali, E., Monken, C. H., Slussarenko, S., Marrucci, L., & Sciarrino, F. (2012) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.37.000172 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationGeneration of polarization singularities with geometric metasurfaces
Zhang, Y., Yang, X., & Gao, J. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-56179-3 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Toward Arbitrary Spin‐Orbit Flat Optics Via Structured Geometric Phase Gratings
Li, C., Liu, S., Yu, B., Wu, H., Rosales‐Guzmán, C., Shen, Y., Chen, P., Zhu, Z., & Lu, Y. (2023) · Laser & Photonics Review · doi:10.1002/lpor.202200800 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Resilience of orbital-angular-momentum photonic qubits and effects on hybrid entanglement
Giovannini, D., Nagali, E., Marrucci, L., & Sciarrino, F. (2011) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.83.042338 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationMarrucci, L., Karimi, E., Slussarenko, S., Piccirillo, B., Santamato, E., Nagali, E., & Sciarrino, F. (2012) · Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals · doi:10.1080/15421406.2012.686710 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationSlussarenko, S., Karimi, E., Piccirillo, B., Marrucci, L., & Santamato, E. (2010) · Journal of the Optical Society of America A · doi:10.1364/josaa.28.000061 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationRemote information concentration and multipartite entanglement in multilevel systems
Wang, X.-W., Zhang, D.-Y., Yang, G., Tang, S.-Q., & Li-Jun, X. (2011) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.84.042310 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Liquid crystal spatial-mode converters for the orbital angular momentum of light
Slussarenko, S., Piccirillo, B., Chigrinov, V. G., Marrucci, L., & Santamato, E. (2013) · Journal of Optics · doi:10.1088/2040-8978/15/2/025406 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“…multidimensional and thus can be used for the implementation (separately, or together with the spin space) of photonic “qudits”, i.e. multilevel quantum states used as elemental information carriers [2–4], and of decoherence-free photonic qubits, e.g. for alignment-free quantum communication [5].”
Self-citationExperimental demonstration of free-space optical vortex transmutation with polygonal lenses
Gao, N., & Xie, C. (2012) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.37.003255 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Integrated preparation and manipulation of high-dimensional flying structured photons
Zhao, H., Zhang, Y., Gao, Z., Yim, J., Shuang, W., Litchinitser, N. M., Ge, L., & Feng, L. (2024) · eLight · doi:10.1186/s43593-024-00066-6 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Furthermore, geometric phase elements have been adopted in simpler configurations to yield four-dimensional (4D) spin–orbit mutually unbiased bases (MUBs) for quantum key distribution [27], and also hold promise for generating arbitrary spin–orbit SU (4) states [30].”
BackgroundMethodTwin inequality for fully contextual quantum correlations
Cabello, A. (2013) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.87.010104 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Zeng, Q., Li, T., Song, X.-B., & Zhang, X. (2016) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.24.008186 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Li, L., Wang, T.-J., & Wang, C. X. (2019) · Modern Physics Letters B · doi:10.1142/s0217984920500177 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Flux enhancement of photons entangled in orbital angular momentum
Palacios, S., León‐Montiel, R. D. J., Hendrych, M., Valencia, A., & Torres, J. P. (2011) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.19.014108 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Construction of mutually unbiased bases with cyclic symmetry for qubit systems
Seyfarth, U., & Ranade, K. S. (2011) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.84.042327 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Witnesses of coherence and dimension from multiphoton indistinguishability tests
Giordani, T., Esposito, C., Hoch, F., Carvacho, G., Brod, D. J., Galvão, E. F., Spagnolo, N., & Sciarrino, F. (2021) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.3.023031 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationCharacterization of a spatial light modulator as a polarization quantum channel
Lemos, G. B., de Almeida, J. O., Walborn, S. P., et al. (2014) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.89.042119 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Vector-Mode Decay in Atmospheric Turbulence: An Analysis Inspired by Quantum Mechanics
Nape, I. M., Mashaba, N., Mphuthi, N., Jayakumar, S., Bhattacharya, S., & Forbes, A. (2021) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.15.034030 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Theory for the control of dark rays by means of discrete symmetry diffractive elements
Ferrando, A., & García-March, M. Á. (2013) · Journal of Optics · doi:10.1088/2040-8978/15/4/044014 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
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High-capacity quantum secure direct communication using hyper-entanglement of photonic qubits
Cai, J., Pan, Z., Wang, T.-J., Wang, S., & Wang, C. X. (2016) · International Journal of Quantum Information · doi:10.1142/s021974991650043x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
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Joining and splitting the quantum states of photons
Passaro, E., Vitelli, C., Spagnolo, N., Sciarrino, F., Santamato, E., & Marrucci, L. (2013) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.88.062321 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationYoo, J., Choi, Y., Cho, Y., Han, S.-W., Lee, S., Moon, S., Oh, K., & Kim, Y. (2018) · Optics Communications · doi:10.1016/j.optcom.2018.02.071 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Complete experimental toolbox for alignment-free quantum communication
D’Ambrosio, V., Nagali, E., Walborn, S. P., Aolita, L., Slussarenko, S., Marrucci, L., & Sciarrino, F. (2013) · Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC) · doi:10.1109/cleoe-iqec.2013.6801728 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationA hybrid quantum eraser scheme for characterization of free-space and fiber communication channels
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Parallel-in-time optical simulation of history states
Pabón, D. O., Rebón, L., Bordakevich, S., Gigena, N., Boette, A., Iemmi, C., Rossignoli, R., & Ledesma, S. A. (2019) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.99.062333 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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Generation of mutually unbiased bases for 4D-QKD with structured photons via LNOI photonic wire
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“which utilize combined freedom degrees of light: orbital angular momentum (OAM) and spin angular momentum (SAM) [15].”
BackgroundInfluentialControlled interaction of the optical vortices generated by off-center spiral zone plates
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Spatial-Variant Geometric Phase of Hybrid-Polarized Vector Optical Fields
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Decoy state HD QKD system for secure optical communication
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Two-local modifications of Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev model with quantum chaos
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Entangling two separate photonic ququarts using linear optical elements
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Generation of two pairs of qudits using four photons and a single degree of freedom
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Quantum state fusion in photons
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Self-citationQuantum multiplexing in single photons
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Self-citationSWAP and Fredkin gates for OAM optical beams via the sandwich of anisotropic optical fibers
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Generation and Applications of n-Qubit Hyperentangled Photon States
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Engineering of photonic orbital angular momentum quantum states for quantum information processing
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Self-citationGeneration of Qudits Using Four Photons and a Single Degree of Freedom
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Spin and orbital angular momentum coupling
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Self-citationQuantifying high-dimensional non-Markovianity via quantum Fisher information matrix
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- Authors
- Nagali, E., Sansoni, L., Marrucci, L., Santamato, E., & Sciarrino, F.
- Affiliations
- Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
- University of Naples Federico II (IT)
- National Interuniversity Consortium for the Physical Sciences of Matter (IT)
- National Institute of Optics (IT)
- Venue
- Physical Review A
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 2010-05-14
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 5
- ISSN
- 0556-2791 (ISSN-L)
- 1050-2947
- 1094-1622
- OpenAlex
- W2010086939
- Semantic Scholar
- f92be077b794402263973f34a1fe4b4038f252fd
- Cited by
- 80
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 7 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 12.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Physical Review A (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- INO Open Portal (submittedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Orbital Angular Momentum in Optics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Mechanics and Applications
- Keywords
- ququarts, qudits, high-dimensional quantum states, single-photon states, orbital angular momentum, polarization encoding, q-plate, mutually unbiased bases
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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