The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 42 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Quantum inference on Bayesian networks
Open accessAbstract
Performing exact inference on Bayesian networks is known to be $#P$-hard. Typically approximate inference techniques are used instead to sample from the distribution on query variables given the values $e$ of evidence variables. Classically, a single unbiased sample is obtained from a Bayesian network on $n$ variables with at most $m$ parents per node in time $O(nmP{(e)}^{\ensuremath{-}1})$, depending critically on $P(e)$, the probability that the evidence might occur in the first place. By implementing a quantum version of rejection sampling, we obtain a square-root speedup, taking $O(n{2}^{m}P{(e)}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}})$ time per sample. We exploit the Bayesian network's graph structure to efficiently construct a quantum state, a q-sample, representing the intended classical distribution, and also to efficiently apply amplitude amplification, the source of our speedup. Thus, our speedup is notable as it is unrelativized---we count primitive operations and require no blackbox oracle queries.
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“Sufficiently powerful quantum computers can in principle provide computational speedups for key machine learning algorithms and subroutines such as data fitting [4], principal component analysis [5], Bayesian inference [6,7], Monte Carlo methods [8], support vector machines [9,10], Boltzmann machines [11,12], and recommendation systems [13].”
From Continuous-variable quantum neural networks (2019) · cites this paper as [6]
Citations
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Metropolis, N., Rosenbluth, A. W., Rosenbluth, M. N., Teller, A. H., & Teller, E. (1953) · doi:10.2172/4390578 · Cited by 1,701
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1 of the 42 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- 10.1007/BF00994110 · DOI
- A. D. Bookatz, 2014, Quantum Inf. Comput., 14, 5
- T. Lee, 2011, Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS)
- P. Kaye, 2002, Proceedings of the International Conference on Quantum Information
- D. M. Chickering, 2004, J. Mach. Learn. Res., 5, 1287
- J. Combes, 2014, APS March Meeting
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EQNN: Enhanced Quantum Neural Network — A Case Study of Mobile Data Usage Prediction
Chen, A. C. H. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Machine Learning and Applied Network Technologies (ICMLANT) · doi:10.1109/icmlant63295.2024.00007
Quantum inference for Bayesian networks: an empirical study
Ohno, H. (2025) · Quantum Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1007/s42484-025-00251-x
Bitcoin Trading with Quantum Belief NetworksPreprint
Biswas, A., & Zaman, S. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5281675
$k$-Contextuality as a Heuristic for Memory Separations in Learning
Teo, M. H., Yang, W., Sud, J., Tomesh, T., Chong, F. T., & Anschuetz, E. R. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE) · doi:10.1109/qce65121.2025.00260 · Cited by 3
Quantum Bayesian Inference for Rail Infrastructure Condition Assessment
Alabintei, D. D., & Attoh-Okine, N. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE) · doi:10.1109/qce65121.2025.10390
Quantum algorithms for the Monte Carlo method
Hamoudi, Y. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/43dbb94ez355ez42d2za9e8z47c1e9983ab9
Quantum Bayesian networks can speed up reinforcement learning in partially observable environments
Cunha, G., Ramôa, A., Sequeira, A., de Oliveira, M., & Barbosa, L. (2026) · Quantum Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1007/s42484-026-00401-9 · Cited by 1
Speeding up chip-yield analysis by improved quantum Bayesian inference
Li, Z.-M., Li, Z., Li, T., & Liu, Y.-X. (2026) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/bk33-qzls
Quantum machine learning: A comprehensive survey of models, tools, and challenges
Mahmoud, T. M., Hassan, M. R., Joseph, S., Boukabou, I., & Kaabouch, N. (2026) · Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences · doi:10.1007/s44443-026-01177-5
Metadata
- Authors
- Low, G. H., Yoder, T. J., & Chuang, I. L.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Venue
- Physical Review A
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 2014-06-13
- Volume
- 89
- Issue
- 6
- ISSN
- 0556-2791 (ISSN-L)
- 1050-2947
- 1094-1622
- OpenAlex
- W1559984405
- Cited by
- 109
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 1.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Physical Review A (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Physical Review Letters
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Army Research Office
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference
- Keywords
- Bayesian networks, amplitude amplification, approximate inference, quantum advantage, #P-hardness, sampling from distributions
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