The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Reliability of Raman measurements of thermal conductivity of single-layer graphene due to selective electron-phonon coupling: A first-principles study
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy has been widely used to measure thermal conductivity ($\ensuremath{\kappa}$) of two-dimensional (2D) materials such as graphene. This method is based on a well-accepted assumption that different phonon polarizations are in near thermal equilibrium. However, in this paper, we show that, in laser-irradiated single-layer graphene, different phonon polarizations are in strong nonequilibrium, using predictive simulations based on first principles density functional perturbation theory and a multitemperature model. We first calculate the electron cooling rate due to phonon scattering as a function of the electron and phonon temperatures, and the results clearly illustrate that optical phonons dominate the hot electron relaxation process. We then use these results in conjunction with the phonon scattering rates computed using perturbation theory to develop a multitemperature model and resolve the spatial temperature distributions of the energy carriers in graphene under steady-state laser irradiation. Our results show that electrons, optical phonons, and acoustic phonons are in strong nonequilibrium, with the flexural acoustic (ZA) phonons showing the largest nonequilibrium to other phonon modes, mainly due to their weak coupling to other carriers in suspended graphene. Since ZA phonons are the main heat carriers in graphene, we estimate that neglecting this nonequilibrium leads to underestimation of thermal conductivity in experiments at room temperature by a factor of 1.35 to 2.6, depending on experimental conditions and assumptions used. Underestimation is also expected in Raman measurements of other 2D materials when the optical-acoustic phonon coupling is weak.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“So far, the thermal conductivities of monolayer or few-layer 2D materials have been dominantly measured by micro-Raman spectroscopy and thermal bridge method”
From Tutorial: Time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR) for thermal property characterization of bulk and thin film materials (2018) · cites this paper as [222]
In the citing paper
“both with their intrinsic limitations that impair the accuracy of their measurements. 221, 222”
From Tutorial: Time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR) for thermal property characterization of bulk and thin film materials (2018) · cites this paper as [222]
Citations
Cites
Special points for Brillouin-zone integrations
Monkhorst, H. J., & Pack, J. D. (1976) · Physical Review B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.13.5188 · Cited by 71,721
QUANTUM ESPRESSO: a modular and open-source software project for quantum simulations of materials
Giannozzi, P., Baroni, S., Bonini, N., Calandra, M., Car, R., Cavazzoni, C., Ceresoli, D., Chiarotti, G., Cococcioni, M., Dabo, I., et al. (2009) · Journal of Physics Condensed Matter · doi:10.1088/0953-8984/21/39/395502 · Cited by 29,793
Superior Thermal Conductivity of Single-Layer Graphene
Balandin, A. A., Ghosh, S., Bao, W., Calizo, I., Teweldebrhan, D., Miao, F., & Lau, C. N. (2008) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl0731872 · Cited by 13,823
Ferrari, A. C. (2007) · Solid State Communications · doi:10.1016/j.ssc.2007.03.052 · Cited by 7,706
Raman spectroscopy in graphene
Malard, L. M., Pimenta, M. A., Dresselhaus, G., & Dresselhaus, M. S. (2009) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2009.02.003 · Cited by 6,168
Introduction to infrared and Raman spectroscopy
Jayasooriya, U. A. (1991) · Spectrochimica Acta Part A Molecular Spectroscopy · doi:10.1016/0584-8539(91)80026-f · Cited by 2,989
Spatially Resolved Raman Spectroscopy of Single- and Few-Layer Graphene
Graf, D., Molitor, F., Ensslin, K., Stampfer, C., Jungen, A., Hierold, C., & Wirtz, L. (2007) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl061702a · Cited by 2,631
Ghosh, S., Calizo, I., Teweldebrhan, D., Pokatilov, E. P., Nika, D. L., Balandin, A. A., Bao, W., Miao, F., & Lau, C. N. (2008) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.2907977 · Cited by 2,116
Two-Dimensional Phonon Transport in Supported Graphene
Seol, J. H., Jo, I., Moore, A. L., Lindsay, L., Aitken, Z. H., Pettes, M. T., Li, X., Yao, Z., Huang, R., Broido, D., et al. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1184014 · Cited by 1,926
Lin, Z., Zhigilei, L. V., & Celli, V. (2008) · Physical Review B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.77.075133 · Cited by 1,444
Thermal Transport in Suspended and Supported Monolayer Graphene Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition
Cai, W., Moore, A. L., Zhu, Y., Li, X., Chen, S., Shi, L., & Ruoff, R. S. (2010) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl9041966 · Cited by 1,276
Theory of thermal relaxation of electrons in metals
Allen, P. B. (1987) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.59.1460 · Cited by 1,118
Kohn Anomalies and Electron-Phonon Interactions in Graphite
Piscanec, S., Lazzeri, M., Mauri, F., Ferrari, A. C., & Robertson, J. (2004) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.93.185503 · Cited by 894
Shi, L., Li, D., Yu, C., Jang, W., Kim, D., Yao, Z., Kim, P., & Majumdar, A. (2003) · Journal of Heat Transfer · doi:10.1115/1.1597619 · Cited by 733
Noffsinger, J., Giustino, F., Malone, B. D., Park, C.-H., Louie, S. G., & Cohen, M. L. (2010) · Computer Physics Communications · doi:10.1016/j.cpc.2010.08.027 · Cited by 490
Sun, D., Wu, Z.-K., Divin, C. J., Li, X., Berger, C., de Heer, W. A., First, P. N., & Norris, T. B. (2008) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.101.157402 · Cited by 483
Phonon Anharmonicities in Graphite and Graphene
Bonini, N., Lazzeri, M., Marzari, N., & Mauri, F. (2007) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.99.176802 · Cited by 478
MoS2 and WS2 Analogues of Graphene
Matte, H. S. S. R., Gomathi, A., Manna, A. K., Late, D. J., Datta, R., Pati, S. K., & Rao, C. N. R. (2010) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.201000009 · Cited by 468
Thermal conductivity of suspended pristine graphene measured by Raman spectroscopy
Lee, J., Yoon, D., Kim, H., Lee, S. W., & Cheong, H. (2011) · Physical Review B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.83.081419 · Cited by 417
Thermal Conductivity of Graphene in Corbino Membrane Geometry
Faugeras, C., Faugeras, B., Orlita, M., Potemski, M., Nair, R. R., & Geim, A. K. (2010) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/nn9016229 · Cited by 394
Symmetry-based approach to electron-phonon interactions in graphene
Mañes, J. L. (2007) · Physical Review B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.76.045430 · Cited by 272
First-principles analysis of electron-phonon interactions in graphene
Borysenko, K. M., Mullen, J. T., Barry, E., Paul, S., Semenov, Y. G., Zavada, J. M., Nardelli, M. B., & Kim, K. W. (2010) · Physical Review B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.81.121412 · Cited by 228
Electron and Optical Phonon Temperatures in Electrically Biased Graphene
Berciaud, S., Han, M. Y., Mak, K. F., Brus, L. E., Kim, P., & Heinz, T. F. (2010) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.104.227401 · Cited by 224
Mechanism of thermal conductivity reduction in few-layer graphene
Singh, D., Murthy, J. Y., & Fisher, T. S. (2011) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/1.3622300 · Cited by 161
Self-citationUnraveling the acoustic electron-phonon interaction in graphene
Kaasbjerg, K., Thygesen, K. S., & Jacobsen, K. W. (2012) · Physical Review B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.85.165440 · Cited by 153
Wang, Y., Ruan, X., & Roy, A. K. (2012) · Physical Review B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.85.205311 · Cited by 134
Self-citationCooling of photoexcited carriers in graphene by internal and substrate phonons
Low, T., Perebeinos, V., Kim, R., Freitag, M., & Avouris, P. (2012) · Physical Review B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.86.045413 · Cited by 126
Hot Phonons in an Electrically Biased Graphene Constriction
Chae, D.-H., Krauss, B., von Klitzing, K., & Smet, J. H. (2009) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl903167f · Cited by 112
Thermal transport in graphene supported on copper
Chen, L., & Kumar, S. (2012) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/1.4740071 · Cited by 98
First-Principles Study of Electron Linewidths in Graphene
Park, C.-H., Giustino, F., Spataru, C. D., Cohen, M. L., & Louie, S. G. (2009) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.102.076803 · Cited by 87
Electronic thermal conductivity measurements in intrinsic graphene
Yiğen, S., Tayari, V., Island, J. O., Porter, J. M., & Champagne, A. R. (2013) · Physical Review B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.87.241411 · Cited by 64
Spectral phonon conduction and dominant scattering pathways in graphene
Singh, D., Murthy, J. Y., & Fisher, T. S. (2011) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/1.3656451 · Cited by 56
Self-citationPhonon conductivity in graphene
Alofi, A., & Srivastava, G. P. (2012) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/1.4733690 · Cited by 35
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- S. I. Anisimov, 1974, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz., 66, 776
- S. I. Anisimov, 1974, Sov. Phys. JETP, 39, 375
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Four-phonon scattering significantly reduces intrinsic thermal conductivity of solids
Feng, T., Lindsay, L., & Ruan, X. (2017) · Physical Review B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.96.161201 · Cited by 756
Self-citationJiang, P., Qian, X., & Yang, R. (2018) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/1.5046944 · Cited by 424
Colloquium : Phononic thermal properties of two-dimensional materials
Gu, X., Wei, Y., Yin, X., Li, B., & Yang, R. (2018) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.90.041002 · Cited by 385
Carbon and carbon composites for thermoelectric applications
Zhang, Y., Zhang, Q., & Chen, G. (2020) · Carbon Energy · doi:10.1002/cey2.68 · Cited by 280
Tong, Z., Li, S., Ruan, X., & Bao, H. (2019) · Physical review. B./Physical review. B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.100.144306 · Cited by 256
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Vallabhaneni, A. K., Singh, D., Bao, H., Murthy, J., & Ruan, X.
- Affiliations
- Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
- Intel (United States) (US)
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Ruan, Xiulin
- ORCID
- Venue
- Physical Review B
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 2016-03-28
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 12
- ISSN
- 2469-9950 (ISSN-L)
- 2469-9969
- OpenAlex
- W2324689618
- Cited by
- 134
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 5.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Physical review. B./Physical review. B (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Purdue University
- Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-11-1-0057)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (51306111)
- Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (13ZR1456000)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Thermal properties of materials
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Graphene research and applications
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › 2D Materials and Applications
- Keywords
- monolayer graphene, thermal conductivity, Raman thermometry, electron-phonon coupling, nonequilibrium phonons, electron cooling, optical phonons, laser irradiation, suspended graphene, density functional perturbation theory, two-dimensional materials
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
