The DOI matches its Crossref record; 23 of the 23 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Randomness versus Nonlocality and Entanglement
Open accessAbstract
The outcomes obtained in Bell tests involving two-outcome measurements on two subsystems can, in principle, generate up to 2 bits of randomness. However, the maximal violation of the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality guarantees the generation of only 1.23 bits of randomness. We prove here that quantum correlations with arbitrarily little nonlocality and states with arbitrarily little entanglement can be used to certify that close to the maximum of 2 bits of randomness are produced. Our results show that nonlocality, entanglement, and randomness are inequivalent quantities. They also imply that device-independent quantum key distribution with an optimal key generation rate is possible by using almost-local correlations and that device-independent randomness generation with an optimal rate is possible with almost-local correlations and with almost-unentangled states.
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“Although non-locality or entanglement certi fi es the randomness, the three quantities, non-locality, entanglement and randomness, are not equivalent. 68”
From Quantum random number generation (2016) · cites this paper as [68]
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“Maximum randomness generation does not require maximum non-local correlation or a maximum entangled state.”
From Quantum random number generation (2016) · cites this paper as [68]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“It is shown that 2 bits of randomness can be certi fi ed with little involvement of non-locality and entanglement. 68”
From Quantum random number generation (2016) · cites this paper as [68]
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Citations
Cites
Proposed Experiment to Test Local Hidden-Variable Theories
Clauser, J. F., Horne, M. A., Shimony, A., & Holt, R. A. (1969) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.23.880 · Cited by 7,573
Quantum information and computation
Bennett, C. H., & DiVincenzo, D. P. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35005001 · Cited by 3,263
Concentrating partial entanglement by local operations
Bennett, C. H., Bernstein, H. J., Popescu, S., & Schumacher, B. W. (1996) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.53.2046 · Cited by 3,151
Speakable and Unspeakable in Quatum Mechanics
Bell, J. S., & Mermin, N. D. (1988) · Physics Today · doi:10.1063/1.2811599 · Cited by 2,985
Speakable and unspeakable in quantum mechanics
Whitaker, M. A. B. (1988) · Endeavour · doi:10.1016/0160-9327(88)90092-0 · Cited by 2,228
Device-independent security of quantum cryptography against collective attacks
Acín, A., Brunner, N., Gisin, N., Massar, S., Pironio, S., & Scarani, V. (2007) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.98.230501 · Cited by 1,537
Self-citationRandom numbers certified by Bell’s theorem
Pironio, S., Acín, A., Massar, S., de la Giroday, A. B., Matsukevich, D. N., Maunz, P., Olmschenk, S., Hayes, D., Luo, L., Manning, T. A., et al. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09008 · Cited by 1,420
Self-citationHidden variables, joint probability, and the Bell inequalities
Fine, A. (1982) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.48.291 · Cited by 1,181
No Signaling and Quantum Key Distribution
Barrett, J., Hardy, L., & Kent, A. (2005) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.95.010503 · Cited by 916
Nonlocal correlations as an information-theoretic resource
Barrett, J., Linden, N., Massar, S., Pironio, S., Popescu, S., & Roberts, D. (2005) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.71.022101 · Cited by 630
Self-citationDevice-independent quantum key distribution secure against collective attacks
Pironio, S., Acín, A., Brunner, N., Gisin, N., Massar, S., & Scarani, V. (2009) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/11/4/045021 · Cited by 613
Self-citationQuantum And Relativistic Protocols For Secure Multi-Party ComputationPreprint
Colbeck, R. (2009) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.0911.3814 · Cited by 493
General properties of nonsignaling theories
Masanes, L., Acín, A., & Gisin, N. (2006) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.73.012112 · Cited by 410
Self-citationSecure device-independent quantum key distribution with causally independent measurement devices
Masanes, L., Pironio, S., & Acín, A. (2011) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms1244 · Cited by 383
Self-citationPrivate randomness expansion with untrusted devices
Colbeck, R., & Kent, A. (2011) · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical · doi:10.1088/1751-8113/44/9/095305 · Cited by 379
Entanglement and non-locality are different resources
Brunner, N., Gisin, N., & Scarani, V. (2005) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/7/1/088 · Cited by 151
Signal-locality in hidden-variables theories
Valentini, A. (2002) · Physics Letters A · doi:10.1016/s0375-9601(02)00438-3 · Cited by 123
Optimal Bell Tests Do Not Require Maximally Entangled States
Acín, A., Gill, R. D., & Gisin, N. (2005) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.95.210402 · Cited by 94
Self-citationMéthot, A. A., & Scarani, V. (2007) · Quantum Information and Computation · doi:10.26421/qic7.1-2-10 · Cited by 87
Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution with Commuting MeasurementsPreprint
Hänggi, E., & Renner, R. (2010) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1009.1833 · Cited by 73
Violations of Bell inequalities as lower bounds on the communication cost of nonlocal correlations
Pironio, S. (2003) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.68.062102 · Cited by 70
Self-citationExtremal Quantum Correlations and Cryptographic Security
Franz, T., Furrer, F., & Werner, R. F. (2011) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.106.250502 · Cited by 34
Quantitative complementarity relations in bipartite systemsPreprint
Jakob, M., & Bergou, J. A. (2003) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.quant-ph/0302075 · Cited by 11
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Sorted by citations
Brunner, N., Cavalcanti, D., Pironio, S., Scarani, V., & Wehner, S. (2014) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.86.419 · Cited by 2,688
Self-citationScarani, V. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198788416.001.0001 · Cited by 714
Uola, R., Costa, A. C. S., Nguyen, H. C., & Gühne, O. (2020) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.92.015001 · Cited by 641
Quantum random number generation
Ma, X., Yuan, X., Cao, Z., Qi, B., & Zhang, Z. (2016) · npj Quantum Information · doi:10.1038/npjqi.2016.21 · Cited by 445
Security in quantum cryptography
Portmann, C., & Renner, R. (2022) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.94.025008 · Cited by 475
Metadata
- Authors
- Acín, A., Massar, S., & Pironio, S.
- Affiliations
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ES)
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (BE)
- Venue
- Physical Review Letters
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 2012-03-09
- Volume
- 108
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 100402-100402
- ISSN
- 0031-9007 (ISSN-L)
- 1079-7114
- OpenAlex
- W1985083346
- Cited by
- 324
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 55 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 15.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Physical Review Letters (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Dépôt institutionnel de l'Université libre de Bruxelles (Université Libre de Bruxelles) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Mechanics and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Random lasers and scattering media
- Keywords
- randomness generation, nonlocality, entanglement, Bell tests, CHSH inequality, device-independent quantum key distribution, device-independent randomness generation, quantum correlations
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