Apparent Weight of Photons
Open accessAbstract
As we proposed a few months ago, ' we have now measured the effect, originally hypothesized by Einstein, ' of gravitational potential on the ap- parent frequency of electromagnetic radiation by using the sharply defined energy of recoil-free y rays emitted and absorbed in solids, as dis-
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The gravitational redshift was confirmed in a lab experiment by Pound, Rebka and Snider, verifying the general relativity prediction with a relative accuracy of 10% (and later <1%).
“It is only in 1959 that the gravitational redshift is confirmed in a lab experiment by Pound, Rebka and Snider [1, 2, 3, 4]. Two gammaray emitting iron nuclei at different heights were compared, verifying GR prediction with a relative accuracy of 10% (and later < 1%).”
From Chronometric Geodesy: Methods and Applications (2019) · cites this paper as [3]
Gravitational redshift was confirmed for the Earth's field by Pound and Rebka and has since been verified with increasing precision, including laboratory demonstrations using a height difference of about 33 cm between two optical clocks.
“This gravitational redshift was confirmed for the Earth's field by Pound and Rebka [21]”
From Chapter 1 Theoretical background (1996) · cites this paper as [21]
General relativity predicts that a clock's proper tick rate depends on the gravitational potential at its location; a clock deeper in a gravitational potential well ticks more slowly as observed from a clock higher up.
“a clock held deeper in a gravitational potential well ticks more slowly, as observed from a clock held higher up”
From Chapter 1 Theoretical background (1996) · cites this paper as [21]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Chou, C. W., Hume, D. B., Rosenband, T., & Wineland, D. J. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1192720 · Cited by 828 · see citing works
Test of Relativistic Gravitation with a Space-Borne Hydrogen Maser
Vessot, R. F. C., Levine, M. W., Mattison, E. M., Blomberg, E. L., Hoffman, T. E., Nystrom, G. U., Farrel, B. F., Decher, R., Eby, P. B., Baugher, C. R., et al. (1980) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.45.2081 · Cited by 649 · see citing works
Effect of Gravity on Gamma Radiation
Pound, R. V., & Snider, J. L. (1965) · Physical Review · doi:10.1103/physrev.140.b788 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Self-citationMehlstäubler, T. E., Grosche, G., Lisdat, C., Schmidt, P. O., & Denker, H. (2018) · Reports on Progress in Physics · doi:10.1088/1361-6633/aab409 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Geopotential measurements with synchronously linked optical lattice clocks
Takano, T., Takamoto, M., Ushijima, I., Ohmae, N., Akatsuka, T., Yamaguchi, A., Kuroishi, Y., Munekane, H., Miyahara, B., & Katori, H. (2016) · Nature Photonics · doi:10.1038/nphoton.2016.159 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Quantum tests of the Einstein Equivalence Principle with the STE–QUEST space mission
Altschul, B., Bailey, Q. G., Blanchet, L., Bongs, K., Bouyer, P., Cacciapuoti, L., Capozziello, S., Gaaloul, N., Giulini, D., Hartwig, J., et al. (2015) · Advances in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.asr.2014.07.014 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Test of the Gravitational Redshift with<i>Galileo</i>Satellites in an Eccentric Orbit
Herrmann, S., Finke, F., Lülf, M., Kichakova, O., Puetzfeld, D., Knickmann, D., List, M., Rievers, B., Giorgi, G., Günther, C., et al. (2018) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.121.231102 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Bjerhammar, A. (1985) · Bulletin Géodésique · doi:10.1007/bf02520327 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
The kinematic origin of the cosmological redshift
Bunn, E. F., & Hogg, D. W. (2009) · American Journal of Physics · doi:10.1119/1.3129103 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Katila, T., & Riski, K. J. (1981) · Physics Letters A · doi:10.1016/0375-9601(81)90062-1 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Chronometric Geodesy: Methods and Applications
Delva, P., Denker, H., & Lion, G. (2019) · Fundamental Theories of Physics · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-11500-5_2 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“It is only in 1959 that the gravitational redshift is confirmed in a lab experiment by Pound, Rebka and Snider [1, 2, 3, 4].”
BackgroundA new test of gravitational redshift using Galileo satellites: The GREAT experiment
Delva, P., Puchades, N., Schönemann, E., Dilssner, F., Courde, C., Bertone, S., Gonzalez, F., Hees, A., Le Poncin-Lafitte, C., Meynadier, F., et al. (2019) · Comptes Rendus. Physique · doi:10.1016/j.crhy.2019.04.002 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Chapter 1 Theoretical background
(1996) · The Metrical Organization of Beowulf · doi:10.1515/9783110810493.1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Pound, R. V., & Rebka, G. A.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Venue
- Physical Review Letters
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 1960-04-01
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 337-341
- ISSN
- 0031-9007 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1966675562
- Cited by
- 804
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 20.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Physical Review Letters (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Relativity and Gravitational Theory
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Scientific Research and Discoveries
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum and Classical Electrodynamics
- Keywords
- gravitational redshift, gravitational potential, photon frequency shift, gamma radiation, electromagnetic radiation
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