Test of the Gravitational Redshift with Galileo Satellites in an Eccentric Orbit
Open accessAbstract
On August 22, 2014, the satellites GSAT-0201 and GSAT-0202 of the European GNSS Galileo were unintentionally launched into eccentric orbits. Unexpectedly, this has become a fortunate scientific opportunity since the onboard hydrogen masers allow for a sensitive test of the redshift predicted by the theory of general relativity. In the present Letter, we describe an analysis of approximately three years of data from these satellites including three different clocks. For one of these, we determine the test parameter quantifying a potential violation of the combined effects of the gravitational redshift and the relativistic Doppler shift. The uncertainty of our result is reduced by more than a factor 4 as compared to the values of Gravity Probe A obtained in 1976.
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The redshift parameter c is constrained at the 10^-5 level.
“The parameter is constrained at the 10 À5 level (Delva et al. 2018;Herrmann et al. 2018).”
From Fundamental constants: from measurement to the universe, a window on gravitation and cosmology (2025) · cites this paper as Herrmann et al. 2018
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- Authors
- Herrmann, S., Finke, F., Lülf, M., Kichakova, O., Puetzfeld, D., Knickmann, D., List, M., Rievers, B., Giorgi, G., Günther, C., Dittus, H., Prieto-Cerdeira, R., Dilssner, F., Gonzalez, F., Schönemann, E., Ventura-Traveset, J., & Lämmerzahl, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Bremen (DE)
- Technical University of Munich (DE)
- OHB (Germany) (DE)
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR) (DE)
- European Space Operations Centre (DE)
- European Space Research and Technology Centre (NL)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Physical Review Letters
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 2018-12-04
- Volume
- 121
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 231102-231102
- ISSN
- 0031-9007 (ISSN-L)
- 1079-7114
- OpenAlex
- W2902325430
- Cited by
- 175
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 8.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Physical Review Letters (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- elib (German Aerospace Center) (acceptedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- European Space Agency
- Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie (50WM1547, 50WM1546)
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (1128, PU 461/1-1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Relativity and Gravitational Theory
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Advanced Frequency and Time Standards
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › GNSS positioning and interference
- Keywords
- gravitational redshift, Galileo satellites, eccentric orbits, hydrogen maser, relativistic Doppler shift, tests of general relativity, clock comparison
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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