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Cited by 124Black Holes and Theoretical PhysicsAstrophysical Phenomena and ObservationsQuantum Electrodynamics and Casimir Effect

Entropy Evaporated by a Black Hole

Zurek, W. H.·1982·Physical Review Letters
DOI 10.1103/physrevlett.49.1683
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Abstract

It is shown that the entropy of the radiation evaporated by an uncharged, nonrotating black hole into vacuum in the course of its lifetime is approximately $\frac{4}{3}$ times the initial entropy of this black hole. Also considered is a thermodynamically reversible process in which an increase of black-hole entropy is equal to the decrease of the entropy of its surroundings. Implications of these results for the generalized second law of thermodynamics and for the interpretation of black-hole entropy are pointed out.

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Crossref · 10.1103/physrevlett.49.1683

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13 of 13 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • For the evaporating black hole, the Page time is 1/3 of the black hole lifetime; this fits with reasoning [33] that radiating into cold surrounding space is irreversible and the entropy of the radiation grows at twice the evaporation rate of the black hole.

    “For the evaporating black hole the Page time comes out to be 1/3 of the black hole lifetime. This fits with the following simple reasoning [33]. Radiating into a cold surrounding space is an irreversible process and the entropy of the radiation grows at twice the evaporation rate of the black hole.”

    From Page curve for an evaporating black hole (2020) · cites this paper as [33]

  • The matter entropy rises twice as fast as the black hole entropy decreases.

    “From the above, one sees that the matter entropy rises twice as fast as the black hole entropy decreases, which is no coincidence (Zurek 1982; Fiola et al. 1994).”

    From Solvable models of quantum black holes: a review on Jackiw–Teitelboim gravity (2023) · cites this paper as Zurek 1982

  • For d = 1, numerical results indicate that the entropy is S = κ1 log(MR) + κ2 log(μR).

    “In fact, the numerical results indicate that S = κ 1 log( MR )+ κ 2 log( µR ) in one dimension; for the first time, we see a dependence on the infrared cutoff µ [6].”

    From Entropy and area (1993) · cites this paper as [6]

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Authors
Zurek, W. H.
Affiliations
California Institute of Technology (US)
Corresponding author
Zurek, W. H.
ORCID
Zurek, W. H.
Venue
Physical Review Letters
Publisher
American Physical Society (APS)
Published
1982-12-06
Volume
49
Issue
23
Pages
1683-1686
ISSN
0031-9007 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.49.1683
OpenAlex
W2053923400
Cited by
124
References
13
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 4
FWCI
2.41
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
link.aps.org/licenses/aps-default-license (vor)
Locations
Physical Review Letters (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Black Holes and Theoretical Physics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Electrodynamics and Casimir Effect
Keywords
black hole entropy, black hole evaporation, Hawking radiation, entropy loss, generalized second law of thermodynamics, black hole thermodynamics

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