The DOI matches its Crossref record; 13 of the 13 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 6 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
String-Generated Gravity Models
Abstract
Expansion of supersymmetric string theory suggests that the leading quadratic curvature correction to the Einstein action is the Gauss-Bonnet invariant. We show that this model has both flat and anti-de Sitter space as solutions, but that the cosmological branch is unstable, because the graviton becomes a ghost there: The theory solves its own cosmological problem. The general static spherically symmetric solution is exhibited; it is asymptotically Schwarzschild. The sign of the Gauss-Bonnet coefficient determines whether there is a normal event horizon (for the string-generated sign) or a naked singularity. We discuss the effects of higher-curvature corrections and of an explicit cosmological term on stability.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
The paper analyzes the effective gravity theory given by the Einstein action plus the leading quadratic curvature correction, the Gauss-Bonnet invariant, suggested by supersymmetric string expansion. It finds that the asymptotically flat branch is viable, while the anti-de Sitter cosmological branch is unstable because the graviton becomes a ghost.
Key findings
- The Gauss-Bonnet combination is the only quadratic curvature term that avoids ghosts near flat space; the model has both flat and anti-de Sitter solutions, with positive Gauss-Bonnet coefficient corresponding to anti-de Sitter space.
- The anti-de Sitter branch is intrinsically unstable: its graviton excitations are ghosts, and a positive-energy matter source leads to a negative-mass Schwarzschild–anti-de Sitter solution in which test particles are repelled.
- The general static spherically symmetric solution is exhibited and is asymptotically Schwarzschild; the sign of the Gauss-Bonnet coefficient determines whether there is a normal event horizon (for the string-generated sign) or a naked singularity.
- With an explicit cosmological term, the effective cosmological constant is shifted; the larger value is unstable and the lower one stable, and if \(4\Lambda\kappa^2 > n(n+1)\) the theory is undefined. For \(D=5\), horizon existence depends on whether \(2GM-\kappa\) is positive.
Methods
- Theoretical analysis of the effective action in \(D=n+2\) dimensions, combining the Einstein term with the Gauss-Bonnet invariant, using form/vielbein methods and field equations.
- The paper studies small perturbations about flat and anti-de Sitter backgrounds to identify ghost behavior, and derives general static spherically symmetric solutions in Schwarzschild gauge.
- It also examines the effects of an explicit cosmological term and discusses higher-curvature corrections qualitatively; no empirical data or numerical simulations are used.
Limitations
- The paper states that unresolved matters include the effect of compactification on the \(D>4\) constructions, the role of scalar and antisymmetric tensor fields and the Chern-Simons term, the canonical formulation, and a broader understanding of allowed classical geometries.
- It states that higher-order questions are too early to speculate on, and that the scalar field neglected in the analysis will play a role in these questions.
- It also notes that it has not considered whether semiclassical tunneling modifications occur through the existence of two branches of solutions. Evident from the text: the study is a classical effective-field-theory analysis, not a full string-theoretic treatment.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
0 of 6 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“(For example, a cubic Gauss-Bonnet term with γ2 > α²κ/4 yields no real roots and hence no cosmological branch.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sign of the Gauss-Bonnet coefficient determines whether there is a normal event horizon (for the stringgenerated sign) or a naked singularity.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“because the graviton becomes a ghost there”
- Also stated in: § S. Deser · plain
“small excitations near the anti-de Sitter branch of the Einstein plus Gauss-Bonnet theory are precisely those of ghost cosmological Einstein gravity.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § S. Deser · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We show that this model has both flat and anti-de Sitter space as solutions”
- Also stated in: § S. Deser · plain
“They are solved by the maximally symmetric spaces”
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § S. Deser · plain
In the paper
“The plane-fronted parallel-ray metric,10 although globally singular, is the nearest thing to a graviton in the Einstein theory; it remains a solution here.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [10]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The general static spherically symmetric solution is exhibited; it is asymptotically Schwarzschild.”
- Also stated in: § S. Deser · plain
“i.e., Schwarzschild with positive gravitational mass or Schwarzschild-de Sitter with negative gravitational mass”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § S. Deser · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Note that if 4Λκ² is greater than n (n + 1) the theory is undefined.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear? Based: unclearThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although Einstein (G Gµuv = 0) spaces are not generally solutions of (2)”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but that the cosmological branch is unstable”
- Also stated in: § S. Deser · plain
“these solutions turn out to be intrinsically unstable”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § S. Deser · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Expansion of supersymmetric string theory suggests that the leading quadratic curvature correction to the Einstein action is the Gauss-Bonnet invariant.”
- Also stated in: § S. Deser · hedged
“If, like the string itself, its slope expansion is to be ghost free, the quadratic term, if any, must be the Gauss-Bonnet combination, which was first proposed² for this reason and appears to be present³ in the heterotic string.4”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [3]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [4]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § S. Deser · hedged
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
- Probably not a substantial claim. 1
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These will in general lead to ghosts near flat space (hµv≡ gμv- ηµv << 1) since their metric variations involve fourth time derivatives. By contrast, I2 only contributes terms quadratic in hμv in the field equations”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For if α were negative, the metric would become imaginary at rⁿ+1 = 8||κMG. This is a real singularity, since the curvature invariants have branch singularities there; furthermore the singularity is naked when, as is possible, it occurs outside the event horizon, goo(rH) = 0.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the larger value will be unstable, the lower one stable.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Following our discussion of the quadratic case, λ will be determined by a polynomial equation, f(λ) =λ(1 +ακλ +γ₂λ²κ+ ·.·)=0, where the γ are essentially the coefficients of the higher terms.”
- Also stated in: § S. Deser · hedged
“To the extent that there are real roots, the slopes at the intercepts will have alternating signs and therefore the perand one should consider also generic turbations δG μα will appear with both signs.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § S. Deser · hedged
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“underlines the fact that the Gauss-Bonnet term does not affect the propagator, and in particular does not distort plane-wave solutions.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“despite being quadratic in curvature, the action depends only on first time derivatives; hence the number of degrees of freedom is the same as in Einstein gravity, and only the definition of the canonical momentum will change.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For D = 5, the existence of a horizon depends on whether 2GM — κ is positive, which is the case for macroscopic masses. Otherwise, there is a naked conical singularity at the origin.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Near flat space, we simply recover the ordinary graviton,”
- Also stated in: § S. Deser · plain
“There is no contribution from the Gauss-Bonnet term because the background curvature vanishes.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § S. Deser · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also noted that cubic or higher corrections will only reinforce the unique physically acceptable nature of the asymptotically flat branch, since they imply unavoidable ghosts in the anti-de Sitter branch.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“What we expect here is that the total energy will be positive for the asymptotically flat solutions, but not for the anti-de Sitter branch.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the value of rH at which the horizon occurs differs from the Einstein one, the qualitative properties of the geometry are identical. The usual Kruskal completion procedure goes through just as in Schwarzschild, and Hawking radiation will still be present.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Lovelock theories admit static, maximally symmetric black hole solutions with metric of the form [14-17] Σ = -+ + ds f r dt f r dr r d ( ) ( ) , (5.1) 2 2 1 2 2 2”
From Causality and hyperbolicity of Lovelock theories (2014) · cites this paper as [14]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
The negative-mass branch is called both de Sitter and anti-de Sitter
MinorThe paper consistently identifies the cosmological branch as anti-de Sitter, including when describing its negative-mass solution, but calls the same asymptotic solution Schwarzschild-de Sitter here.
“i.e., Schwarzschild with positive gravitational mass or Schwarzschild-de Sitter with negative gravitational mass”
“a positive-energy matter source Tµν leads to a negative-mass Schwarzschild-anti-de Sitter solution”
Citations
Cites
The Einstein Tensor and Its Generalizations
Lovelock, D. (1971) · Journal of Mathematical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.1665613 · Cited by 2,945
Gross, D. J., Harvey, J. A., Martinec, E. J., & Rohm, R. (1985) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.54.502 · Cited by 1,603
Curvature squared terms and string theories
Zwiebach, B. (1985) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/0370-2693(85)91616-8 · Cited by 1,455
Heterotic string theory (I). The free heterotic string
Gross, D. J., Harvey, J. A., Martinec, E. J., & Rohm, R. (1985) · Nuclear Physics B · doi:10.1016/0550-3213(85)90394-3 · Cited by 1,319
Stability of gravity with a cosmological constant
Abbott, L. F., & Deser, S. (1982) · Nuclear Physics B · doi:10.1016/0550-3213(82)90049-9 · Cited by 1,075
Self-citationUnified Geometric Theory of Gravity and Supergravity
MacDowell, S. W., & Mansouri, F. (1977) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.38.739 · Cited by 737
Infinity cancellations in SO(32) superstring theory
Green, M., & Schwarz, J. H. (1985) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/0370-2693(85)90816-0 · Cited by 385
The positivity of gravitational energy and global supersymmetry
HULL, C. M. (1983) · Communications in Mathematical Physics · doi:10.1007/bf01216185 · Cited by 81
Witten's expression for gravitational energy
Horowitz, G. T., & Strominger, A. (1983) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.27.2793 · Cited by 31
Positive classical gravitational energy from classical supergravity
Deser, S. (1983) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.27.2805 · Cited by 22
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- M. B. Green, 1984, Phys. Lett., 149B, 177
- B. Zwiebach, 1985, Symposium on Anomalies
- R. Nepomechie, Phys. Rev. D
- S. Deser, Proceedings of the Workshop on Supersymmetry and its Applications, Cambridge, 1985
- J. Ehlers, 1962, Gravitation
- D. G. Boulware, Quantum Field Theory and Quantum Statistics
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,301–1,400 of 1,577
Massive scalar clouds and black hole spacetimes in Gauss-Bonnet gravity
van Gemeren, I., Hinderer, T., & Vandoren, S. (2024) · SciPost Physics Core · doi:10.21468/scipostphyscore.7.4.069 · Cited by 3
Gauss-Bonnet Cosmology: large-temperature behaviour and bounds from Gravitational Waves
Biswas, A., Kar, A., Lee, B.-H., Lee, H., Lee, W., Scopel, S., Velasco-Sevilla, L., & Yin, L. (2024) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2024/09/007 · Cited by 3
(Quasi-)normal modes of rotating black holes and new solitons in Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet
Tapia, L., Aguayo, M., Anabalòn, A., Astefanesei, D., Grandi, N., Izaurieta, F., Oliva, J., & Quinzacara, C. (2025) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2025.139347 · Cited by 3
String cosmology: An introduction and some selected topics
VENEZIANO, G. (1997) · Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements · doi:10.1016/s0920-5632(97)00075-3 · Cited by 3
3+1-Dimensional GR versus dRGT massive gravity: a thin-shell wormholes comparison
Amirabi, Z. (2020) · The European Physical Journal Plus · doi:10.1140/epjp/s13360-019-00023-0 · Cited by 3
New exact even-dimensional pure Lovelock interior metrics
Hansraj, S., & Gabuza, N. (2021) · The European Physical Journal Plus · doi:10.1140/epjp/s13360-021-01324-z · Cited by 3
Gauss-Bonnet black holes in a special anisotropic scaling spacetime
Mahmoudi, S., Jafarzade, K., & Hendi, S. H. (2022) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep12(2022)009 · Cited by 3
Dimensionally Challenged Gravities
Deser, S. (2003) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-0111-3_19 · Cited by 3
Self-citationTHE VACUUM STATE IN THE HETEROTIC SUPERSTRING THEORY
Pollock, M. D. (2007) · International Journal of Modern Physics D · doi:10.1142/s0218271807009371 · Cited by 3
Domain walls in Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet bulk
Mazharimousavi, S. H., & Halilsoy, M. (2010) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.82.087502 · Cited by 3
Tree string generated corrections to Einstein gravity from the sigma model approach
Ketov, S. V. (1990) · General Relativity and Gravitation · doi:10.1007/bf00756208 · Cited by 3
Generalized Born Infeld gravitational action
Denis Comelli, C. (2006) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/33/1/035 · Cited by 3
Late Time Acceleration in Scalar-Tensor Theory with GB Interaction
Bose, R. N., & Modak, B. (2011) · International Journal of Theoretical Physics · doi:10.1007/s10773-011-0912-x · Cited by 3
Area functional relation for 5D-Gauss–Bonnet–AdS black hole
Pradhan, P. (2016) · General Relativity and Gravitation · doi:10.1007/s10714-016-2109-3 · Cited by 3
Higher curvature self-interaction corrections to Hawking radiation
Fairoos, C., Sarkar, S., & Yogendran, K. P. (2017) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.96.024014 · Cited by 3
Universally stable black holes
Bueno, P., & Cano, P. A. (2017) · International Journal of Modern Physics D · doi:10.1142/s0218271817430246 · Cited by 3
Criticality associated with the variation of the Lovelock parameter
Mo, J.-X., & Lan, S.-Q. (2018) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2018.07.016 · Cited by 3
Holographic RG flows from Quasi-Topological Gravity
da Silva, U. C., & Sotkov, G. M. (2013) · Nuclear Physics B · doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2013.06.003 · Cited by 3
COSMOLOGICAL SOLUTION IN THE BRANE WITH GAUSS–BONNET GRAVITY IN THE BULK
Chakraborty, S., & Bandyopadhyay, T. (2009) · Modern Physics Letters A · doi:10.1142/s0217732309030321 · Cited by 3
Lovelock gravity and Weyl’s tube formula
Willison, S. (2009) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.80.064018 · Cited by 3
Gravitational quasinormal modes of static Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet anti-de Sitter black holes
Ma, H., & Li, J. (2018) · Chinese Physics C · doi:10.1088/1674-1137/42/4/045101 · Cited by 3
Tahir, M., & Abbas, G. (2019) · Modern Physics Letters A · doi:10.1142/s0217732319500743 · Cited by 3
D=11 cosmologies with teleparallel structure
Böhmer, C. G., Fiorini, F., González, P. A., & Vásquez, Y. (2019) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.100.084007 · Cited by 3
Maximally Symmetric Spacetimes emerging from thermodynamic fluctuationsPreprint
Bravetti, A., Lopez-Monsalvo, C. S., & Quevedo, H. (2015) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1503.08358 · Cited by 3
Selfdual backgrounds in N=2 five-dimensional Chern–Simons supergravity
Máximo Bañados, A. (2001) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/s0370-2693(01)00098-3 · Cited by 3
Intersecting hypersurfaces and Lovelock GravityPreprint
Willison, S. (2005) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.gr-qc/0502089 · Cited by 3
Asymptotically flat black holes and gravitational waves in three-dimensional massive gravityPreprint
Troessaert, C., Tempo, D., & Troncoso, R. (2015) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1512.09046 · Cited by 3
On AdS to dS transitions in higher-curvature gravityPreprint
Camanho, X. O., Edelstein, J. D., Gomberoff, A., & Sierra-Garcıa, J. A. (2015) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1504.04496 · Cited by 3
Lovelock theory, black holes and holographyPreprint
Edelstein, J. D. (2013) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1303.6213 · Cited by 3
Ghaffarnejad, H., Yaraie, E., & Farsam, M. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2010.07108 · Cited by 3
Anisotropic strange stars in Einstein Gauss-Bonnet GravityPreprint
Dey, S., & Paul, B. C. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2269312/v1 · Cited by 3
Higher-curvature corrections and near horizon symmetries
Chernicoff, M., Giribet, G. E., & Oliva, J. (2025) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/ww9g-nqpq · Cited by 2
Tangphati, T., Banerjee, A., Pradhan, A., & Rayimbaev, J. (2025) · Journal of High Energy Astrophysics · doi:10.1016/j.jheap.2025.100493 · Cited by 2
Gauss-Bonnet entropy and thermal dynamics of RN-AdS black holes
Bhatti, M. Z. U. H., Bamba, K., Siddique, I., Almutairi, B. N., & Yousaf, Z. (2025) · General Relativity and Gravitation · doi:10.1007/s10714-025-03487-x · Cited by 2
Farooq, M., Zubair, M., & Azmat, H. (2025) · The European Physical Journal Plus · doi:10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-07185-0 · Cited by 2
Renormalization of Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet AdS gravity
Anastasiou, G., Araya, I. J., Chakraborty, A., Corral, C., & Rodrigo Olea, A. (2026) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep02(2026)091 · Cited by 2
Aslam, M. I., Hussain, S., Naseer, H. T., & Sultan, A. M. (2026) · Fortschritte der Physik · doi:10.1002/prop.70107 · Cited by 2
Topological classification of a 4 D ads black hole with non-minimal maxwell coupling
Rahmani, F., & Sadeghi, M. (2026) · Classical and Quantum Gravity · doi:10.1088/1361-6382/ae64a3 · Cited by 3
Effective cosmological constant as black hole primary hair
Charmousis, C., Fernandes, P. G. S., & Hassaı̈ne, M. (2026) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/4sn9-hbhc · Cited by 2
Unveiling inner shadows and polarization signatures of rotating Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet black holes*
Chen, B., Yang, C.-Y., Chen, D., & He, K.-J. (2026) · Chinese Physics C · doi:10.1088/1674-1137/ae7d00 · Cited by 3
Warm Inflationary Universe Models
del, S. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/23035 · Cited by 2
Kofinas, G., & Irakleidou, M. (2014) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.89.065015 · Cited by 2
Schwinger’s approach to Einstein’s gravity and beyond
Milton, K. A. (2014) · Canadian Journal of Physics · doi:10.1139/cjp-2013-0739 · Cited by 2
Slagter, R. J. (2009) · International Journal of Modern Physics D · doi:10.1142/s0218271809014662 · Cited by 2
Thin shell dynamics in Lovelock gravity
Guilleminot, P., Merino, N., & Rodrigo Olea, A. (2022) · The European Physical Journal C · doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-022-10965-y · Cited by 2
Confinement and null-source collision in a particular 4-dimensional third-order Lovelock gravity
Mazharimousavi, S. H., Halilsoy, M., & Hsieh, C.-L. (2023) · Physica Scripta · doi:10.1088/1402-4896/acd033 · Cited by 2
Dual relations from Hawking-Page transition in Gauss-Bonnet gravity and Gauss-Bonnet-Maxwell gravity
Liang, T., Liu, Y., & Xu, W. (2024) · Nuclear Physics B · doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2024.116673 · Cited by 2
Refined thermodynamics of black holes with proper conserved charges
Tavlayan, A., & Tekin, B. (2024) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.110.084049 · Cited by 2
Liu, T.-Y. (2024) · General Relativity and Gravitation · doi:10.1007/s10714-024-03326-5 · Cited by 2
Cosmological Models in Lovelock Gravity: An Overview of Recent Progress
Pavluchenko, S. A. (2024) · Universe · doi:10.3390/universe10110429 · Cited by 2
All nonexpanding gravitational waves in D -dimensional (anti–)de Sitter space
Ortaggio, M., Voldřich, J., & José Barrientos, O. (2024) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.110.124032 · Cited by 2
Hawking-Page transition in 4D Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity
Hu, X.-Y., Cui, Y.-Z., & Xu, W. (2025) · Nuclear Physics B · doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2025.116821 · Cited by 2
Holography of dislocations and ring defects in Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet AdS gravity
Juričić, V., Mišković, O., & Ramírez, F. (2025) · The European Physical Journal C · doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14873-9 · Cited by 2
Madhunlall, A., Hansraj, C., Goswami, R., & Maharaj, S. D. (2025) · General Relativity and Gravitation · doi:10.1007/s10714-025-03473-3 · Cited by 2
Dynamical instability of non-adiabatic gravitating source in Gauss-Bonnet gravity
Abbas, G., & Tahir, M. (2019) · The European Physical Journal A · doi:10.1140/epja/i2019-12776-4 · Cited by 2
pp-wave potential functions: A complete study using Noether symmetries
Obaidullah, U., & Jamal, S. (2021) · International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics · doi:10.1142/s0219887821501085 · Cited by 2
Ghosts in the self-accelerating DGP branch with Gauss–Bonnet effect
Liu, Y.-W., Izumi, K., Bouhmadi-López, M., & Chen, P. (2015) · The European Physical Journal C · doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-015-3463-0 · Cited by 4
Phase Transitions in General Gravity Theories
Camanho, X. O. (2013) · Springer proceedings in mathematics & statistics · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-40157-2_18 · Cited by 2
A cosmological approach to a high-order effective field theory
Özkurt, Ş. S. (1996) · Classical and Quantum Gravity · doi:10.1088/0264-9381/13/2/014 · Cited by 2
Black hole hair in Lovelock gravity
Skákala, J., & Shankaranarayanan, S. (2014) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.89.104003 · Cited by 2
The physics of higher-dimensional Chern-Simons supergravities
Máximo Bañados, A. (2004) · Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements · doi:10.1016/s0920-5632(03)02409-5 · Cited by 2
On Gravitational Effects in the Schrödinger Equation
Pollock, M. D. (2014) · Foundations of Physics · doi:10.1007/s10701-014-9776-2 · Cited by 2
HIGHER-DERIVATIVE TWO-DIMENSIONAL MASSIVE FERMION THEORIES
Belvedere, L. V., Amaral, R. L. P. G., Lemos, N. A., & Carvalhaes, C. G. (2000) · International Journal of Modern Physics A · doi:10.1142/s0217751x00000926 · Cited by 2
Alexeyev, S. O., Popov, N. N., Barrau, A., & Grain, J. (2006) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/33/1/041 · Cited by 2
Counterterms for static Lovelock solutions
Mehdizadeh, M. R., Dehghani, M. H., & Zangeneh, M. K. (2015) · The European Physical Journal C · doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-015-3503-9 · Cited by 2
Quantum tunneling, adiabatic invariance and black hole spectroscopy
Li, G.-P., Pu, J., Jiang, Q.-Q., & Zu, X. (2017) · The European Physical Journal C · doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-017-4901-y · Cited by 2
Phase Transition and Quasinormal Modes for Spherical Black Holes in 5D Gauss–Bonnet Gravity
Zhang, M., & Yue, R. (2018) · Chinese Physics Letters · doi:10.1088/0256-307x/35/4/040401 · Cited by 2
Thermodynamics of static solutions in ( n+1 )-dimensional quintic quasitopological gravity
Bazrafshan, A., Naeimipour, F., Olamaei, A. R., & Ghanaatian, M. (2019) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.100.124018 · Cited by 2
Perturbative dynamics of thin-shell wormholes beyond general relativity: An alternative approach
de Celis, E. R., Tomasini, C., & Simeone, C. (2017) · Americanae (AECID Library) · Cited by 2
Black hole black string phase transition in Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity
Nair, S., & Suneeta, V. (2021) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.104.044042 · Cited by 2
Higher order curvature corrections and holographic renormalization group flow
Ghodsi, A., & Siahvoshan, M. (2021) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.104.126025 · Cited by 2
Ghaffarnejad, H. (2022) · Communications in Theoretical Physics · doi:10.1088/1572-9494/ac5321 · Cited by 2
Rotating black holes at large D in Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet theory
Suzuki, R., & Tomizawa, S. (2022) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.106.024018 · Cited by 2
Stable bound orbits around static Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet black holes
Suzuki, R., & Tomizawa, S. (2022) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.105.124033 · Cited by 2
Kiselev and Schwarzschild–de Sitter black holes in higher derivative theories of gravitation
Matyjasek, J., & Telecka, M. (2023) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.107.064058 · Cited by 2
Analytical models of hyperbolical gravitational sources
Yousaf, Z., Bhatti, M. Z. U. H., & Asad, H. (2023) · International Journal of Modern Physics D · doi:10.1142/s021827182350089x · Cited by 2
Peng, J.-J., Wang, Y., & Guo, W. (2023) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.108.104035 · Cited by 2
Rindler trajectories in cloud of strings in 3rd order Lovelock gravity
Shahzad, M. U., & Sadaf, A. (2024) · General Relativity and Gravitation · doi:10.1007/s10714-024-03200-4 · Cited by 2
Xin, Z., & Wei, X. (2024) · Communications in Theoretical Physics · doi:10.1088/1572-9494/ad48fa · Cited by 2
Why does D = 4, rather than more (or less)? An Orwellian explanation
Deser, S. (2020) · Proceedings of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspa.2019.0632 · Cited by 2
Self-citationKilling spinors on supersymmetric P-branesPreprint
Aros, R., & Romo, M. (2007) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.0707.4030 · Cited by 2
Mass and angular momenta of Kerr-anti-de Sitter spacetimesPreprint
Deruelle, N. (2005) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.gr-qc/0502072 · Cited by 2
Black Hole Formation in Lovelock GravityPreprint
Taves, T. (2014) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1408.2241 · Cited by 4
Post-Newtonian limits and gravitational radiation from the superstring effective action
Kehagias, A. (1994) · Nuclear Physics B · doi:10.1016/0550-3213(94)90574-6 · Cited by 2
Gauss–Bonnet and Lovelock Gravities and the Generalized Second Law of Thermodynamics
Akbar, M. A., & Qadir, A. (2009) · Chinese Physics Letters · doi:10.1088/0256-307x/26/6/060402 · Cited by 2
Lagrange multipliers and Gauss–Bonnet-type invariants in Riemann–Cartan space
Campos, R. D. A. (1990) · Journal of Mathematical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.528755 · Cited by 2
Holographic RG Flows from Quasi-Topological GravityPreprint
Sotkov, G. M., & dS, U. C. (2012) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1207.0778 · Cited by 2
Exact Solutions in Gravity: A journey through spacetime with the Kerr-Schild ansatz
Ett, B. (2021) · Scholarworks (University of Massachusetts Amherst) · doi:10.7275/7504405.0 · Cited by 2
Explorations in black hole chemistry and higher curvature gravity
Hennigar, R. A. (2018) · UWSpace (University of Waterloo) · Cited by 2
Post-newtonian limits and gravitational radiation from the superstring effective action
Kehagias, A. A. (1994) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 2
THE PARTICLE PROBLEM IN CLASSICAL GRAVITY A HISTORICAL NOTE ON 1941Preprint
Galvagno, M., & Giribet, G. E. (2004) · Cited by 2
k-Gauss-Bonnet inflationPreprint
Pham, T. M., Nguyen, D. H., & Do, T. Q. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2107.05926 · Cited by 2
4D Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet Gravity Generated By Invisible Extra DimensionsPreprint
Sengupta, S. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · Cited by 2
DILATON BRANE COSMOLOGY WITH SECOND ORDER STRING CORRECTIONS AND THE COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT
Kuiroukidis, A. (2006) · International Journal of Modern Physics A · doi:10.1142/s0217751x06025249 · Cited by 1
Asymptotic black holes and conformal mass in AdS quadratic curvature gravity
Mišković, O., Rodrigo Olea, A., Eleftherios Papantonopoulos, A., & Parra-Cisterna, Y. (2023) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.108.064012 · Cited by 1
Mixed-state entanglement and transport in Einstein–Maxwell–Axion–Horndeski theory
Li, M.-J., Chen, C.-Y., Niu, C., Zhang, C.-Y., & Liu, P. (2024) · The European Physical Journal C · doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-024-12521-2 · Cited by 1
Chahboun, O., Laamara, R. A., & Saidi, E. H. (2024) · Classical and Quantum Gravity · doi:10.1088/1361-6382/ad5134 · Cited by 1
Covariant phase space analysis of Lanczos-Lovelock gravity with boundaries
Neri, G., & Liberati, S. (2024) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep06(2024)136 · Cited by 1
Weak energy condition, trapped surfaces and black hole third law
Bahmani, F., Shojai, F., & Anjomshoaa, S. (2024) · The European Physical Journal C · doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-024-13318-z · Cited by 1
Thermodynamic implications of perturbed entropy in 5D black holes under thermal fluctuations
Amin, K. Z., Islam, N. U., Singh, D. V., & Ganai, P. A. (2025) · International Journal of Modern Physics A · doi:10.1142/s0217751x25500575 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Boulware, D. G., & Deser, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- ORCID
- Deser, S.
- Venue
- Physical Review Letters
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 1985-12-09
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 24
- Pages
- 2656-2660
- ISSN
- 0031-9007 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1985071512
- Semantic Scholar
- de20b24195f2aac5e46deee55b4a15343f186e8a
- Cited by
- 1,583
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 54 · 2025: 81 · 2024: 76 · 2023: 96 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 75 · 2020: 101 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 61 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 61 · 2014: 64 · 2013: 61 · 2012: 57
- FWCI
- 14.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Physical Review Letters (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Black Holes and Theoretical Physics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Noncommutative and Quantum Gravity Theories
- Keywords
- Gauss-Bonnet gravity, quadratic curvature corrections, Einstein-Hilbert action, superstring theory, anti-de Sitter space, cosmological instability, static spherically symmetric solutions, event horizon, naked singularities, higher-curvature corrections, cosmological constant
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-31, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-31 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
