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Measurement of the Wigner distribution and the density matrix of a light mode using optical homodyne tomography: Application to squeezed states and the vacuum
Abstract
We have measured probability distributions of quadrature-field amplitude for both vacuum and quadrature-squeezed states of a mode of the electromagnetic field. From these measurements we demonstrate the technique of optical homodyne tomography to determine the Wigner distribution and the density matrix of the mode. This provides a complete quantum mechanical characterization of the measured mode.
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“For continuous variables, tomography has been implemented in both quantum [23] and atom [24] optics.”
From Nonmaximally Entangled States: Production, Characterization, and Utilization (1999) · cites this paper as [23]
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- 1991, A Faridani, in Inverse Problems and Imaging, Pitman Research Notes in Mathematics Vol. 245
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Metadata
- Authors
- Smithey, D. T., Beck, M., Raymer, M. G., & Faridani, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Oregon (US)
- Oregon State University (US)
- Venue
- Physical Review Letters
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 1993-03-01
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1244-1247
- ISSN
- 0031-9007 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2059108078
- Cited by
- 1,538
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 76 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 51 · 2012: 65
- FWCI
- 70.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Physical Review Letters (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum optics and atomic interactions
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Mechanics and Applications
- Keywords
- optical homodyne tomography, Wigner function, density matrix, squeezed states, vacuum state, quantum state characterization, light mode
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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