Analysis in Vitro of the Enzyme CRTISO Establishes a Poly-cis-Carotenoid Biosynthesis Pathway in Plants
Open accessAbstract
Most enzymes in the central pathway of carotenoid biosynthesis in plants have been identified and studied at the molecular level. However, the specificity and role of cis-trans-isomerization of carotenoids, which occurs in vivo during carotene biosynthesis, remained unresolved. We have previously cloned from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) the CrtISO gene, which encodes a carotene cis-trans-isomerase. To study the biochemical properties of the enzyme, we developed an enzymatic in vitro assay in which a purified tomato CRTISO polypeptide overexpressed in Escherichia coli cells is active in the presence of an E. coli lysate that includes membranes. We show that CRTISO is an authentic carotene isomerase. Its catalytic activity of cis-to-trans isomerization requires redox-active components, suggesting that isomerization is achieved by a reversible redox reaction acting at specific double bonds. Our data demonstrate that CRTISO isomerizes adjacent cis-double bonds at C7 and C9 pairwise into the trans-configuration, but is incapable of isomerizing single cis-double bonds at C9 and C9′. We conclude that CRTISO functions in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in parallel with ζ-carotene desaturation, by converting 7,9,9′-tri-cis-neurosporene to 9′-cis-neurosporene and 7′9′-di-cis-lycopene into all-trans-lycopene. These results establish that in plants carotene desaturation to lycopene proceeds via cis-carotene intermediates.
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Cyanobacterial and plant CrtIso catalyze isomerization of prolycopene to all-trans-lycopene via reversible saturation-desaturation.
“Cyanobacterial and plant CrtIso catalyze the isomerization of (7Z,9Z,9′Z,7′Z)-tetra-cis-lycopene (prolycopene) to all-trans-lycopene.200−203 This enzyme-mediated isomerization employing redox cofactors occurs through a reversible saturation–desaturation reaction of the cis-double bonds.204”
From Chemistry of the Retinoid (Visual) Cycle (2014) · cites this paper as [204]
The ‘Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Plants Follows the cis-Desaturation Pathway’ section reports that tomato CRTISO converted prolycopene to all-trans-lycopene in vitro. The paper identifies a cyanobacterial CrtISO ortholog but does not show that it performs this conversion. In ‘CRTISO Activity Requires a Redox Mechanism,’ reversible reduction and reoxidation of the cis-double bond is proposed as a possible mechanism, not established as fact; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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- Authors
- Isaacson, T., Ohad, I., Beyer, P., & Hirschberg, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Freiburg (DE)
- Venue
- Plant Physiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2004-12-01
- Volume
- 136
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 4246-4255
- ISSN
- 0032-0889 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-2548
- PMC
- PMC535854
- OpenAlex
- W2159559950
- Cited by
- 203
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 3.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- PLANT PHYSIOLOGY (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission
- Israel Science Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Plant biochemistry and biosynthesis
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Plant Gene Expression Analysis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Keywords
- carotenoid biosynthesis, cis-trans isomerization, lycopene biosynthesis, neurosporene, enzyme specificity, tomato, in vitro enzyme assay, Escherichia coli expression
- MeSH terms
- Carotenoids, Escherichia coli, Gene Expression Regulation, Molecular Sequence Data, Plants, Substrate Specificity, Time Factors, Solanum lycopersicum, cis-trans-Isomerases, Organisms, Genetically Modified
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