The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Evolving Role of American Principals: From Managerial to Instructional to Transformational Leaders
Abstract
Examines trends in the evolution of the principalship in the United States from the 1960s to the present. Analyses three roles that emerged during this period and that subsequently exerted influence on the principalship: the programme manager, instructional leader, and transformational leader. Assesses the evolution of these roles in administrative practice in the light of contextual changes, particularly developments in national and state education policy. Suggests possible directions for future developments in the educational leadership roles of principals in the United States.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The One Best System: A History of American Urban Education
TYACK, D. B. (1974) · doi:10.2307/j.ctv136c61j · Cited by 1,070
Cited by
Reassessing the Principal's Role in School Effectiveness: A Review of Empirical Research, 1980-1995
Hallinger, P., & Heck, R. H. (1996) · Educational Administration Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0013161x96032001002 · Cited by 1,751
Self-citationSchool leadership models: what do we know?
Bush, T., & Glover, D. (2014) · School Leadership & Management · doi:10.1080/13632434.2014.928680 · Cited by 567
E. Nir, A., & Hameiri, L. (2014) · Journal of Educational Administration · doi:10.1108/jea-01-2013-0007 · Cited by 71
Metadata
- Authors
- Hallinger, P.
- Venue
- Journal of Educational Administration
- Publisher
- Emerald
- Published
- 1992-03-01
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 3
- ISSN
- 0957-8234 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2085894895
- Cited by
- 357
- References
- 1
- FWCI
- 14.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Evolving Role of American Principals: From Managerial to Instructional to Transformational Leaders. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1108/09578239210014306
- The paper
- Hallinger, P. (1992). The Evolving Role of American Principals: From Managerial to Instructional to Transformational Leaders. Journal of Educational Administration. https://doi.org/10.1108/09578239210014306
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
