The DOI matches its Crossref record.
“IBM's global CEO report 2006: Business model innovation matters
Abstract
Purpose To ascertain whether the choices CEOs were making about particular types of innovation and key enablers had any correlation with financial performance, IBM looked at a subset of our sample where publicly reported financial information was available. Design/methodology/approach The findings in this report are based on in‐depth, consultative interviews on the topic of innovation with 765 CEOs, business executives and public sector leaders from around the world. Findings For a subset, the authors compared their financial performance to that of an industry‐accepted list of their nearest competitors (up to ten companies with similar revenue and publicly available information). Some of their competitors were CEO study participants, but most were not. By taking a five‐year view, the researchers were able to identify which companies outperformed and under‐performed the average revenue growth, operating margin growth and historical operating margins of their closest competitors. Research limitations/implications Throughout the analysis, IBM used these top‐half and bottom‐half groupings to look for notable financial correlations. In this report, the term outperformers refers to the study participants that are in the top 50 percent based on this competitive comparison, and under‐performers are those that fall in the bottom 50 percent. Practical implications The authors report on how business leaders are seeking and finding new ways to adapt their business models to remain competitive in their current industry – or to seek growth by entering new industries. Originality/value Companies focusing on business model innovation have enjoyed significant operating margin growth, while those using products/services/markets and operational innovation have sustained their margins over time.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“An IBM CEO study reported that CEOs from top firms acknowledge the impact of BMI on the operation margin growth of their firms (Pohle & Chapman, 2006).”
From Digitalization, business models, and SMEs: How do business model innovation practices improve performance of digitalizing SMEs? (2019) · cites this paper as Pohle & Chapman, 2006
Citations
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Fifteen Years of Research on Business Model Innovation
Foss, N. J., & Saebi, T. (2016) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206316675927 · Cited by 2,296
BUSINESS MODEL INNOVATION: TOWARDS AN INTEGRATED FUTURE RESEARCH AGENDA
Schneider, S., & Spieth, P. (2013) · International Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.1142/s136391961340001x · Cited by 790
Bouwman, H., Nikou, S., & de Reuver, M. (2019) · Telecommunications Policy · doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2019.101828 · Cited by 653
Measuring business model innovation: conceptualization, scale development, and proof of performance
Clauß, T. (2016) · R and D Management · doi:10.1111/radm.12186 · Cited by 709
Circular economy business models: The state of research and avenues ahead
Ferasso, M., Beliaeva, T., Kraus, S., Clauss, T., & Ribeiro‐Soriano, D. (2020) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.2554 · Cited by 588
Kraus, S., Kanbach, D. K., Krysta, P. M., Steinhoff, M. M., & Tomini, N. (2022) · International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research · doi:10.1108/ijebr-12-2021-0984 · Cited by 455
The role of business model innovation in the hospitality industry during the COVID-19 crisis
Breier, M., Kallmuenzer, A., Clauss, T., Gast, J., Kraus, S., & Tiberius, V. (2020) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102723 · Cited by 405
Strategic Agility, Business Model Innovation, and Firm Performance: An Empirical Investigation
Clauß, T., Abebe, M. A., Tangpong, C., & Hock, M. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management · doi:10.1109/tem.2019.2910381 · Cited by 456
The impact of digitalization on business models
Bouwman, H., Nikou, S., Molina‐Castillo, F., & de Reuver, M. (2018) · Digital Policy Regulation and Governance · doi:10.1108/dprg-07-2017-0039 · Cited by 421
Lambert, S., & Davidson, R. (2012) · European Management Journal · doi:10.1016/j.emj.2012.07.007 · Cited by 353
Data‐Driven Business Model Innovation
Sorescu, A. B. (2017) · Journal of Product Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/jpim.12398 · Cited by 342
The sites and practices of business models
Mason, K. J., & Spring, M. (2011) · Industrial Marketing Management · doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2011.06.032 · Cited by 312
Business Model Innovation as Lever of Organizational Sustainability
Carayannis, E. G., Sindakis, S., & Walter, C. (2015) · The Journal of Technology Transfer · doi:10.1007/s10961-013-9330-y · Cited by 299
Overcoming organizational inertia to strengthen business model innovation
Huang, H., Lai, M., Lin, L.-H., & Chen, C.-T. (2013) · Journal of Organizational Change Management · doi:10.1108/jocm-04-2012-0047 · Cited by 273
Temporary business model innovation – SMEs’ innovation response to the Covid‐19 crisis
Clauß, T., Breier, M., Kraus, S., Durst, S., & Mahto, R. V. (2021) · R and D Management · doi:10.1111/radm.12498 · Cited by 287
Business model innovativeness: designing a formative measure for business model innovation
Spieth, P., & Schneider, S. (2016) · Journal of Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11573-015-0794-0 · Cited by 232
Antecedents and consequences of business model innovation in the IT industry
Bhatti, S. H., Santoro, G., Khan, J., & Rizzato, F. (2020) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.10.003 · Cited by 246
Moradi, E., Jafari, S. M., Doorbash, Z. M., & Mirzaei, A. (2021) · Asia Pacific Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.apmrv.2021.01.003 · Cited by 204
Margherita, A., & Heikkilä, M. (2021) · Business Horizons · doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2021.02.020 · Cited by 178
From design driven innovation to meaning strategy
Battistella, C., Biotto, G., & Toni, A. F. D. (2012) · Management Decision · doi:10.1108/00251741211220390 · Cited by 176
The impact of organizational culture on a firm's capability to innovate the business model
Hock, M., Clauß, T., & Schulz, E. (2015) · R and D Management · doi:10.1111/radm.12153 · Cited by 178
Asemokha, A., Musona, J., Torkkeli, L., & Saarenketo, S. (2019) · Journal of International Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1007/s10843-019-00254-3 · Cited by 184
The development of business model research: A bibliometric review
Budler, M., Župič, I., & Trkman, P. (2021) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.06.045 · Cited by 216
Toward a Theory of Business Model Innovation within Incumbent FirmsPreprint
dos Santos, J. K. F., Spector, B., & der Heyden, L. V. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1362515 · Cited by 185
Business Model Innovation as Antecedent of Sustainable Enterprise Excellence and Resilience
Carayannis, E. G., Grigoroudis, E., Sindakis, S., & Walter, C. (2014) · Journal of the Knowledge Economy · doi:10.1007/s13132-014-0206-7 · Cited by 169
Niemimaa, M. I., Järveläinen, J., Heikkilä, M., & Heikkilä, J. (2019) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.04.010 · Cited by 160
ANALYZING THE BUSINESS MODEL CONCEPT — A COMPREHENSIVE CLASSIFICATION OF LITERATURE
Burkhart, T., Krumeich, J., Werth, D., & Loos, P. (2011) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · Cited by 151
The Four Models of Corporate Entrepreneurship
Wolcott, R. C., & Lippitz, M. J. (2007) · Cited by 149
From strategic goals to business model innovation paths: An exploratory study
Heikkilä, M., Bouwman, H., & Heikkilä, J. (2018) · Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development · doi:10.1108/jsbed-03-2017-0097 · Cited by 147
Business model innovation: a review of the process-based literature
Andreini, D., Bettinelli, C., Foss, N. J., & Mismetti, M. (2021) · Journal of Management & Governance · doi:10.1007/s10997-021-09590-w · Cited by 200
Visual tools for business model innovation: Recommendations from a cognitive perspective
Taeuscher, K., & Abdelkafi, N. (2017) · Creativity and Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/caim.12208 · Cited by 137
User entrepreneur business models in 3D printing
Holzmann, P., Breitenecker, R. J., Soomro, A. A., & Schwarz, E. J. (2017) · Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management · doi:10.1108/jmtm-12-2015-0115 · Cited by 126
Business model innovation and organizational resilience: towards an integrated conceptual framework
Buliga, O., Scheiner, C. W., & Voigt, K. (2015) · Journal of Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11573-015-0796-y · Cited by 152
Pucihar, A., Lenart, G., Borštnar, M. K., Vidmar, D., & Marolt, M. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11020344 · Cited by 141
The changing pattern of SME's innovativeness through business model globalization
Lee, Y., Shin, J., & Park, Y. (2011) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2011.10.008 · Cited by 123
Business models for the service transformation of industrial firms
Adrodegari, F., & Saccani, N. (2017) · Service Industries Journal · doi:10.1080/02642069.2017.1289514 · Cited by 141
Internal factors & consequences of business model innovation
Bashir, M., & Verma, R. (2018) · Management Decision · doi:10.1108/md-11-2016-0784 · Cited by 115
A configurational approach in business model design
Kulins, C., Leonardy, H., & Weber, C. (2015) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.10.121 · Cited by 114
Gupta, G., & Bose, I. (2018) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2018.06.020 · Cited by 106
Rethinking Health: ICT-Enabled Services to Empower People to Manage Their Health
Honka, A. M., Kaipainen, K., Hietala, H., & Saranummi, N. (2011) · IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/rbme.2011.2174217 · Cited by 93
Artificial intelligence in the legal sector: pressures and challenges of transformation
Brooks, C., Gherhes, C., & Vorley, T. (2020) · Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society · doi:10.1093/cjres/rsz026 · Cited by 87
BUSINESS MODEL INNOVATION AND STRATEGIC FLEXIBILITY: INSIGHTS FROM AN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
Schneider, S., & Spieth, P. (2014) · International Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.1142/s136391961440009x · Cited by 87
Velamuri, V. K., Bansemir, B., Neyer, A., & Möslein, K. M. (2013) · International Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.1142/s1363919613400045 · Cited by 84
Urbaniec, M., & Żur, A. (2020) · The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal · doi:10.1007/s11365-020-00646-1 · Cited by 76
Portillo, A. F., González, M. A., Sánchez‐Escobedo, M. C., & Coca-Pérez, J. L. (2022) · European Research on Management and Business Economics · doi:10.1016/j.iedeen.2021.100190 · Cited by 89
Business Model Innovation for Sustainable Performance in Retail and Hospitality Industries
Cheah, S. L., Ho, Y., & Li, S. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10113952 · Cited by 80
Business Model Innovation: Past Research, Current Debates, and Future Directions
Hossain, M. (2016) · Journal of strategy and management · doi:10.1108/jsma-01-2016-0002 · Cited by 80
Monios, J., & Bergqvist, R. (2019) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119824 · Cited by 77
Antecedents and Consequences of Business Model Innovation: The Role of Industry Structure
Waldner, F., Poetz, M. K., Grimpe, C., & Eurich, M. (2015) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s0742-332220150000033009 · Cited by 60
Sengupta, T., Narayanamurthy, G., Hota, P. K., Sarker, T., & Dey, S. (2021) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120857 · Cited by 58
Exploring business model innovation for competitive advantage: a lesson from an emerging market
Saqib, N., & Satar, M. S. (2021) · International Journal of Innovation Science · doi:10.1108/ijis-05-2020-0072 · Cited by 67
Supply Chain-Based Business Model Innovation: The Case of a Cross-Border E-Commerce Company
Wang, Y., Jia, F., Schoenherr, T., & Gong, Y. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10124362 · Cited by 56
Topleva, S. A., & Prokopov, T. (2020) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-03-2019-0208 · Cited by 61
Huang, H., Lai, M., Kao, M., & Chen, Y. (2012) · Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences / Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l Administration · doi:10.1002/cjas.1229 · Cited by 48
Takin' Care of Business Models: The Impact of Business Model Evaluation on Front‐End Success
Schrauder, S., Kock, A., Baccarella, C. V., & Voigt, K. (2017) · Journal of Product Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/jpim.12411 · Cited by 51
Lee, J. H., Shin, D. I., Hong, Y. S., & Kim, Y. S. (2011) · Annual SRII Global Conference · doi:10.1109/srii.2011.72 · Cited by 44
Deploying information technologies for organizational innovation: Lessons from case studies
Lindič, J., Baloh, P., Ribière, V., & Desouza, K. C. (2011) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2010.12.004 · Cited by 43
Innovations in the restaurant industry: An exploratory study
Ivkov, M., Blešić, I., Simat, K., Demirovic, D., Božić, S., & Stefanović, V. (2016) · Ekonomika poljoprivrede · doi:10.5937/ekopolj1604169i · Cited by 42
Does model consistency in business model innovation matter? A contingency‐based approach
Kranich, P., & Wald, A. E. (2017) · Creativity and Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/caim.12247 · Cited by 39
Attah‐Boakye, R., Adams, K., Hernández‐Perdomo, E., Yu, H., & Johansson, J. (2023) · Technovation · doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2023.102769 · Cited by 43
Business model innovation and firm performance: Evidence from manufacturing SMEs
Salfore, N., Jaleta, M. E., & Alemu, Z. K. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16384 · Cited by 58
Legitimacy without Imitation: How to Achieve Robust Business Model Innovation
Snihur, Y., & Zott, C. (2013) · Academy of Management Proceedings · doi:10.5465/ambpp.2013.12656abstract · Cited by 34
Bashir, M. (2023) · International Journal of Innovation Science · doi:10.1108/ijis-06-2021-0110 · Cited by 46
The dark side of business model innovation
Sabaruddin, L. O., MacBryde, J., & D’Ippolito, B. (2022) · International Journal of Management Reviews · doi:10.1111/ijmr.12309 · Cited by 32
Business model innovation from the strategic posture perspective
Ben-Ammar, O., & Chereau, P. (2017) · European Business Review · doi:10.1108/ebr-09-2016-0119 · Cited by 32
The interplay of technological innovation and business model innovation toward company performance
Smajlović, S., Umihanić, B., & Turulja, L. (2019) · Management · doi:10.30924/mjcmi.24.2.5 · Cited by 31
Shalley, C. E., Hitt, M. A., Zhou, J., Zott, C., & Amit, R. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199927678.013.0030 · Cited by 29
Jiao, N., & Evans, S. (2017) · Smart innovation, systems and technologies · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57078-5_51 · Cited by 27
Business Model Innovation Roadmapping: A Structured Approach to a New Business Model
Schaller, A.-A., Vatananan-Thesenvitz, R., & Mariano, S. (2018) · Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET) · doi:10.23919/picmet.2018.8481976 · Cited by 27
Alosani, M. S., Yusoff, R. Z., Al-Ansi, A. A., & Al-Dhaafri, H. S. (2020) · International Journal of Lean Six Sigma · doi:10.1108/ijlss-11-2019-0110 · Cited by 27
Business Model Mining: Analyzing a Firm's Business Model with Text Mining of Annual Report
Lee, J., & Hong, Y. S. (2014) · Industrial Engineering & Management Systems · doi:10.7232/iems.2014.13.4.432 · Cited by 25
The Circular Economy and retail: using Deep Learning to predict business survival
Uribe-Toril, J., Ruiz–Real, J. L., Durán, A. G., Arriaza, J. A. T., & Valenciano, J. D. P. (2022) · Environmental Sciences Europe · doi:10.1186/s12302-021-00582-z · Cited by 30
Tetteh, F. K., Nyamekye, B., Attah, J., Gyamerah, K. K., & Agboyi, M. R. (2025) · Journal of Enterprising Communities People and Places in the Global Economy · doi:10.1108/jec-09-2024-0180 · Cited by 28
Rashidin, M. S., Javed, S., Chen, L., & Wang, J. (2020) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244019898214 · Cited by 27
Hanafizadeh, P., Hatami, P., Analoui, M., & Albadvi, A. (2021) · Information Systems and e-Business Management · doi:10.1007/s10257-021-00537-0 · Cited by 25
Abebe, M. A., & MYINT, P. P. A. (2017) · International Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.1142/s1363919618500068 · Cited by 24
New business model creation through the triple helix of young entrepreneurs, SNSs, and smart devices
Shin, J. (2014) · International Journal of Technology Management · doi:10.1504/ijtm.2014.064969 · Cited by 20
Founders’ Creativity, Business Model Innovation, and Business Growth
Li, Y., Li, B., & Lu, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.892716 · Cited by 20
Caceres, A. P. D. L. V. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16135347 · Cited by 20
Business Model Innovation: Insights from a Multiple Case Study of Slovenian SMEs
Marolt, M., Lenart, G., Maletič, D., Borštnar, M. K., & Pucihar, A. (2016) · Organizacija · doi:10.1515/orga-2016-0015 · Cited by 20
Volberda, H., Bosch, F. A. J. V. D., & Heij, K. (2017) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198792048.001.0001 · Cited by 45
Business model innovation in the retail industry: growth by serving the silver generation
Lange, V. G., & Velamuri, V. K. (2014) · International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management · doi:10.1504/ijeim.2014.064210 · Cited by 19
When Money Learns to Fly: Towards Sensing as a Service Applications Using BitcoinPreprint
Noyen, K., Volland, D., Wörner, D., & Fleisch, E. (2014) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1409.5841 · Cited by 19
Islam, S. M., & Scott, T. (2021) · Australian Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/03128962211053411 · Cited by 17
Basit, A., Wang, L., Nazir, S., Mehmood, S., & Hussain, I. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su151813538 · Cited by 17
La performance des pratiques interorganisationnelles innovantes. Proposition d’un modèle conceptuel
Lavastre, O., Ageron, B., & Chaze-Magnan, L. (2014) · Revue française de gestion · doi:10.3166/rfg.239.75-89 · Cited by 17
Overcoming the Barriers of Sustainable Business Model Innovations by Integrating Open Innovation
Asswad, J., Hake, G., & Gómez, J. M. (2016) · Lecture notes in business information processing · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-39426-8_24 · Cited by 17
Lavastre, O., Ageron, B., Chaze-Magnan, L., & Spalanzani, A. (2014) · M n gement · doi:10.3917/mana.174.0266 · Cited by 25
Business Model Innovation Paths and Tools
Heikkilä, M., Bouwman, H., Heikkilä, J., Haaker, T., López‐Nicolás, C., & Riedl, A. (2016) · Åbo Akademi University Research Portal · Cited by 16
The social embeddedness of business model enactment
Spector, B. (2013) · Journal of strategy and management · doi:10.1108/17554251311296549 · Cited by 15
Analysis of business models innovation – a multiple case study
Nunes, M. P., & Russo, A. P. (2018) · Innovation & Management Review · doi:10.1108/inmr-11-2018-0085 · Cited by 16
Zhou, L., & Lee, H. (2023) · Systems · doi:10.3390/systems11060278 · Cited by 15
NON-TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION: CURRENT ISSUES AND PERSPECTIVES
Pereira, C. S., & Romero, F. C. C. (2013) · Independent Journal of Management & Production · doi:10.14807/ijmp.v4i1.88 · Cited by 15
A team-learning framework for business model innovation in an emerging market
Huang, H., Lai, M., Kao, M., & Sung, C.-H. (2014) · Journal of Management & Organization · doi:10.1017/jmo.2014.20 · Cited by 15
BUSINESS MODEL INNOVATION AND BUSINESS PERFORMANCE IN AN INNOVATIVE ENVIRONMENT
Nunes, M. P., & PEREIRA, R. D. V. (2020) · International Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.1142/s1363919621500365 · Cited by 18
Dorfer, L. (2016) · Schmalenbach Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1007/s41471-016-0014-9 · Cited by 13
Business Model Innovation (BMI) Process: A Systematic Literature Review with Bibliometric Analysis
Schaller, A.-A., & Vatananan-Thesenvitz, R. (2019) · Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET) · doi:10.23919/picmet.2019.8893797 · Cited by 12
Sustainable circular innovation ecosystem for hospitality and tourism
Prikshat, V., Okumuş, F., & Martino, M. D. (2025) · Tourism Review · doi:10.1108/tr-01-2025-0035 · Cited by 11
Probing the impact of intellectual capital on SME efficiency: the role of business model innovation
Khattak, M. S., Wu, Q., Ahmad, M., & Anwar, M. (2024) · Journal of Intellectual Capital · doi:10.1108/jic-04-2023-0071 · Cited by 11
Creating a New Business Through Applying the Systems‐Based Evolutionary Learning Laboratory Approach
Kiura, T., Bosch, O. J. H., Nguyen, N. C., Shirasaka, S., & Maéno, T. (2014) · Systems Research and Behavioral Science · doi:10.1002/sres.2319 · Cited by 11
Metadata
- Authors
- Pohle, G., & Chapman, M.
- Affiliations
- IBM (United States) (US)
- Venue
- Strategy & Leadership
- Publisher
- Emerald
- Published
- 2006-09-01
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 34-40
- ISSN
- 0094-064X (ISSN-L)
- 1087-8572
- OpenAlex
- W2050058009
- Cited by
- 269
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 41 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 5.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Strategy and Leadership (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Business Strategies and Innovation
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Innovation and Knowledge Management
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Service and Product Innovation
- Keywords
- business model innovation, CEO decision-making, financial performance, product innovation, service innovation, market innovation, operational innovation, enterprise competitiveness, industry entry
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review