Measuring lean readiness through the understanding of quality practices in the Turkish automotive suppliers industry
Abstract
Purpose: – The purpose of this paper is to present a study that evaluates the readiness level of the Turkish automotive suppliers industry (T-ASI) to provide a foundation for the successful implementation and/or sustainment of lean practices. Design/methodology/approach: – The paper adapts an assessment framework developed by Al-Najem et al. (2013) to conduct the evaluation of the lean readiness (LR) of the T-ASI. Thus, the LR assessment is based on six quality practices related to lean manufacturing (LM), namely: processes; planning and control; human resources; top management and leadership; customer relations; and supplier relations. One research question and three hypotheses were formulated and tested using a combination of descriptive statistics and t-test and Levene’s tests. Data were collected through a survey questionnaire responded by 48 manufacturing organisations members of the Association of Automotive Parts and Components Manufacturers (TAYSAD). Findings: – The results of the study revealed that the T-ASI has a high level of LR, especially in the areas of customer relations and top management and leadership while processes, planning and control and supplier relations still need to be enhanced. In addition, the study found that company size has no effect on the LR level of suppliers whereas supplier level and location of customers have. Practical implications: – As the LR level of the T-ASI is measured, this research study increases the awareness of supplier companies with respect to complementary quality practices that support the implementation and/or sustainment of LM. Thus, managers can use this study as a platform to take better decisions regarding what quality aspects of their operations need to be enhanced to successfully deploy or sustain a lean strategy. Originality/value: – This research is among the very few studies that have focused on evaluating how ready the T-ASI is to successfully implement or sustain lean practices. For this reason, this research expands the very limited existent body of knowledge of LM in the T-ASI.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
There was a low level of readiness for supplier relations in the Turkish automotive industry.
“There was a high level of readiness for the practices such as management support and customer relation, while a low level of readiness was seen for the supplier relations and process planning and control”
From A systematic literature review of lean manufacturing implementation in manufacturing-based sectors of the developing and developed countries (2022) · cites this paper as Garza-Reyes et al. (2015)
There was a low level of readiness for process planning and control in the Turkish automotive industry.
“There was a high level of readiness for the practices such as management support and customer relation, while a low level of readiness was seen for the supplier relations and process planning and control”
From A systematic literature review of lean manufacturing implementation in manufacturing-based sectors of the developing and developed countries (2022) · cites this paper as Garza-Reyes et al. (2015)
There was a high level of readiness for customer relation in the Turkish automotive industry.
“There was a high level of readiness for the practices such as management support and customer relation, while a low level of readiness was seen for the supplier relations and process planning and control”
From A systematic literature review of lean manufacturing implementation in manufacturing-based sectors of the developing and developed countries (2022) · cites this paper as Garza-Reyes et al. (2015)
There was a high level of readiness for management support in the Turkish automotive industry.
“There was a high level of readiness for the practices such as management support and customer relation, while a low level of readiness was seen for the supplier relations and process planning and control”
From A systematic literature review of lean manufacturing implementation in manufacturing-based sectors of the developing and developed countries (2022) · cites this paper as Garza-Reyes et al. (2015)
Cites
Lean manufacturing: context, practice bundles, and performance
Shah, R., & Ward, P. T. (2003) · Journal of Operations Management · doi:10.1016/s0272-6963(02)00108-0 · Cited by 2,897 · see citing works
Lean Thinking-Banish Waste and Create Wealth in Your Corporation.
Rand, G. K., Womack, J. P., & Jones, D. T. (1997) · Journal of the Operational Research Society · doi:10.2307/3010314 · Cited by 1,842 · see citing works
Robson, C., & McCartan, K. (2016) · UWE Research Repository (UWE Bristol) · Cited by 1,319 · see citing works
Relationships between implementation of TQM, JIT, and TPM and manufacturing performance
Cua, K. O., McKone, K. E., & Schroeder, R. G. (2001) · Journal of Operations Management · doi:10.1016/s0272-6963(01)00066-3 · Cited by 1,160 · see citing works
Critical success factors for lean implementation within SMEs
Achanga, P. C., Shehab, E., Roy, R., & Nelder, G. (2006) · Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management · doi:10.1108/17410380610662889 · Cited by 1,008 · see citing works
Bhasin, S., & Burcher, P. G. (2006) · Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management · doi:10.1108/17410380610639506 · Cited by 918 · see citing works
Lean production, six sigma quality, TQM and company culture
Dahlgaard, J. J., & Dahlgaard‐Park, S. M. (2006) · The TQM Journal · doi:10.1108/09544780610659998 · Cited by 693 · see citing works
Similarities and differences between TQM, six sigma and lean
Andersson, R., Eriksson, H., & Torstensson, H. (2006) · The TQM Journal · doi:10.1108/09544780610660004 · Cited by 550 · see citing works
The impact of lean methods and tools on the operational performance of manufacturing organisations
Belekoukias, I., Garza-Reyes, J. A., & Kumar, V. (2014) · International Journal of Production Research · doi:10.1080/00207543.2014.903348 · Cited by 474 · see citing works
Self-citationAn Empirical Investigation of the Factors Influencing Exporting Success of Brazilian Firms
Christensen, C. H., da Rocha, Â., & Gertner, R. K. (1987) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490412 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
JIT Manufacturing: A Survey of Implementations in Small and Large U.S. Manufacturers
White, R. E., Pearson, J. N., & Wilson, J. R. (1999) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.45.1.1 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
The Global Automotive Industry Value Chain: What Prospects for Upgrading by Developing CountriesPreprint
HUMPHREY, J. D., & Memedović, O. (2003) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.424560 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Complementarity and lean manufacturing bundles: an empirical analysis
Furlan, A., Vinelli, A., & Pont, G. D. (2011) · International Journal of Operations & Production Management · doi:10.1108/01443571111153067 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Applying the lessons learned from 27 lean manufacturers.
Panizzolo, R. (1998) · International Journal of Production Economics · doi:10.1016/s0925-5273(98)00066-8 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Bhasin, S. (2012) · International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management · doi:10.1108/17410401211212661 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
A survey on lean manufacturing implementation in Malaysian automotive industry
Nordin, N., Deros, B. M., & Wahab, D. A. (2010) · Universiti Utara Malaysia Institutional Repository (Universiti Utara Malaysia) · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Sun, H., & Cheng, T. C. E. (2002) · International Small Business Journal Researching Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1177/0266242602204003 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
LEAN MANUFACTURING BEST PRACTICES IN SMES
Rose, A. M. N., & Deros, B. M. (2011) · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Sezen, B., Karakadılar, İ. S., & Büyüközkan, G. (2011) · International Journal of Production Research · doi:10.1080/00207543.2011.603372 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Development of a framework for lean manufacturing systems
Anand, G., & Kodali, R. (2009) · International Journal of Services and Operations Management · doi:10.1504/ijsom.2009.025121 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Performance evaluation of lean manufacturing implementation in Brazil
Lucato, W. C., Calarge, F. A., Loureiro, M., & Calado, R. D. (2014) · International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management · doi:10.1108/ijppm-04-2013-0085 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Mady, M. T. (2009) · International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management · doi:10.1108/02656710910936708 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Lean readiness level within Kuwaiti manufacturing industries
Alnajem, M., Dhakal, H. N., Labib, A., & Bennett, N. (2013) · International Journal of Lean Six Sigma · doi:10.1108/ijlss-05-2013-0027 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
CHALLENGES AND SUCCESS FACTORS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF LEAN MANUFACTURING IN EUROPEAN SMES
Bakås, O., Govaert, T., & Landeghem, H. V. (2011) · Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Gupta, V. K., Acharya, P., & Patwardhan, M. (2013) · International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management · doi:10.1108/ijppm-jun-2012-0057 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Buyer‐supplier relationships in the Turkish automotive industry
Wasti, S. N., Kozan, M. K., & Kuman, A. (2006) · International Journal of Operations & Production Management · doi:10.1108/01443570610682580 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
A study of quality management practices in TQM and non‐TQM firms
Punnakitikashem, P., Laosirihongthong, T., Adebanjo, D., & McLean, M. W. (2010) · International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management · doi:10.1108/02656711011084819 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Lean manufacturing best practices in SMEs
Rose, A. M. N., Deros, B. M., Ab. Rahman, M. N., & Nordin, N. (2011) · Universiti Utara Malaysia Institutional Repository (Universiti Utara Malaysia) · Cited by 44 · see citing works
An empirical-exploratory study of the status of lean manufacturing in India
Garza‐Reyes, J. A., Parkar, H. S., Oraifige, I. A., Meier, H. S., & Harmanto, D. (2012) · International Journal of Business Excellence · doi:10.1504/ijbex.2012.047906 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationZerenler, M., & Gözlü, S. (2008) · Journal of Transnational Management · doi:10.1080/15475770802561680 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Personal development review (PDR) process and engineering staff motivation
Baldwin, C., Garza‐Reyes, J. A., Kumar, P. V., & Rocha-Lona, L. (2014) · Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management · doi:10.1108/jmtm-01-2013-0001 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationBirgün, S., Gülen, K. G., & Özkan, K. (2006) · DergiPark (Istanbul University) · Cited by 9 · see citing works
SUPPLIER SELECTION CRITERIA OF TURKISH AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
Gürler, A. G. İ. (2007) · DergiPark (Istanbul University) · doi:10.19168/jyu.80642 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Ulusoy, G., Özgür, A. F., Bi̇lgi̇ç, T., Kaylan, A. R., & Payzın, E. (2001) · Sabanci University · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Mallur, S. B., Hiregouder, N. L., & Sequeira, A. H. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2041439 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
A field study on measuring the lean maturity level in manufacturing firms in Turkey
Satoğlu, Ş. I., & Durmuşoğlu, M. B. (2003) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Küreselleşmenin Otomotiv Sektöründe Üretim Teknolojileri Kullanımı Üzerine Etkisi
Tekin, P. D. M., Ömürbek, A. G. D. N., & ÖMÜRBEK, A. G. V. (2003) · DergiPark (Istanbul University) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Otomotiv Yan Sanayinde Altı Sigma Araçlarının Kullanımı Ve Uygulama Örneği
Orbak, A. E., & Orbak, Â. Y. (2005) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 39 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Assessing the readiness to implement lean in healthcare institutions – A case study
Narayanamurthy, G., Gurumurthy, A., Subramanian, N., & Moser, R. (2018) · International Journal of Production Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2017.12.028 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Maware, C., Okwu, M. O., & Adetunji, O. (2022) · International Journal of Lean Six Sigma · doi:10.1108/ijlss-12-2020-0223 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Lean readiness – the case of the European pharmaceutical manufacturing industry
Garza‐Reyes, J. A., Betsis, I. E., Kumar, P. V., & AL-Shboul, M. A. (2017) · International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management · doi:10.1108/ijppm-04-2016-0083 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationTotal quality environmental management: adoption status in the Chinese manufacturing sector
Garza‐Reyes, J. A., Yu, M., Kumar, P. V., & Upadhyay, A. (2017) · The TQM Journal · doi:10.1108/tqm-05-2017-0052 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationLeanness assessment of organizational performance: a systematic literature review
Sangwa, N. R., & Sangwan, K. S. (2018) · Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management · doi:10.1108/jmtm-09-2017-0196 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Qamar, A., Hall, M., Chicksand, D., & Collinson, S. (2020) · Production planning & control (Print) · doi:10.1080/09537287.2019.1681534 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Lean versus agile production: flexibility trade-offs within the automotive supply chain
Qamar, A., Hall, M. A., & Collinson, S. C. (2018) · International Journal of Production Research · doi:10.1080/00207543.2018.1463109 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Implementation of lean supply chain: an empirical research on the effect of context
Tortorella, G. L., Miorando, R., & Tlapa, D. (2017) · The TQM Journal · doi:10.1108/tqm-11-2016-0102 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Ahmad, S., Abdullah, A., & Talib, F. (2020) · Benchmarking An International Journal · doi:10.1108/bij-05-2020-0255 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Lean manufacturing implementation in Zimbabwean industries: Impact on operational performance
Maware, C., & Adetunji, O. (2019) · International Journal of Engineering Business and Management · doi:10.1177/1847979019859790 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Lean readiness within emergency departments: a conceptual framework
Alnajem, M., Garza‐Reyes, J. A., & Antony, J. (2019) · Benchmarking An International Journal · doi:10.1108/bij-10-2018-0337 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationCircular economy: a conceptual model to measure readiness for manufacturing SMEs
Thorley, J., Garza‐Reyes, J. A., & Anosike, A. (2021) · Benchmarking An International Journal · doi:10.1108/bij-03-2021-0161 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationImprovement of the Statistical Process Control Certainty in an Automotive Manufacturing Unit
Godina, R., Pimentel, C., Silva, F. J. G., & Matias, J. C. O. (2018) · Procedia Manufacturing · doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2018.10.123 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Exploring organizational contexts on lean manufacturing and supply chain relationship
Vanichchinchai, A. (2019) · Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management · doi:10.1108/jmtm-01-2019-0017 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Qamar, A., & Hall, M. (2018) · Supply Chain Management An International Journal · doi:10.1108/scm-05-2017-0185 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Quality Management Practices in Manufacturing Enterprises in the Context of Their Performance
Potkány, M., Závadský, J., Hlawiczka, R., Gajdos, P., & Schmidtová, J. (2022) · Journal of Competitiveness · doi:10.7441/joc.2022.02.06 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Predictive Six Sigma for Turkish manufacturers: utilization of machine learning tools in DMAIC
Uluskan, M., & Karşı, M. G. (2022) · International Journal of Lean Six Sigma · doi:10.1108/ijlss-02-2022-0046 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Quality practices as a mediator of the relationship between Lean practices and production fitness
Onofrei, G., & Fynes, B. (2019) · International Journal of Lean Six Sigma · doi:10.1108/ijlss-09-2017-0107 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Quality and innovation as drivers for manufacturing competitiveness of automotive parts suppliers
la Rosa, L. M. V., Villarreal, L. A. V., & Martínez, G. A. (2020) · The TQM Journal · doi:10.1108/tqm-12-2018-0218 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Lean green practices in Automotive Components Manufacturing
Sunmola, F. T., Mbafotu, O. R., Salihu-Yusuf, M. L., & Sunmola, H. O. (2024) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2024.02.022 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Quality and lean practices synergies
Onofrei, G., Fynes, B., Nguyen, H. M., & Azadnia, A. H. (2020) · International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management · doi:10.1108/ijqrm-11-2019-0360 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Readiness Factors for Sustainable Lean Transformation of Construction Organizations
Prasad, K. V., & Vasugi, V. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15086433 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Lean readiness of organizations – A systematic scientometric review
Prasad, K. V., Vasugi, V., Antony, J., Garza‐Reyes, J. A., & Venkatesan, R. (2023) · Total Quality Management & Business Excellence · doi:10.1080/14783363.2023.2232736 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationAn Empirical Research on Lean Production Awareness: The Sample of Gaziantep
Gelmez, E., Özceylan, E., Mete, S., & Durmuşoğlu, A. (2020) · International Journal of Global Business and Competitiveness · doi:10.1007/s42943-020-00010-8 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Contextual factors on Toyota Way and Agile Manufacturing: an empirical investigation
Vanichchinchai, A. (2023) · Operations Management Research · doi:10.1007/s12063-023-00352-5 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Lean readiness factors for higher education
Kakouris, A. P., Sfakianaki, E., & Kapaj, M. (2024) · International Journal of Lean Six Sigma · doi:10.1108/ijlss-07-2024-0160 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Enablers of Lean for Manufacturing Excellence: An Interpretive Structural Modelling and Analysis
Ojha, R. (2021) · Vision The Journal of Business Perspective · doi:10.1177/0972262920985952 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Inuwa, M. L., Islam, K. M. A., & Male, I. G. (2022) · The Millennium University Journal · doi:10.58908/tmuj.v7i1.43 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Lean Manufacturing Implementation in Carton Industry — A case study
Shafeek, H. (2019) · Industrial & Systems Engineering Conference (ISEC) · doi:10.1109/iasec.2019.8686603 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
An Empirical Research on Lean Production Awareness: The Sample of Gaziantep
Gelmez, E., Özceylan, E., Mete, S., & Durmuşoğlu, A. (2020) · International Journal of Global Business and Competitiveness · doi:10.1007/s42943-020-00011-7 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Literature review of lean, agile, resilient, green (LARG) in automotive manufacturing industry
Purba, H. H., Aisyah, S., Hasibuan, S., & Jaqin, C. (2025) · BIO Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/bioconf/202515902002 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lean Manufacturing Structural Model for Improving Operational Performance of Diverse Industries
Irfan, O. M. (2022) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS · doi:10.47191/ijmra/v5-i11-38 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lean Philosophy: A step towards improving the management of hotel supply chain
Kamar, M. A. (2018) · International Journal of Heritage, Tourism, and Hospitality · doi:10.21608/ijhth.2018.32059 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Do Lean production and lean supply chain practices really improve operational performance?
Guzmán, G. M. (2025) · TEC Empresarial · doi:10.18845/te.v19i2.7904 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lean maturity level: framework proposal and application
Melo, J. C., de Souza, F. B., & Hanashiro, A. K. (2025) · Benchmarking An International Journal · doi:10.1108/bij-04-2023-0239 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Evaluation of Lean Manufacturing Practices in an Automotive Component Manufacturer
Verçosa, W. R., & Coelho, M. A. (2022) · GEPROS. Gestão da Produção, Operações e Sistemas · doi:10.15675/gepros.v17i2.2853 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Development of the Lean Six Sigma Readiness Assessment Model for the Hotel Sector
Kembi, T. D., Wahjudi, D., & Wijaya, S. (2024) · Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism · doi:10.1080/1528008x.2024.2403501 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
تأثیر ممارسة سلسة الإمداد الرشیق على أداء سلسة الإمداد فی قطاع التصنیع بمصر
محمود, ه. م., لبيب, أ. ع., & نور, ع. ط. (2020) · مجلة جامعة الإسکندرية للعلوم الإدارية · doi:10.21608/acj.2020.79841
FATORES DE PRONTIDÃO PARA A IMPLEMENTAÇÃO DA PRODUÇÃO ENXUTA: UMA REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA DA LITERATURA
MAGALHÃES, E. V. C., Santos, L. C., & NASCIMENTO, G. H. P. (2021) · Anais ... Encontro Nacional de Engenharia de Produção/Anais do Encontro Nacional de Engenharia de Produção · doi:10.14488/enegep2021_tn_wic_354_1820_42208
Creation of an Instrument to Measure the Impact of a Cluster on its Members’ productivity
Zambrano, K. S. V., & la Rosa, L. M. V. (2021) · International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management (IEOM) · doi:10.46254/an11.20210452
ChatGPT in the Automotive Industry: A Transformative Tool for Innovation and Efficiency
Argüelles, A., Saldaña-Pérez, M., Zagal-Flores, R., Felipe, F., Cervantes, I., & Terven, J. R. (2026) · Mechanisms and machine science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-16915-0_18 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Garza-Reyes, J. A., Ates, E. M., & Kumar, V.
- Affiliations
- University of Warwick (GB)
- Venue
- International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management
- Publisher
- Emerald
- Published
- 2015-11-09
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1092-1112
- ISSN
- 0043-8022 (ISSN-L)
- 1741-0401
- OpenAlex
- W2177156406
- Cited by
- 41
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 6.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management (publishedVersion)
- University of Derby Online Research Archive. (University of Derby) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management Information Systems › Quality and Supply Management
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Management and Optimization Techniques
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Management Systems and Quality Improvement
- Keywords
- lean manufacturing, automotive suppliers, quality practices, lean implementation, customer relationships, supplier relationships, planning and control, human resources, firm size
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review