The DOI matches its Crossref record; 42 of the 42 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 6 of the 37 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation
Open accessAbstract
Purpose: This research investigates the Islamic banks’ intermediation role (e.g. branches and deposits) in financing. It also examines how financing contributes to the regions' economic growth and poverty alleviation as a predictor and mediator variable. Design/methodology/approach: A total of 297 observations were extracted from 33 Indonesian districts and 14 Islamic banks during the period 2012–2020. Fixed-effect regression analysis was used to examine variable’s interactions. Findings: The empirical results indicate that Islamic banks have adopted a channelling role towards redistributing capital from lender to borrower. Besides, there are crucial roles in developing economies and reducing poverty at the district level. This study also reinforces the critical role of financing in mediating the relationship between branches and deposits as predictor variables and GDP and poverty as outcome variables. Research limitations/implications: The current study was limited to Indonesian Islamic banks and the district’s perspective. Future research needs to cover sub-districts and other poverty measurements (e.g. human education and development perspectives), including conventional and Islamic banks. It can help practitioners, regulators and researchers observe the dynamic behaviour of the banking sector to understand its role in the economic and social fields. Practical implications: Bank managers and regulators should promote branches, deposits and financing. It also enlightens people about the essential role of Islamic banks and their fundamental operations in business and economics. Originality/value: This study contributes to economic literature, bank managers and local governments' decision-making processes by developing and testing an economic growth and poverty model.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This paper examines whether Islamic bank intermediation—branches, deposits, and financing—contributes to Indonesian district economic growth and poverty alleviation. Using panel data from 33 districts and 14 Islamic banks in 2012–2020, it finds that financing mediates the relationship between branches/deposits and both GDP and poverty outcomes.
Key findings
- Islamic bank branches and deposits are positively associated with financing, and financing is statistically significant in models of district GDP and poverty. In fixed-effects Table 4, LnDeposit→Financing = 0.745 (t = 24.36, p < 0.001), LnFinancing→GDP = 2.001 (t = 10.45, p < 0.001), and LnFinancing→poverty = 0.085 (t = 4.530, p < 0.001).
- Financing mediates the branch/deposit–GDP and branch/deposit–poverty relationships. Table 6 reports BR→Fin→GDP components a = 1.368* and b = 0.481*, and Dep→Fin→Pov components a = 0.918* and b = 0.812*.
- Cross-sectional estimates show that the greatest Islamic bank role is concentrated on Java Island rather than in Sumatera, Borneo, Sulawesi, and East Indonesia.
- The paper states that the number of Islamic bank branches has no significant effect on reducing the poverty rate, while deposits have a greater correlation with poverty than branches.
Methods
- Panel data: 297 observations from 33 Indonesian districts and 14 Islamic banks during 2012–2020; sources include Bank Scope, BPS, and OJK.
- Fixed-effects regression selected via F and Hausman tests; five models use GDP and poverty as dependent variables, with Islamic bank branches, deposits, and financing as banking variables. Hayes’s (2018) regression approach is used for mediation analysis.
- Poverty is measured by a people per capita income indicator of less than $1 a day based on the 2012 purchasing power parity exchange rate (World Bank, 2020).
Limitations
- Stated: the study is limited to Indonesian Islamic banks and the district perspective, so results cannot be generalised; future research should cover sub-districts, more samples/regions, other poverty measurements (e.g. human education and development), and conventional as well as Islamic banks.
- Stated: it considers only situational factors of financing’s role in economic growth and poverty reduction; future work should investigate internal factors (local government, economics, financial risk) and external factors (Islamic bank operation, organisational comparability, bank–society relationships).
- Stated: the framework is restricted to financial development, financing, GDP, poverty amount in Indonesian districts, and their interrelationships from prior studies. Evident from the text: the cross-sectional results show concentration on Java, and the 33-district/14-bank sample over 2012–2020 may limit broader inference.
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Claims the paper makes
24 Own interpretation · 16 Own result · 10 Sources not found · 5 Not checked yet · 4 No full text of the sources · 3 Partly supported · 3 Own method · 2 No basis given · 1 Not supported · 1 Couldn’t confirm · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Islamic banks also have an essential role in reducing poverty (Abdul-Majeed Alaro and Alalubosa, 2019;Bolarinwa et al., 2021;Donou-Adonsou and Sylwester, 2016;Kheir, 2018).”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Abdul-Majeed Alaro and Alalubosa, 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bolarinwa et al., 2021 source
- Partly supportedcites Donou-Adonsou and Sylwester, 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and Conclusion report that banks reduced poverty on the headcount and poverty-gap measures, but not on the squared poverty-gap measure. The paper studies traditional banks and microfinance institutions; it does not establish that Islamic banks specifically have this role. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Meanwhile, Islamic bank financing has a significant role in poverty reduction in Indonesian districts.”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 4.5 Cross-sectional effect
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is confirmed by Table 2, which shows that GDP and poverty are associated with the other independent variables, including Islamic bank branches, the number of deposits, and financing.”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 4.1 Descriptive statistics
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, as shown in Table 5, the greatest Islamic bank's critical role has concentrated on Java Island (the big island and central economy) rather than in fewer regions (e.g.Sumatera, Borneo, Sulawesi, and East Indonesia).”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 4.5 Cross-sectional effect
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Subsequently, in model 3, Islamic bank financing has a crucial effect on Indonesian districts' GDP.”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 4.4 Fixed effects analysis
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Previous bank operation may influence Indonesian districts' current economic growth and poverty rate.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It also indicates that Islamic bank financing effectively enhances people's income (model 4).”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 4.4 Fixed effects analysis
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Previous bank operation may influence Indonesian districts' current economic growth and poverty rate.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, Islamic bank financing plays a mediating role in mediating the relationship between Islamic bank development (e.g.branches and deposits) and economic growth and poverty alleviation.”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > Islamic banks' contribution to
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The empirical results indicate that Islamic banks have adopted a channelling role towards redistributing capital from lender to borrower.”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study also reinforces the critical role of financing in mediating the relationship between branches and deposits as predictor variables and GDP and poverty as outcome variables.”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Previous bank operation may influence Indonesian districts' current economic growth and poverty rate.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Financial development (e.g.branches and deposits) has an essential role in influencing financing.”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 5.1 Key findings
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 26
- Probably not a substantial claim. 26
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“the empirical research addressing the nexus between economic growth and poverty alleviation in the context of Indonesia and developing countries is scanty and focuses on examining the correlation between financial development and economic growth in developed countries rather than poverty reduction and income inequality in developing regions at different demography and district levels”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bolarinwa et al., 2021
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Breunig and Majeed, 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Disputedcites Dey and Tareque, 2020 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 1 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Meanwhile, financial development also has a significant effect on poverty alleviation in 71 developing countries (Donou-Adonsou and Sylwester, 2016;Rewilak, 2017).”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 2.2 Financial sector development and poverty reduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Donou-Adonsou and Sylwester, 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusion (section 6) reports poverty-reduction effects of bank loans in a panel of 71 developing countries, measured by poverty headcount and poverty gap. The claim is broader than the finding: bank loans had no significant effect on the squared poverty gap, and microfinance loans did not significantly reduce poverty on any of the three measures. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites Rewilak, 2017 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusion reports poverty-reducing effects for financial deepening and physical financial access. But the Empirical strategy states that the number of countries varies from 72 to 124 across specifications, not 71; the claimed sample size is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Aryati et al. (2023) applied JJ and VECM approaches in some Islamic countries and found that Islamic bank deposits, financing, and branches positively affect economic growth.”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 2.1 Financial development and economic growth
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Aryati et al. (2023) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction says the study used VECM, and §4.3 reports positive effects of Islamic-bank financing and offices on economic growth. But the study examines Indonesia, not several Islamic countries; §4.3 reports a negative short-run effect for Islamic-bank deposits. The cointegration test in §4.2 is described as a bounds F-test, not a JJ approach (page numbers unavailable in our copy). (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Islamic bank investments positively affected economic growth and enhanced the volume of exports in 83 countries during 1996-2016 (Dewi et al., 2018;Hayat and Tahir, 2021)”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites Dewi et al., 2018 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Data and Empirical Models section describes an Indonesian time-series study for 1980–2015, measuring financial development through money supply and private-sector credit. Searches for Islamic bank investments, exports, 83 countries, and 1996–2016 found no passage in our copy reporting the attributed finding. The References section mentions a separate study of Islamic finance in Malaysia, but does not report this claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not matchedcites Hayat and Tahir, 2021
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the other hand, there is also a positive correlation between Islamic bank branches and deposits, which is positively associated with GDP, poverty, and financing.”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 4.1 Descriptive statistics
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 1 shows that Islamic bank branches, deposits, and financing have minimum values of 1.00%, 4.45%, and 4.38% and maximum values of 41.60%, 12.20%, and 11.93%,”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 4.1 Descriptive statistics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the value of economic growth is positive, the poverty value ranges from a minimum of 2.11 to a maximum of 7.91, and the number of people who live on low-level income is still high.”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 4.1 Descriptive statistics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Besides, there are crucial roles in developing economies and reducing poverty at the district level.”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indonesia banks have a crucial role in enhancing GDP and reducing poverty by expanding banking operations and financing.”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > Islamic banks' contribution to
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Zarrouk et al. (2017) found that in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) during the period 1990-2012, Islamic bank development had bi-directional economic growth.It means that there was a causal relationship between Islamic bank development and GDP.”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 2.1 Financial development and economic growth
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Zarrouk et al. (2017) source
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, the Islamic bank principle and development show a strong foundation for developing and strengthening the district.”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 5.3 Managerial implications
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In contrast, Islamic bank development has not correlated with economic growth in 16 Islamic regions during the period 1994-2014 (Mensi et al., 2020).”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mensi et al., 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The current study was limited to Indonesian Islamic banks and the district's perspective.”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The recent results suggest that Islamic banks enhance the quality of funding for the productive sector, directly correlating with people's income.”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 5.1 Key findings
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, Islamic banks provide financial access to individuals or smallmedium enterprises (SMEs) through capital and partnership scheme products.”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 5.5 Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Theoretically, financial development and financing positively correlate with GDP and the poverty rate, so this finding is not debatable (Anwar et al., 2020;Tabash, 2019).”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 5.1 Key findings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Anwar et al., 2020 source
- Not matchedcites Tabash, 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“With this in mind, Indonesia still has a low gross domestic product (GDP), and 10% of its 270 million people are categorised as living in poverty (Figure 1).”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Figure 1
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Islamic banks have an intermediation role in moving capital to the productive sector and helping reduce poverty through social funds such as Zakat (Begum et al., 2019;Selim and Farooq, 2020).”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Begum et al., 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Selim and Farooq, 2020 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Breunig and Majeed (2020) revealed that economic growth has a strong correlation with poverty rates in some regions.”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 2.2 Financial sector development and poverty reduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Breunig and Majeed (2020)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The role of financing as a mediator between Islamic bank development and economic growth, which also reduces poverty levels, indicates that people are aware and agree that Islamic banks are wealthy, and have applied Islamic conduct to continue and maintain relationships with Islamic banks.”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 5.3 Managerial implications
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It also means that Islamic banks' financial development can statistically increase the community's level of wealth and reduce community poverty due to their intermediation role in providing financing.”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 5.1 Key findings
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These imply that Islamic banks effectively transfer resources to enhance Indonesian district income and have pro-actively invested in the productive sector, which directly affects poverty alleviation.”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 4.4 Fixed effects analysis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Previous bank operation may influence Indonesian districts' current economic growth and poverty rate.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, this study was conducted in the Islamic banking field; thus, the results cannot be generalised.”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 5.4 Limitations and future research directions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Commonly, the correlation coefficients between the independent variables are low.According to Mills (2019) and Pesaran (2015), a high correlation exists when the correlation coefficient exceeds 0.80.Hence, this means the absence of data from the multicollinearity issue.”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 4.1 Descriptive statistics
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mills (2019)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Pesaran (2015)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Kheir (2018) applied autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and concluded that financial development and financing had a solid correlation with reducing Egypt's poverty during the period 1980-2015.”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 2.2 Financial sector development and poverty reduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kheir (2018) source
boostedcorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This means that the Islamic branches and deposits have a crucial role in GDP and poverty alleviation.”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 4.6 Mediating effect analysis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Furthermore, Islamic bank development (e.g.branches and deposits) has a crucial role in facilitating financing and enhancing economic growth in Indonesia (Fianto et al., 2018;Anwar et al., 2020).”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Fianto et al., 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Anwar et al., 2020 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There are two channels for financial sector development for poverty reduction in some regions, including African countries (Beck et al., 2007;Bolarinwa et al., 2021;Kheir, 2018).One works indirectly through growth.Another works directly with the poor, who benefit from accessing financial services.”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 2.2 Financial sector development and poverty reduction
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This implies a positively skewed and kurtosis-like distribution of bank financial development for the period considered (Wooldridge, 2020).”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 4.1 Descriptive statistics
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Wooldridge, 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“the Islamic bank significantly affects Indonesian economic growth (GDP) in the long run and less in the short run.”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 2.1 Financial development and economic growth
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Anwar et al. (2020) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Weqar et al. (2021) revealed that financial performance plays an important role in mediating relationships between corporate social responsibility, financial performance, and investor decision-making in Egypt, ASEAN countries, and India.”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 3.2 Methodology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Weqar et al. (2021)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It describes that Islamic banks have developed high awareness and commitment to unity due to their principal activities and roles dealing with economic and social fields.”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > Islamic banks' contribution to
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, the quality of products and services from Islamic banks may strengthen customers' confidence in their awareness and attitudes towards intimate relationships with these banks.”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 5.3 Managerial implications
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fixed effect analysis can mitigate the omitted variable bias.”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 4.4 Fixed effects analysis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This implies that the Islamic bank's intermediation role may offer high responsiveness, and the intention and amount of financing have a positive correlation with the district's GDP and people's income.”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 4.1 Descriptive statistics
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Ullah et al. (2021) concluded that Islamic banks positively affect economic growth in the long run and negatively in the short run in Pakistan.”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ullah et al. (2021)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hence, Islamic banks may facilitate economic growth and provide capital and financing, which directly contribute to reducing the poverty rate.”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 1. Introduction
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, within Islamic bank branches and deposits, there is less variation in economic growth and income, and thus, the profit motive of branch development is weaker in the district sample.”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 4.2 Ordinary least squares analysis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, it also proves that Islamic bank operations through Islamic law are inevitable to support sustainable development goals (SDGs) locally and globally.”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > Islamic banks' contribution to
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Islamic banks have an essential role in Bangladesh's poverty reduction (Abdul-Majeed Alaro and Alalubosa, 2019).”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 2.2 Financial sector development and poverty reduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Abdul-Majeed Alaro and Alalubosa, 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Islamic bank financing is also positively influencing poverty alleviation in Bangladesh's 544 sub-districts (Iqbal et al., 2020).”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 2.2 Financial sector development and poverty reduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Iqbal et al., 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More specifically, people's interaction with Islamic banks is influenced by Muslim views and attitudes.”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 5.3 Managerial implications
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, all the Islamic banks have at least one branch for each district, which homogenises the observed variables.”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 4.2 Ordinary least squares analysis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, Islamic banks have a positive role in enhancing GDP and fighting poverty in Indonesian districts, specifically through financing in the real sector and investment as predictor and JEFAS 29,58 mediator variables.”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 5.5 Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Previous bank operation may influence Indonesian districts' current economic growth and poverty rate.
“This method assumes that the previous bank operation may influence the Indonesian districts' current economic growth and poverty rate.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Differences in the constant term can capture unobservable factors across units and observation periods.
“The fixed-effect model assumes that the constant term's differences can capture unobservable factors across units and observation periods.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 4.4 Fixed effects analysis
“The first and second models show the positive effect of the number of branches and deposits on the Indonesian”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 4.6 Mediating effect analysis
“Branches À0.001 (7.40)*** 0.001 (1.700)*** À0.001 (À1.301)”
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 4.6 Mediating effect analysis
“Furthermore, financing has a full mediating relationship between the number of branches and deposits.”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 5.5 Conclusion
“BR | Fin | Pov | 1.244*** | 1.368*** 1.344*** À0.072”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 4.4 Fixed effects analysis
“It also indicates that Islamic bank financing effectively enhances people's income (model 4).”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 4.6 Mediating effect analysis
“Model 4: Islamic bank financing to reduce poverty”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia
“The estimation results confirm that all independent variables are individually significant for the three empirical models.”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 4.4 Fixed effects analysis
“Branches 6.304 29.300*** 0.102 0.892 0.642 5.931***”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 4.1 Descriptive statistics
“Branches 73.79 94.67 1.00 41.60 1.95 5.94”
§ Islamic banks' contribution to Indonesia districts' economic growth and poverty alleviation > 4.1 Descriptive statistics
“Variables Mean St. Dev.Min Max Skewness Kurtosis”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Junaidi, J.
- Affiliations
- Universitas Muhammadiyah Palopo (ID)
- Corresponding author
- Junaidi, Junaidi
- ORCID
- Junaidi, Junaidi
- Venue
- Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science
- Publisher
- Emerald
- Published
- 2024-04-24
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 58
- Pages
- 294-308
- ISSN
- 2077-1886 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4395006135
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 5
- FWCI
- 18.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Economics Finance and Administrative Science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Econstor (Econstor) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Accounting › Islamic Finance and Banking Studies
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Microfinance and Financial Inclusion
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Finance › Banking stability, regulation, efficiency
- Keywords
- Islamic banking, economic growth, poverty reduction, bank branches, bank deposits, bank financing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-07, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-07 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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