The DOI matches its Crossref record; 67 of the 67 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 32 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
A qualitative examination of how accountability manifests itself in a circular economy
Abstract
Purpose Accountability within the framework of circular economy (CE) is unknown even though the concept of CE is increasingly gaining momentum among governments, policymakers and academics. The purpose of this study is to investigate how accountability expresses itself in the CE. Design/methodology/approach This study draws on the institutional logics theory and adopted an exploratory qualitative study aimed at eliciting stakeholders’ perspectives on how accountability manifests in the context of CE. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews of cross section of Ghanaians. Respondents were recruited using the purposeful sampling method, and data saturation was reached with 35 respondents. Concurrent data collection and analysis were carried out, and emerging themes were investigated as the research progressed. Findings The results indicate that accountability manifestations take on a variety of forms and shapes through both formal and informal processes within the circularity space. The specific areas of accountability manifestations are through the social system embedded in the society, through the organization’s responsibility and transparency, through regular reporting to stakeholders using appropriate metrics, through agency and answerability to relevant stakeholders and through governance systems embedded within social interaction. Additionally, this study discovered that accountability manifestations would contribute to the firm’s sustainability by enhancing competitive advantage through stakeholder engagement, improving risk management and promoting creativity and innovation. Originality/value Given an apparent gap in the literature on circularity and accountability, as well as a call for further studies on the reflections of accountability within the CE, this study provides empirical evidence to fill these gaps.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This qualitative study uses institutional logics to examine how accountability manifests in Ghana’s circular economy and how those manifestations may support firm sustainability. Based on 35 semi-structured interviews, it identifies formal and informal accountability forms and links them to competitive advantage, risk management, and innovation.
Key findings
- Accountability in the circular economy manifests through five areas: the social system, responsibility and transparency, regular reporting to stakeholders using appropriate metrics, agency and answerability, and governance systems.
- Accountability manifestations are said to contribute to firm sustainability by enhancing competitive advantage through stakeholder engagement, improving risk management, and promoting creativity and innovation.
- The study reports 35 respondents: 22 males and 13 females, aged 31 to 56, with 8 bachelor’s degrees, 15 master’s degrees, and 12 doctoral degrees.
- Respondents came from five stakeholder groups: academics/researchers (8), policymakers (6), circular economy networks (7), industry organizations (9), and NGO/CSO (5).
Methods
- Exploratory qualitative study grounded in constructivism and institutional logics, using semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of Ghanaians experienced in circular economy and accountability.
- Data collection used Zoom interviews lasting 50–60 minutes, conducted from April 2021 over four months; a pilot study of 15 interviews was conducted from February 26 to March 15, 2021.
- Data saturation was reached with 35 respondents; concurrent data collection and thematic analysis were used, with inductive coding and NVivo 12.
Limitations
- Stated: the study has the typical limitations of qualitative research, so results cannot be generalized; future research should validate the accountability manifestation constructs using quantitative methods.
- Stated: future studies could explore how accountability within the circular economy context is evaluated, boundary conditions predicting positive and negative consequences, and challenges accountability faces in this context.
- Evident: findings are based on stakeholder perceptions and interviews in Ghana, not observed firm outcomes, and the paper reports a possible inconsistency between the stated experience range of 9–15 years and the demographic table’s experience categories.
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Claims the paper makes
12 Own result · 8 Own method · 7 Sources not found · 7 Not checked yet · 7 No basis given · 6 No full text of the sources · 6 Own interpretation · 1 Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The speci fi c areas of accountability manifestations are through the social system embedded in the society, through the organization ' s responsibility and transparency, through regular reporting to stakeholders using appropriate metrics, through agency and answerability to relevant stakeholders and through governance systems embedded within social interaction.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Within the framework of the CE, accountability is manifested by both formal and informal processes.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The speci fi c areas of accountability manifestations are through the social system embedded in the society, through the organization ' s responsibility and transparency, through regular reporting to stakeholders using appropriate metrics, through agency and answerability to relevant stakeholders and through governance systems embedded within social interaction.”
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · p. 2 · plain
“The speci fi c areas of accountability manifestations are through the social system embedded in the society, through the organization ' s responsibility and transparency, through regular reporting to stakeholders using appropriate metrics, through agency and answerability to relevant stakeholders and through governance systems embedded within the organization.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · p. 2 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, the study offers empirical evidence about how accountability manifests in the circularity space.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The speci fi c areas of accountability manifestations are through the social system embedded in the society, through the organization ' s responsibility and transparency, through regular reporting to stakeholders using appropriate metrics, through agency and answerability to relevant stakeholders and through governance systems embedded within social interaction.”
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · p. 2 · plain
“The speci fi c areas of accountability manifestations are through the social system embedded in the society, through the organization ' s responsibility and transparency, through regular reporting to stakeholders using appropriate metrics, through agency and answerability to relevant stakeholders and through governance systems embedded within the organization.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · p. 2 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results indicate that accountability manifestations take on a variety of forms and shapes through both formal and informal processes within the circularity space.”
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · p. 2 · plain
“The study discovered that within the framework of the CE, accountability is manifested by both formal and informal processes.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · p. 2 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, this study discovered that accountability manifestations would contribute to the fi rm ' s sustainability by enhancing competitive advantage through stakeholder engagement, improving risk management and promoting creativity and innovation.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The speci fi c areas of accountability manifestations are through the social system embedded in the society, through the organization ' s responsibility and transparency, through regular reporting to stakeholders using appropriate metrics, through agency and answerability to relevant stakeholders and through governance systems embedded within social interaction.”
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · p. 2 · plain
“The speci fi c areas of accountability manifestations are through the social system embedded in the society, through the organization ' s responsibility and transparency, through regular reporting to stakeholders using appropriate metrics, through agency and answerability to relevant stakeholders and through governance systems embedded within the organization.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · p. 2 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, this study discovered that accountability manifestations would contribute to the fi rm ' s sustainability by enhancing competitive advantage through stakeholder engagement, improving risk management and promoting creativity and innovation.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The above responses reveal a strong link between accountability and company sustainability.”
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The speci fi c areas of accountability manifestations are through the social system embedded in the society, through the organization ' s responsibility and transparency, through regular reporting to stakeholders using appropriate metrics, through agency and answerability to relevant stakeholders and through governance systems embedded within social interaction.”
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · p. 2 · plain
“The speci fi c areas of accountability manifestations are through the social system embedded in the society, through the organization ' s responsibility and transparency, through regular reporting to stakeholders using appropriate metrics, through agency and answerability to relevant stakeholders and through governance systems embedded within the organization.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · p. 2 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The speci fi c areas of accountability manifestations are through the social system embedded in the society, through the organization ' s responsibility and transparency, through regular reporting to stakeholders using appropriate metrics, through agency and answerability to relevant stakeholders and through governance systems embedded within the organization.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, this study discovered that accountability manifestations would contribute to the fi rm ' s sustainability by enhancing competitive advantage through stakeholder engagement, improving risk management and promoting creativity and innovation.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, the government is frequently hesitant to hold powerful actors, particularly businesses to account without reservation, preferring to allow businesses to opt for voluntary mechanisms of accountability or self-regulation (Nuesiri, 2016).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Nuesiri, 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In this context, CE is underpinned by higher institutional processes (Diab, 2021).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Diab, 2021 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, all the participants have knowledge about the subject matter.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The emphasis on accountability stems from the fact that without a grasp of accountability manifestations, social actors are unlikely to achieve their objectives within the circular economy ' s (CE) bounds (Pan and Patel, 2020; Frink and Klimoski, 2004).”
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The more social actors understand accountability evaluation and development, the more probable it is to achieve operational sustainability (Pillai et al. , 2017).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Pillai et al., 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Given an apparent gap in the literature on circularity and accountability, as well as a call for further studies on the re fl ections of accountability within the CE, this study provides empirical evidence to fi ll these gaps.”
What the sources say
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The combined effect of the literature review revealed that, despite the increase in CE studies, there is still a scarcity of studies that address how accountability manifests within the circularity space.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Respondents were recruited using the purposeful sampling method, and data saturation was reached with 35 respondents.”
- Also stated in: § 3.2 Population, sample and sampling technique of the study · p. 8 · plain
“Saturation however, was achieved with 35 face-to-face interviews.”
plainn = 35- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 3.2 Population, sample and sampling technique of the study · p. 8 · plain
- Probably not a substantial claim. 31
- It may state two separate claims as one. 6
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Additionally, the results compares favorably with studies by Asare et al. (2021) on strategic accountability using institutional theory in Sub-Saharan Africa.”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Asare et al., 2021 source
The Abstract identifies the paper as a study of strategic accountability in Ghana’s oil and gas sector that uses institutional theory to interpret its results. Section 2.3 explicitly places the investigation in a sub-Saharan African setting. The citing authors’ statement that their own results ‘compare favorably’ is their comparison, not a finding attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Informal accountability involves directing company actions or behaviors in a way that helps the organization achieve its economic goals in a discretionary manner while incorporating social norms and political value systems (Diab, 2021; Moser and Leipold, 2021).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Diab, 2021 source
- Not matchedcites Moser and Leipold, 2021
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, accountability in a CE environment increases risk perception and risk management in an organization.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The views expressed above indicate that accountability manifestations within the circularity space will drive innovation.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Formal accountability uses established management control methods for example, budgeting and budget targets, product costing procedures, performance evaluation systems and key performance indicators relative to CE.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Accountability is a contextual term.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ahrens and Khalifa, 2015 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To ensure the study ' s credibility, a technique of sustained participation, continuous observation, triangulation and member checking was used.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To corroborate the face-to-face interview, data triangulation was performed, which means that data was gathered from additional sources such as CE and accountability literature.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“accountability directs the actions of power holders toward more socially and environmentally sustainable outcomes by ensuring that the voices of citizens and potentially impacted people are included in decision-making (Nuesiri, 2016).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Nuesiri, 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Senior faculty members at the department of accounting of the University of Ghana provided a review of the interview data to ensure appropriateness and adequacy.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By addressing this pressing question of the nature of accountability manifestation, the study sets the tone for government, corporate leaders, policymakers and society in general to initiative discussions for a more formalized system of accountability within the circularity space.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: The government bears the primary responsibility for accountable management of production and consumption systems, as well as natural resources on behalf of its citizens, who are the owners of these resources.
In the paper
“A lack of consensus exists in the literature regarding the nature of accountability and how it is de fi ned (Cooper and Owen, 2007).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cooper and Owen, 2007 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The contribution of this study is part of a larger conversation about the importance of accountability in achieving a CE paradigm, a topic that has been surprisingly overlooked in existing literature. (Di Maio et al. , 2017).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Di Maio et al., 2017 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This means that the nature of accountability and the manner in which it presents itself varies according to fi eld of study.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cooper and Owen, 2007 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Additionally, accountability is a fundamental principle of good governance, including natural resource governance of which the CE is a component.”
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Therefore, government, policymakers, corporate executives and proponents of CE should recognize that accountability in the circularity space is multifaceted.”
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It should be emphasized that the way and manner in which the general principle of accountability is conceptualized, implemented and evaluated within CE environment is unknown.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study therefore sets the stage for identifying accountability framework or mechanism within the emerging phenomenon of CE.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Moreover, the participatory character of the SSI allows the interviewee to respond freely (Yin, 2014; Creswell, 2013).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Yin, 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Creswell, 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, the study relied on the fi eld notes to provide additional information that helps put the interview responses into context.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, this process was used to ensure face validity of the questions and also help in linking the research questions to the development of the interview questions as suggested by Saunders et al. (2009).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Saunders et al. (2009)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study has the typical limitations of qualitative research in that the results cannot be generalized.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This business case can be seen in the increased competitive advantage that the company can gain from frequent stakeholder engagements.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In this regard, the study adds to the existing literature by drawing on institutional logics to illustrate how accountability arises within the CE (Freidland and Alford, 1991; Thornton et al. , 2012; Diab, 2021).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Freidland and Alford, 1991
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Thornton et al., 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Diab, 2021 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Accountability within CE business model calls for the need to be innovative.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The justi fi cation for using SSIs as a data collection tool in this study was that SSI is an effective method for engaging in in-depth conversation.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Trustworthiness comprising the elements of credibility, transferability, dependability and con fi rmability are fundamental elements of qualitative research that allow the reader to assess the value of the research (Yin, 2014).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Yin, 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Research has indicated that, technological innovation is a critical policy component for long-term growth (Tseng, 2021; Whelan and Fink, 2016).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tseng, 2021 source
- Not matchedcites Whelan and Fink, 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study was guided by the heterogeneous nature of the sample and as a result more samples were required to achieve data saturation.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, using SSI, a researcher can typically follow-up on all verbal and nonverbal responses, such as hunches, laughter and silence to disclose hidden information that may prove useful in the fi nal data analysis of various themes collected from the conversation (Ritchie et al. , 2013).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ritchie et al., 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the SSI, the researcher can typically examine critically the talks and various initially super fi cial responses to reach complex conclusions.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants consented to the recording of interviews.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is important to appreciate how numerous institutional demands not only obstruct activities and impose restrictions on organization but also facilitate this process.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
By implementing these procedures, the social actors will preserve and strengthen their legitimacy in the public eye.
“It is assumed that by implementing these procedures, the social actors will preserve and strengthen its legitimacy in the public eye.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Social and environmental hazards develop over time, often affecting the enterprise in multiple ways, and are usually uncontrollable.
“Social and environmental hazards develop over time, often affecting the enterprise in multiple ways, and are usually uncontrollable.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The government bears the primary responsibility for accountable management of production and consumption systems, as well as natural resources on behalf of its citizens, who are the owners of these resources.
“Ultimately, the government bears the primary responsibility for accountable management of production and consumption systems, as well as natural resources on behalf of its citizens, who are the owners of these resources.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ 3.2 Population, sample and sampling technique of the study · p. 8
“Saturation however, was achieved with 35 face-to-face interviews.”
§ 3.3 Data collection · p. 8
“Given the coronavirus pandemic and restriction on face-face and human interaction, all the interviews were done using the virtual system speci fi cally zoom.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ 4.1 Demographic characteristics · p. 10
“The respondents had experience ranging between 9 and 15 years.”
§ 4.2 Themes and subthemes · p. 12
“| | 0 - 5 | 3 | | |”
Citations
Cites
Using thematic analysis in psychology
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006) · Qualitative Research in Psychology · doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa · Cited by 194,414
The Circular Economy–A new sustainability paradigm?
Geissdoerfer, M., Savaget, P., Bocken, N. M. P., & Hultink, E. J. (2017) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.048 · Cited by 9,360
Kirschner, P. A., Sweller, J., & Clark, R. E. (2006) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep4102_1 · Cited by 7,776
Ghisellini, P., Cialani, C., & Ulgiati, S. (2016) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.09.007 · Cited by 6,536
Product design and business model strategies for a circular economy
Bocken, N. M. P., de Pauw, I., Bakker, C., & van der Grinten, B. (2016) · Journal of Industrial and Production Engineering · doi:10.1080/21681015.2016.1172124 · Cited by 4,002
Bringing Society Back In : Symbols, Practices, and Institutional Contradictions
Friedland, R. J. (1991) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,555
Murray, A., Skene, K., & Haynes, K. (2017) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-015-2693-2 · Cited by 3,328
What can “thematic analysis” offer health and wellbeing researchers?
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2014) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being · doi:10.3402/qhw.v9.26152 · Cited by 3,056
Towards circular economy implementation: A comprehensive review in context of manufacturing industry
Lieder, M., & Rashid, A. (2016) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.12.042 · Cited by 2,762
Analysing and Assessing Accountability: A Conceptual Framework 1
Bovens, M. (2007) · European Law Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0386.2007.00378.x · Cited by 2,667
Research works printed but not linked: 21
- 2002, Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature
- 2020, The Closing Circle: nature, Man, and Technology
- 2013, Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among Five Approaches
- European Commission, 2015, Closing the Loop – an EU Action Plan for the Circular Economy, Com (2015) 614 Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions
- 2013, Seeking qualitative rigor in inductive research: notes on the Gioia methodology, Organisational Research Methods, 1, 15
- 2020, Accountability, Encyclopedia of Sustainable Management, 1
- 1995, Industrial Ecology
- 1996, Accounting and Accountability: Changes and Challenges in Corporate Social and Environmental Reporting
- 1996, Regenerative Design for Sustainable Development
- 2010, Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way we Make Things
- METI, 2004, Handbook on Resource Recycling Legislation and 3R Initiatives
- 1994, Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook
- 2013, Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers
- 2021, The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers
- 2009, Research Methods for Business Students
- 2013, Qualitative Research: The Essential Guide to Theory and Practice
- 2001, Exploratory Research in the Social Sciences
- 2012, The Institutional Logics Perspective
- 2016, The comprehensive business case for sustainability, Harvard Business Review, 21
- 2014, Case Study Research: Design and Methods
- 2005, Public accountability
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hadro, D., Calandra, D., Fijałkowska, J., Oppioli, M., & Secinaro, S. F. (2025) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.70412 · Cited by 14
Aryee, R. (2024) · Journal of Heritage Tourism · doi:10.1080/1743873x.2024.2412038 · Cited by 9
Effects of Circular Economy Practices and Accounting Innovations on Sustainable Development Goals
Asante‐Darko, D., Dadzie, S. A., Kwarteng, A., Agbodjah, S., & Aryee, T. E. (2024) · Circular Economy and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s43615-024-00468-1 · Cited by 9
Self-citationTuffour, J., Patnaik, S., & Ayikoru, M. (2024) · Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences / Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l Administration · doi:10.1002/cjas.1762 · Cited by 7
Agri-Food Supply Chains from Circular Economy Perspective
Deekonda, S. (2023) · Advances in finance, accounting, and economics book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-7664-2.ch014 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Kwarteng, A., Agyenim-Boateng, C., & Simpson, S. N. Y.
- Affiliations
- Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration (GH)
- University of Ghana (GH)
- Venue
- Journal of Global Responsibility
- Publisher
- Emerald
- Published
- 2022-08-15
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 111-134
- ISSN
- 2041-2568 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4295313174
- Semantic Scholar
- 21e7dc4b0d96d11a846b801b683e75afa1939329
- Cited by
- 17
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 1.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Global Responsibility (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Sustainable Supply Chain Management
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability
- Keywords
- accountability, circular economy, institutional logics, stakeholder perspectives, transparency, stakeholder reporting, governance, sustainability, competitive advantage, risk management, innovation, Ghana
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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