The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Microaggressive classroom language and diminished cognitive functioning
Abstract
Purpose: The current literature has not provided insight into the effects of using racially derogatory words in the context of academic instruction or when reviewing historical texts. This study aims to examine the impact of such microaggressive language on cognitive performance among university students. Design/methodology/approach: Using experimental methodologies, the participants were recruited to the research lab and assigned to one of the three conditions, as they were exposed to a derogatory word, heard a replacement of the word or did not hear it at all. Given the results of prior studies, researchers hypothesized that participants holding marginalized racial/ethnic identities would experience greater levels of cognitive depletion, as measured by the Stroop (1935) color-naming task, when compared to their white counterparts, as it was expected that students from underrepresented racial/ethnic backgrounds would be more affected by use of such language. Findings: The primary hypothesis was supported, as students from underrepresented backgrounds who were exposed to the microaggressive language displayed diminished Stroop (1935) performance as compared to those not exposed and their white counterparts who heard the same language. Originality/value: This study adds to the literature surrounding the immediate impact of microaggression of university students holding marginalized racial/ethnic identities.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Further, research has demonstrated that there are cognitive consequences to exposure to microaggressions (Banks & Cicciarelli, 2019;Banks & Landau, 2024), which may directly impact how students engage with academic material.”
From Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions (2026) · cites this paper as Banks & Cicciarelli, 2019
Citations
Cites
Rankin, S. R., & Reason, R. D. (2005) · Journal of College Student Development · doi:10.1353/csd.2005.0008 · Cited by 550
Research works printed but not linked: 25
- Cognitive effects of racial microaggression directed at black college women, Journal of Negro Education
- 2013, Impact of racial macro-and microaggressions in black women’s lives: a preliminary analysis, Journal of Black Psychology, 39, 185, 10.1177/0095798412443259 · DOI
- 1991, Further evidence for cognitive inertia of persons with mental retardation, American Journal on Mental Retardation, 95, 613
- 2016, Reputational risk, academic freedom and research ethics review, Sociology, 50, 486, 10.1177/0038038515590756 · DOI
- 2017, A house is not a home: black students’ response to racism in university residence halls, Journal of College and University Housing, 43, 42
- 2017, Microaggressions: strong claims, inadequate evidence, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12, 138, 10.1177/1745691616659391 · DOI
- 2016, Ain’t I a woman? Perceived gendered racial microaggressions experienced by black women, The Counseling Psychologist, 44, 758, 10.1177/0011000016641193 · DOI
- 2000, Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: does self-control resemble a muscle?, Psychological Bulletin, 126, 247, 10.1037/0033-2909.126.2.247 · DOI · Paper page
- 1998, Self-control as a limited resource: regulatory depletion patterns, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 774, 10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.774 · DOI · Paper page
- 2013, Cognitive costs of contemporary prejudice, Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 16, 560, 10.1177/1368430212468170 · DOI
- 2014, The adverse impact of racial microaggressions on college students’ self-esteem, Journal of College Student Development, 55, 461, 10.1353/csd.2014.0051 · DOI
- 2010, No University Is an Island: Saving Academic Freedom
- 2007, Cognitive costs of exposure to racial prejudice, Psychological Science, 18, 810, 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01984.x · DOI
- 1997, Test-retest reliability of different versions of the Stroop test, The Journal of Psychology, 131, 299, 10.1080/00223989709603516 · DOI
- 2004, Black faculty coping with racial battle fatigue: the campus racial climate in a post-civil rights era, A Long Way to Go: Conversations about Race by African American Faculty and Graduate Students, 14, 171
- 2007, Assume the position […] you fit the description’: psychosocial experiences and racial battle fatigue among African American male college students, American Behavioral Scientist, 51, 551, 10.1177/0002764207307742 · DOI · Paper page
- 2000, Critical race theory, racial microaggressions, and campus racial climate: the experiences of African American college students, Journal of Negro Education, 69, 60
- 2005, Test-retest reliability of standard and emotional Stroop tasks: an investigation of color-word and picture-word versions. American psychological association, Assessment, 12, 330, 10.1177/1073191105276375 · DOI
- 1935, Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643, 10.1037/h0054651 · DOI · Paper page
- 2008, Racial microaggressions in the life experience of black Americans, Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 39, 329, 10.1037/0735-7028.39.3.329 · DOI
- 2008, Racial microaggressions against black Americans: implications for counseling, Journal of Counseling and Development, 86, 330, 10.1002/j.1556-6678.2008.tb00517.x · DOI · Paper page
- 2007, Racial microaggressions in everyday life: implications for clinical practice, American Psychologist, 62, 271, 10.1037/0003-066X.62.4.271 · DOI · Paper page
- 2019, Considering the ethnoracial and gender diversity of faculty in US college and university intellectual communities, The Hispanic Journal of Law and Policy, 1, 1
- 2011, When seemingly innocuous stings: racial microaggressions and their emotional consequences, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 1666, 10.1177/0146167211416130 · DOI
- 1987, Paradoxical effects of thought suppression, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 5, 10.1037/0022-3514.53.1.5 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions
Concepción Cabán, L. D., Goins, R. E., Osman, F. A., Banks, B. M., Jackson, T. M., Flint, A. N., Hynes, K., & Peterson, K. R. (2026) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2026.101593
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Banks, B. M., & Cicciarelli, K.
- Venue
- Journal for Multicultural Education
- Publisher
- Emerald
- Published
- 2019-08-12
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 276-287
- ISSN
- 2053-535X
- Cited by
- 8
- References
- 1
- Language
- en
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review