The DOI matches its Crossref record; 29 of the 29 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 59 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions
Open accessAbstract
Graduate training in school, clinical, and counseling psychology programs is often shaped by structural inequities that can harm racially minoritized trainees. Guided by Critical Race Theory, this qualitative study used counterstorytelling to explore how 10 racially minoritized graduate students in school, clinical, and counseling psychology programs experienced and disclosed microaggressions to faculty/supervisors during their graduate training. Through thematic analysis, six overarching themes emerged: (a) types of microaggressive experiences, (b) influence on perceptions of program climate, (c) influence on emotional functioning, (d) actions in response to microaggressions, (e) faculty/supervisor responses, and (f) institutional feedback. Findings indicate that disclosure is frequently fraught, influenced by perceptions of safety, previous harm, and institutional silence. We conceptualize trainees as “caught” between the risks of silence and the risks of telling the truth about racialized harm, where “truth” refers to their experiential knowledge of oppression that often conflicts with institutional narratives of equity and safety. While some faculty/supervisors responded with cultural humility and validation, others reinforced systemic oppression through inaction or retaliation. Implications for school psychology include the need to reconceptualize supervision as a political and relational space, integrate anti-oppressive frameworks into training, and develop institutional mechanisms for accountability and repair. We urge school psychology programs to move beyond symbolic commitments to equity by addressing how racism, whiteness, and other systems of power shape the supervisory context and student well-being.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This qualitative CRT-informed counterstorytelling study examined how 10 racially minoritized graduate trainees in school, clinical, and counseling psychology experienced and disclosed microaggressions in supervision. It found disclosure was frequently fraught, with trainees caught between silence and truth as faculty/supervisor and institutional responses ranged from validation to inaction, retaliation, and structural barriers.
Key findings
- Six overarching themes emerged: (a) types of microaggressive experiences, (b) influence on perceptions of program climate, (c) influence on emotional functioning, (d) actions in response to microaggressions, (e) faculty/supervisor responses, and (f) institutional feedback. Microinvalidations were the most frequently described form of microaggression.
- Participants were 10 racially minoritized trainees; most were women (n = 8, one also nonbinary), one identified as a man, ages ranged from 25 to 36, and all but two reported heterosexual/straight orientation. All attended historically white institutions, and disclosure decisions hinged on perceived safety, trust, and previous harm; some withheld disclosure, and one participant withdrew from their program.
- Supervisor responses varied widely: some trainees described validation, empowerment, and collaborative support (e.g., Tiffany’s supervisor asked what she wanted to do and how to support her), while others described breached confidentiality, dismissal, blame, retaliation, and institutional protection of faculty who caused harm.
- Institutional feedback barriers included no anonymous way to give feedback on professors, evaluation forms limited to direct supervisors, and complaint processes that left trainees without meaningful accountability or repair.
Methods
- Qualitative phenomenological study using Critical Race Theory and counterstorytelling; 10 racially minoritized graduate trainees in school, clinical, counseling, or blended psychology programs who had disclosed microaggressive experiences during supervision were recruited via Twitter and snowball sampling in April 2023.
- Semi-structured Zoom interviews lasted 30–45 min (M = 38 min), were recorded and transcribed, and covered microaggressive experiences, disclosure decisions, supervisor responses, and emotional impacts.
- Thematic analysis followed Braun and Clarke (2006); two coders independently reviewed transcripts, developed a codebook audited by a fourth author, coded in MAXQDA, and reached 100% inter-coder agreement per transcript; audit trail and peer debriefing supported integrity.
Limitations
- Stated: the sample was mostly heterosexual women aged 25–36, missing voices such as queer men; recruitment via social media and snowball sampling likely influenced age; individual interviews rather than focus groups may have yielded less rich data; the study focused on trainees rather than supervisors; and data were collected before recent mass deportations and heightened anti-immigrant enforcement.
- Evident: the sample is small (N = 10) and all participants attended historically white institutions, limiting transferability; participants self-selected into a study about disclosure, which may overrepresent those willing to discuss these experiences.
- Evident: the paper does not report member checking or longitudinal follow-up, so interpretations rely on one-time interview accounts.
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Claims the paper makes
35 Own result · 28 Own interpretation · 14 Sources not found · 12 Own method · 10 No full text of the sources · 9 Not checked yet · 9 No basis given · 3 Check pending
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our data makes clear that institutions frequently protect the reputations, feelings, and egos of white faculty/supervisors who enact microaggressions at the expense of trainee safety.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 9.5. Protecting whiteness cannot be the default
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“participants consistently expressed that whiteness was centered and protected, even after clear disclosures of harm.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 9.5. Protecting whiteness cannot be the default
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the harm participants experienced, trainees also articulated how it felt to be believed, validated, and empowered.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 9.2. Supervision as a site for liberation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, participants consistently described barriers that discouraged reporting.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6.6. Institutional feedback
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Individual faculty/supervisor responses to disclosure varied widely, revealing a spectrum of engagement, from genuine support to defensiveness and emotional detachment.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6.5. Faculty/supervisor responses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants emphasized that disclosure often hinged on their perceptions of safety and trust in faculty.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6.4. Actions in response to microaggressions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Participants shared specific examples of microaggressions they experienced and disclosed in supervision that aligned with Sue et al.' (2007) taxonomy of microaggressions.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6.1. Types of Microaggressive experiences
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sue et al., 2007 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants described having emotional responses (i.e., fear, disappointment, frustration, and empowerment) to their microaggressive experiences.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6.3. Influence on emotional functioning
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These differences often shaped how participants made sense of their experiences and their decisions about future disclosures.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6.5. Faculty/supervisor responses
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In more severe cases, participants withdrew from their programs.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6.4. Actions in response to microaggressions
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 48
- The quote only partly states this claim. 3
- Probably not a substantial claim. 33
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Through thematic analysis, six overarching themes emerged: (a) types of microaggressive experiences, (b) influence on perceptions of program climate, (c) influence on emotional functioning, (d) actions in response to microaggressions, (e) faculty/supervisor responses, and (f) institutional feedback.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings indicate that disclosure is frequently fraught, influenced by perceptions of safety, previous harm, and institutional silence.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > Abstract
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While some faculty/supervisors responded with cultural humility and validation, others reinforced systemic oppression through inaction or retaliation.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lastly, microassaults, though less frequently reported, were no less significant.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6.1. Types of Microaggressive experiences
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite formal procedures being followed, the outcome reinforced perceptions of institutional protection over accountability.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6.6. Institutional feedback
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All participants reported attending a historically white institution where most of their peers and classmates were white.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 5.1. Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Microinvalidations were the most frequently described, and these transgressions typically involved minimization or erasure of participants' racialized experiences.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6.1. Types of Microaggressive experiences
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants in the current study reported encountering harm not only as part of their interpersonal relationships with supervisors, but also relevant to how their supervisors conceptualized their cases (e.g., dismissing race as relevant to case conceptualization, racialized behaviors reframed as individual pathology).”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 9.4. Decolonization of training
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We identified six overarching themes across participant interviews.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6. Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some participants felt validated and empowered when supervisors acted or created space for dialogue, while others expressed fear or disappointment when their experiences were dismissed, ignored, or inadequately addressed.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6.3. Influence on emotional functioning
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ten individuals consented to participate and completed the study.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 5.1. Participants
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These experiences often intersected with a sense of lacking agency and navigating faculty dynamics around race.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6.2. Influence on perceptions of program climate
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Her response illustrates how institutional climate, and racial isolation shaped her sense of psychological safety and decision to forego disclosure of her experiences.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6.3. Influence on emotional functioning
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All participants held racially minoritized identities, with three identifying as Black, one Black American, two Black and African American, one Black and Caribbean, one Afro Latina, one Mexican, and one Korean.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 5.1. Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most of the genderbased microinsults were specifically directed toward the transgender community and reflected narratives of heteronormativity and gender essentialism.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6.1. Types of Microaggressive experiences
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, Tiffany described a supervisor who responded with immediate support and validation.”
- Also stated in: § 6.5. Faculty/supervisor responses · plain
“Tiffany's supervisor helped her process the event and strategize next steps without pushing her to educate others or confront the aggressor.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6.5. Faculty/supervisor responses
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 6.5. Faculty/supervisor responses · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such frameworks position dominant ideologies as the professional norm, and prioritize color-evasive discourse, respectability politics, and the privileging of institutional reputation over trainee safety.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 3. Microaggressions and supervision in mental health service provision during graduate training
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Further, research has demonstrated that there are cognitive consequences to exposure to microaggressions (Banks & Cicciarelli, 2019;Banks & Landau, 2024), which may directly impact how students engage with academic material.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 2. Consequences of microaggression
What the sources say
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Crenshaw (1989) coined the term intersectionality to explain the interconnecting nature of racism and sexism specifically for Black women and the exclusion of their experiences from the white feminist movement.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Crenshaw (1989)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Experiences of racial discrimination for Black individuals are linked to mental health difficulties such as depression and stress, as well as self-reported physical health concerns, including cardiovascular disease and obesity (Davis & Stevenson, 2006;Lambert et al., 2009).”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 2. Consequences of microaggression
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Scholars Solórzano and Pérez Huber (2020) examine racial microaggressions through the lens of CRT and describe microaggressions as manifestations of institutional racism, in that these messages often stem from ideological beliefs (i.e., white supremacy) embedded into larger systems such as education and healthcare.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Solórzano and Pérez Huber (2020)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“When supervisors fail to acknowledge or meaningfully respond to microaggressions, it is not only possible that these behaviors may fracture supervisory alliance, as they may also reaffirm institutional silence around racism and other structural harms (Barnes, 2011;Gunzburger, 2017).”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 3. Microaggressions and supervision in mental health service provision during graduate training
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Barnes, 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Gunzburger, 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Similarly, discrimination negatively impacts mental health, as perceived discrimination is a significant predictor of depressive symptoms among Indigenous adults, and Asian and Latiné people are more prone to psychological distress and somatic symptoms following microaggressive encounters (Nadal et al., 2014;Whitbeck et al., 2002).”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 2. Consequences of microaggression
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Although often subtle and enacted with ambiguous intent, microaggressions function as mechanisms that uphold dominant ideologies and sustain systemic inequities by reaffirming the social hierarchy that privileges whiteness, cisgender identity, heterosexuality, and other dominant positionalities (Nadal et al., 2014;Sue et al., 2007).”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Critical Race Theory (CRT) provides this context, as it is an interdisciplinary intellectual and social justice framework that posits racism not as aberrational; rather, an ordinary, deeply embedded feature of social, legal, and educational institutions in the United States (U.S.; Delgado & Stefancic, 2017).”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Delgado & Stefancic, 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Competency-based approaches emphasize accountability, risk management, and discrete skill acquisition, frequently treating culture as a single competency domain rather than a structural condition that shapes all aspects of training (Falender, 2018;Falender & Shafranske, 2023;Rothwell et al., 2021).”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 3. Microaggressions and supervision in mental health service provision during graduate training
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When supervision is framed as neutral, individualized, and primarily evaluative, disclosures of racism and microaggressions may be perceived as threats to professionalism or program image rather than as ethically urgent information about harm.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 3. Microaggressions and supervision in mental health service provision during graduate training
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Exposure to microaggressions in supervision or engagement with supervisors who are not well-prepared to support supervisees who experience microaggressions outside of supervision can be damaging to the supervisory relationship, and this damage can negatively affect supervisory alliance when supervisees do not perceive their supervisors to be prepared and express cultural humility (Wilcox et al., 2”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 3. Microaggressions and supervision in mental health service provision during graduate training
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wilcox et al., 2024 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We recruited trainees enrolled in school, clinical, counseling, or blended psychology graduate programs who held racially minoritized identities and had disclosed microaggressive experiences during supervision.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 5.1. Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similarly, Neville et al. (2021) describe liberatory practices in counseling psychology as those that foster critical consciousness, affirm the lived experiences of racially minoritized individuals, and work toward collective healing and justice.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 9.2. Supervision as a site for liberation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Neville et al. (2021) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After obtaining Institutional Review Board approval from our university, we circulated a flier advertising our study on the platform formally known as Twitter during April 2023.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 5.2. Procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“We acknowledge that school, clinical, and counseling psychology programs today are overrepresented by women (e.g., Goforth et al., 2021)”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 8. Limitations and future research
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Goforth et al., 2021
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Authors two and three coded data, and they began their analysis by independently reviewing the transcripts to identify the emergent themes as reported by the participants”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 5.2. Procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These realities do not pause when students enter the supervision space, as they may become more acutely relevant.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 9.6. Responses to state surveillance
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the entire codebook was audited by the fourth author”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 5.2. Procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Her comments reflect the diversity in how trainees perceive climate across programs, where institutional trust may be lacking, but personal connections sometimes offer safety.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6.2. Influence on perceptions of program climate
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We argue that effective supervision is not solely clinically beneficial, as supervision can be politically transformative when entities intentionally consider systematic redesign and display the courage to break from traditions that were not created with individuals holding minoritized identities in mind.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 9.2. Supervision as a site for liberation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Despite increasing scholarly attention to microaggressions in supervision and the need for culturally responsive training environments, the current literature has primarily centered supervisor perspectives, quantitative survey methods, or decontextualized incidents of bias (Constantine & Sue, 2007;Malone & Ishmail, 2020;Noltemeyer et al., 2013).”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 3. Microaggressions and supervision in mental health service provision during graduate training
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While these relationships were protective, they are not a substitute for structural change.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 9.3. Institutional nature of repair
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These experiences reveal the routine and varied forms of harm participants faced in supervision, many of which were disclosed with significant risk, and often met with invalidation or avoidance by those in power.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 6.1. Types of Microaggressive experiences
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Malone (2025) argues that school psychology must embrace antioppressive and liberatory approaches to fulfill its ethical obligations and meet the needs of all students and trainees.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 9.2. Supervision as a site for liberation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Malone (2025)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These policies, fueled by xenophobia and white supremacy, are not separate from the psychological development of racially and ethnically minoritized graduate trainees, especially those who are immigrants themselves, from mixed-status families, or serving clients who live under the threat of state surveillance and violence.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 9.6. Responses to state surveillance
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Managing these transgressions in the moment can already be challenging, and Sue et al. (2007) suggests that the catch-22 of navigating next steps is equally stressful, as receivers must choose between internalizing the experience, seeking support, or addressing it head on.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 7. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sue et al. (2007) source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These decisions are not neutral-they are political, and programs choose to uphold harmful systems or protect trainees holding minoritized identities.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 9.5. Protecting whiteness cannot be the default
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“authors two and three revisited coded transcripts to ensure that the developing themes adequately represented participants' experiences before confirming that the final themes were grounded in the evidence”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 5.3. Data analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The experiences shared by our participants lay bare the emotional labor, racialized harm, and institutional failures embedded within supervision for minoritized graduate students in school, clinical, and counseling psychology graduate training programs.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 10. Conclusion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This strategy, in addition to snowball sampling, was the only method used to recruit participants.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 5.2. Procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Coders engaged in peer debriefing to examine assumptions and enhance consistency”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 5.3. Data analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Finally, many of these mechanisms are not designed to address microaggressions or patterns of racialized marginalization that fall short of legal thresholds, nor do they routinely incorporate restorative or transformative practices that center harmed individuals.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 3. Microaggressions and supervision in mental health service provision during graduate training
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The flier indicated that we were recruiting trainees in graduate programs in school, clinical, and counseling psychology (master's and doctoral-level) who held racially minoritized identities and who had disclosed experiences with microaggressions during at least one clinical or administrative supervision session during their training.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 5.2. Procedure
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These discriminatory occurrences in supervision are not surprising, as they reflect the broader context of U.S. society.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 7. Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Our findings strongly align with prior research affirming that microaggressions are frequent, normalized, and harmful in educational and clinical training environments, particularly within supervisory relationships”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 7. Discussion
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, decision-making power is typically held by individuals structurally positioned to protect an institution's reputation (e.g., senior administrators), which can result in a narrow interpretation of evidence, informal minimization of racialized harm, or outcomes that prioritize liability management over repair.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 3. Microaggressions and supervision in mental health service provision during graduate training
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These frameworks help reimagine supervision not simply as a clinical or educational tool, but as a liberatory site where relationships rooted in trust, powersharing, and mutual accountability can flourish.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 9.2. Supervision as a site for liberation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Malone (2025)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Neville et al. (2021) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Speaking honestly means challenging the institution, and remaining silent means absorbing and normalizing that harm.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 3. Microaggressions and supervision in mental health service provision during graduate training
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We argue that institutions cannot rely on”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 9.3. Institutional nature of repair
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Silence around structural violence, whether it be related to ICE raids, book bans, anti-Black policing, or anti-trans legislation, speaks to the limits of safety that trainees must navigate.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 9.6. Responses to state surveillance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we maintained an audit trail documenting coding decisions and analytic reflections throughout the process”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 5.3. Data analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, CRT informed our interpretation of findings, leading us to conceptualize supervisors' and institutions' responses not simply as individual successes or failures, but as manifestations of broader structures that either reproduce or resist systemic racism within graduate training.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 4. The current study
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, we were aware of our biases and were intentional in examining how they might shape our approach to the research process to ensure that participant voices were at the forefront.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 4.1. Positionality and assumptions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our data were collected prior to the recent wave of mass deportations, the reinstatement of harsh immigration enforcement tactics, and widespread anti-immigrant rhetoric across the U.S.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 9.6. Responses to state surveillance
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Scholars of CRT position such knowledge as valid and necessary, yet supervisory and institutional narratives often dismiss, sanitize, or render it unspeakable.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 4. The current study
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Racially minoritized trainees' experiential knowledge about racism and intersecting oppressions is valid and necessary.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The age of our sample was likely influenced by our recruitment tactics (i.e., social media and snowball sampling).”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 8. Limitations and future research
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As such, when reflecting on their experiences with microaggressions, they spoke to transgressions enacted by white faculty/supervisors, whereas their disclosures may have been relevant to interactions with faculty holding diverse racial identities.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 5.1. Participants
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“they updated these interview segments in MAXQDA until 100% inter-coder agreement was met for each interview transcript.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 5.2. Procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Racially minoritized trainees' experiential knowledge about racism and intersecting oppressions is valid and necessary.
“Scholars of CRT position such knowledge as valid and necessary, yet supervisory and institutional narratives often dismiss, sanitize, or render it unspeakable.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Participants' self-reported microaggressive experiences and disclosures accurately reflect their experiences.
“We recruited trainees enrolled in school, clinical, counseling, or blended psychology graduate programs who held racially minoritized identities and had disclosed microaggressive experiences during supervision.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The institutional mechanisms described (e.g., grievance procedures, Title IX, ombuds offices, bias incident reporting systems) are the relevant mechanisms in participants' training programs.
“Graduate programs can formally rely on a small set of institutional mechanisms intended to address harm such as program-level grievance procedures, university-wide, non-discrimination and harassment policies, Title IX and equal opportunity offices, ombuds offices, and increasingly, bias incident reporting systems or diversity councils.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Supervision is intended as a space for growth, mentorship, and professional development.
“supervision, intended as a space for growth, mentorship, and professional development”
The paper relies on this without support.
Systems are meant to be self-sustaining, so when harm occurs, the default is not the protection of individual actors; rather, the system protects itself.
“Systems are meant to be self-sustaining, so when harm occurs, the default is not the protection of individual actors; rather, the system protects itself.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The demands of graduate school combined with the current sociopolitical climate that targets minoritized students and higher education broadly already act as stressors that may threaten trainees' ability to persist.
“The demands of graduate school combined with the current sociopolitical climate that targets minoritized students and higher education broadly already act as stressors that may threaten trainees' ability to persist.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Professional organizations and graduate programs expressed commitment to culturally responsive service provision after George Floyd's murder.
“In the wake of George Floyd's murder, professional organizations and graduate programs expressed commitment to culturally responsive service provision.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many organizations have already backtracked on commitments to culturally responsive service provision given reservations in response to threats to funding from the federal government.
“However, many organizations have already backtracked given reservations in response to threats to funding from the federal government.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Supervisors participate in the reproduction or disruption of systemic power.
“Supervisors are not simply guiding clinical skill development; they are participating in the reproduction or disruption of systemic power.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 5.1. Participants
“Most participants were women (n = 8), with one of these participants also identifying as nonbinary, and the one other participant identifying as a man.”
§ Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions > 10. Conclusion
“| Teresa | 26 | Black American | Trans & Nonbinary | Queer | Counseling MA | Withdrew | Partially Deaf |”
Citations
Cites
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Cited by
Still being checked.
Metadata
- Authors
- Concepción Cabán, L. D., Goins, R. E., Osman, F. A., Banks, B. M., Jackson, T. M., Flint, A. N., Hynes, K., & Peterson, K. R.
- Affiliations
- Illinois State University (US)
- Kennedy Krieger Institute (US)
- University of Northern Colorado (US)
- Venue
- Journal of School Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2026-10
- Volume
- 118
- Pages
- 101593
- ISSN
- 0022-4405 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W7213970964
- Cited by
- 0
- References
- 29
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of School Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- ISU Red - Research and eData (Illinois State University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Counseling Practices and Supervision
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Critical Race Theory in Education
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Keywords
- microaggressions, disclosure, graduate education, school psychology training, clinical psychology training, counseling psychology training, critical race theory, counter-storytelling, emotional functioning, cultural humility, supervision, institutional accountability, whiteness, racism, student well-being
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- Concepción Cabán, L. D., Goins, R. E., Osman, F. A., Banks, B. M., Jackson, T. M., Flint, A. N., Hynes, K., & Peterson, K. R. (2026). Caught between silence and truth: Graduate trainees' disclosures of microaggressions. Journal of School Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2026.101593
