Online risk for people with intellectual disabilities

Chadwick, Darren David

doi:10.1108/tldr-03-2019-0008

Cited by 69Cybercrime and Law Enforcement StudiesDown syndrome and intellectual disability researchDisability Rights and Representation

Online risk for people with intellectual disabilities

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Chadwick, Darren David·2019·Tizard Learning Disability Review

DOI 10.1108/tldr-03-2019-0008

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Abstract

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to summarise the current state of empirical knowledge pertaining to online risk and cybercrime relating to people with intellectual disabilities (ID). Design/methodology/approach This narrative review summarises, synthesises and critically evaluates the current literature and state of knowledge and offers suggestions for extending current knowledge and practice. Findings Evidence regarding risk for people with ID is limited but growing. Existing findings highlight that: risk may increase contingent upon higher levels of sociability, loneliness, anxiety and depression, poorer insight, judgement, discrimination and ability to detect deception online and reduced experience and life opportunities; people without ID perceive high online risk for people with ID, which may lead to gatekeeping restrictions and controlling digital access; restriction may potentially impede online self-determination, participation and development by people with ID; and experience of risk may enhance awareness, independence and resilience in managing future online risk amongst people with ID. Further research work is needed in this area to enhance understanding of risk experience and effective support strategies. Originality/value This review of current knowledge has highlighted the necessity for more research to better understand the propensity for engagement in different risky online behaviours and to better inform support practices to help people with ID to manage risk whilst maintaining digital inclusion.

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Specific disabilities mentioned include autism spectrum disorder, Williams Syndrome, intellectual disabilities, 22q11 deletion syndrome, and physical disabilities including deafness, and chronic health problems.
“Specific disabilities are mentioned, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD) [17,26,27], Williams Syndrome [17,26], intellectual disabilities [22,26,27], 22q11 deletion syndrome (which involves developmental delays and may face mild intellectual disability or learning disabilities) [26], and physical disabilities [23,25] including deafness [18], and chronic health problems [25].”
From Online Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse of Children and Adolescents with Disabilities: A Systematic Review (2024) · cites this paper as [22]
Those with Williams Syndrome and ASD shared experiences of perpetrators providing them with gifts and encountered cyber-threats, cyber-harassment, and grooming, akin to individuals with 22q11 deletion syndrome and intellectual disabilities.
“Furthermore, those with Williams Syndrome and ASD [26] shared experiences of perpetrators providing them with gifts in their experience of OCSEA [23], and encountered cyber-threats, cyber-harassment, and grooming, akin to the occurrences reported by individuals with 22q11 deletion syndrome [26] and intellectual disabilities [22].”
From Online Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse of Children and Adolescents with Disabilities: A Systematic Review (2024) · cites this paper as [22]

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Self-citation

“You want to know that you’re safe”: Experiences of risk, restriction and resilience online among people with an intellectual disability
Chadwick, D. D. (2022) · Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2022-3-8 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citation
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Buell, S., & Chadwick, D. (2013) · Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee)
Self-citation
Internet use, risks and online behaviour: The view of internet users with intellectual disabilities and their caregivers
Chiner, E., Gómez‐Puerta, M., & Moltó, M. C. C. (2017) · British Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1111/bld.12192 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
‘I’m not the same person now’: The psychological implications of online contact risk experiences for adults with intellectual disabilities
Clements, F. A., Chadwick, D. D., & Orchard, L. J. (2023) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448231217994 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citation
Commentary on “Online risk for people with intellectual disabilities”
Oldreive, W. J., & Waight, M. (2019) · Tizard Learning Disability Review · doi:10.1108/tldr-07-2019-0023

Authors: Chadwick, D. D.
Affiliations: University of Wolverhampton (GB)
Corresponding author: Chadwick, Darren David
ORCID: Chadwick, Darren David
Venue: Tizard Learning Disability Review
Publisher: Emerald
Published: 2019-09-26
Volume: 24
Issue: 4
Pages: 180-187
ISSN: 1359-5474 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1108/tldr-03-2019-0008
OpenAlex: W2980173781
Cited by: 69
References: 35
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 6
FWCI: 7.47
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
hdl.handle.net
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
www.emerald.com/insight/site-policies (tdm)
Locations: Tizard Learning Disability Review (publishedVersion)
Wolverhampton Intellectual Repository and E-Theses (University of Wolverhampton) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Down syndrome and intellectual disability research
Social Sciences › Safety Research › Disability Rights and Representation
Keywords: intellectual disability, online risks, cybercrime, risky online behavior, loneliness, anxiety, depression, deception detection, discrimination, gatekeeping, digital inclusion, resilience, support measures

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