The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 70 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia
Abstract
This paper presents a secure (tamper-resistant) algorithm for watermarking images, and a methodology for digital watermarking that may be generalized to audio, video, and multimedia data. We advocate that a watermark should be constructed as an independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) Gaussian random vector that is imperceptibly inserted in a spread-spectrum-like fashion into the perceptually most significant spectral components of the data. We argue that insertion of a watermark under this regime makes the watermark robust to signal processing operations (such as lossy compression, filtering, digital-analog and analog-digital conversion, requantization, etc.), and common geometric transformations (such as cropping, scaling, translation, and rotation) provided that the original image is available and that it can be successfully registered against the transformed watermarked image. In these cases, the watermark detector unambiguously identifies the owner. Further, the use of Gaussian noise, ensures strong resilience to multiple-document, or collusional, attacks. Experimental results are provided to support these claims, along with an exposition of pending open problems.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Citations
Cites
A method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems
Rivest, R. L., Shamir, A., & Adleman, L. (1983) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/357980.358017 · Cited by 13,012
Huber, P. J. (1981) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/0471725250 · Cited by 7,066
Vector Quantization and Signal Compression
Gersho, A., & Gray, R. M. (1992) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-3626-0 · Cited by 7,055
Three-dimensional computer vision: a geometric viewpoint
(1994) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.32-0357 · Cited by 3,032
Theory of Spread-Spectrum Communications - A Tutorial
Pickholtz, R. L., Schilling, D. L., & Milstein, L. B. (1982) · IEEE Transactions on Communications · doi:10.1109/tcom.1982.1095533 · Cited by 1,376
van Schyndel, R. G., Tirkel, A. Z., & Osborne, C. F. (2002) · Proceedings - International Conference on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/icip.1994.413536 · Cited by 1,139
Jähne, B. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-21817-4 · Cited by 1,139
Collusion-secure fingerprinting for digital data
Boneh, D., & Shaw, J. (1998) · IEEE Transactions on Information Theory · doi:10.1109/18.705568 · Cited by 980
Signal compression based on models of human perception
Jayant, N. S., Johnston, J. D., & Safranek, R. J. (1993) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/5.241504 · Cited by 790
Spread-Spectrum Communications
Ellersick, F., Schilling, D. L., Cook, C. E., et al. (1983) · Encyclopedia of Wireless and Mobile Communications · doi:10.1081/e-ewmc2-120043935 · Cited by 679
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- kilian, 0, Resistance of watermarked documents to collusional attacks
- braudaway, 1996, Color correct digital watermarking of images
- adelson, 1990, Digital signal encoding and decoding apparatus
- schreiber, 1991, Receiver-compatible enhanced definition television system
- rhoads, 1995, Indentification/authentication coding method and apparatus
- turner, 1989, Digital data security system
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 2,301–2,400 of 5,299
Multimedia Digital Rights Protection Using Watermarking Techniques
Rao, N. V., & Pandit, S. (2007) · Information Systems Security · doi:10.1080/10658980701322528 · Cited by 7
An Attacked Image Based Hidden Messages Blind Detect Technique
Mao, J., Lin, J., & Dai, M. (2009) · Chinese Journal of Computers · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1016.2009.00318 · Cited by 7
Wavelet-based denoising attack on image watermarking
Jian-hui, X., Wang, L., & Zhang, H. (2005) · Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences · doi:10.1007/bf02828669 · Cited by 7
Robust Watermarking in The DCT Domain Using Dual detection
Betancourth, G. E. P., Haggag, A., Ghoneim, M., et al. (2006) · IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE) · doi:10.1109/isie.2006.295523 · Cited by 7
Group-Oriented Anti-Collusion Fingerprint Based on BIBD Code
Yu, Y., Lu, H., Chen, X., et al. (2010) · doi:10.1109/ebiss.2010.5473676 · Cited by 7
Beyond Passive Audiobook: How Digital Audiobooks Get Interactive
Furini, M. (2007) · IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference · doi:10.1109/ccnc.2007.196 · Cited by 7
Exhibition QIM-based watermarking for digital cinema
Callau, P., Darazi, R., & Macq, B. M. M. (2009) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.816489 · Cited by 7
Filter evaluation for DWT-domain image watermarking
Yang, S. (2003) · Electronics Letters · doi:10.1049/el:20031118 · Cited by 7
An ID-based digital watermarking protocol for copyright protection
Zeng, P., Cao, Z., & Choo, K. R. (2011) · Computers & Electrical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.compeleceng.2011.04.014 · Cited by 7
Placement watermarking of standard-cell designs
Irby, D. L., Newbould, R. D., Carothers, J. D., et al. (2002) · Southwest Symposium on Mixed-Signal Design · doi:10.1109/ssmsd.2001.914949 · Cited by 7
Chaos based audio watermarking with MPEG psychoacoustic model I
Giovanardi, A., Mazzini, G., & Tomassetti, M. (2004) · doi:10.1109/icics.2003.1292739 · Cited by 7
A watermark embedding scheme in wavelet transform domain
Wu, C., Zhu, W., & Swamy, M. N. S. (2004) · doi:10.1109/tencon.2004.1414411 · Cited by 7
A Framework for Design and Analysis of Asymmetric Fingerprinting Protocols
Poh, G. S., & Martin, K. M. (2007) · International Conference on Information Assurance and Security (IAS) · doi:10.1109/ias.2007.64 · Cited by 9
On the Detection of Multiplicative Watermarks for Speech Signals in the Wavelet and DCT Domains
Eslami, R., Deller, J. R., & Radha, H. (2006) · IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME) · doi:10.1109/icme.2006.262793 · Cited by 7
Video steganalysis using spatial and temporal redundancies
Kancherla, K., & Mukkamala, S. (2009) · International Conference on High Performance Computing & Simulation (HPCS) · doi:10.1109/hpcsim.2009.5194136 · Cited by 7
A novel fragile watermarking technique
Shih, F. Y., & Wu, Y. (2005) · IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME) · doi:10.1109/icme.2004.1394340 · Cited by 7
Image Restoration Using Gaussian Particle Filters
Liu, Y., Shen, T., & Wang, X. (2007) · International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Security (CIS) · doi:10.1109/cis.2007.17 · Cited by 7
A robust adaptive image watermarking algorithm
Yang, S., Lu, Z., & Zou, F. (2005) · IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME) · doi:10.1109/icme.2004.1394586 · Cited by 7
Concatenated construction of traceability codes for multimedia fingerprinting
Lin, Y.-T., Wu, J., & Huang, C.-H. (2007) · Optical Engineering · doi:10.1117/1.2790911 · Cited by 7
A variable block-size dot-based watermarking method
Kwon, O.-H., Kim, Y.-S., & Park, R. (1999) · IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics · doi:10.1109/30.809212 · Cited by 7
Liu, C.-T., Chen, Y., Chen, J.-H., et al. (2007) · doi:10.1109/ias.2007.1 · Cited by 7
A robust digital watermarking technique
Suhail, M. A., & Obaidat, M. S. (2002) · IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems (ICECS) · doi:10.1109/icecs.2000.912956 · Cited by 7
Watermarking of hyperspectral data
Tamhankar, H. D., Bruce, L. M., & Younan, N. H. (2004) · IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) · doi:10.1109/igarss.2003.1294858 · Cited by 7
Robust oblivious digital watermarking using image transform phase modulation
Alturki, F. T., & Mersereau, R. M. (2000) · Proceedings - International Conference on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/icip.2000.899233 · Cited by 7
Self-adaptive MPEG video watermarking based on block perceptual features
Wu, G., Zhuang, Y., Wu, F. Q., et al. (2004) · doi:10.1109/icmlc.2004.1380517 · Cited by 7
A Robust Geometry-Based Watermarking Scheme for 3D Meshes
Li, Z., Zheng, W., & Lu, Z. (2006) · doi:10.1109/icicic.2006.25 · Cited by 7
Adaptive Video Watermarking using Mosaic Images
Koubaa, M., Amar, C. B., & Nicolas, H. (2007) · doi:10.1109/icspc.2007.4728526 · Cited by 7
A New Digital Watermarking for Architectural Design Drawing Using LINEs and ARCs Based on Vertex
Jang, B.-J., Moon, K.-S., Huh, Y., et al. (2004) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-24624-4_44 · Cited by 7
Watermarking Hiding in Video Sequences
Neri, A., Campisi, P., Carli, M., et al. (2005) · Cited by 7
Optimization in Digital Watermarking Techniques
Maity, S. P., & Delpha, C. (2012) · Digital Rights Management · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-2136-7.ch076 · Cited by 7
Watermarking Techniques for Image Authentication and Copyright Protection
Tefas, A., Nikolaidis, N., & Pitas, I. (2005) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012119792-6/50125-x · Cited by 7
Effect of Nonfaces in Reduction of Covariance Matrix Dimension in PCA for Face Recognition
Satyanarayana, C., & Reddy, L. P. (2007) · International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Multimedia Applications (ICCIMA) · doi:10.1109/iccima.2007.242 · Cited by 7
A robust watermarldug scheme using filter and ROI
Lou, D., Liu, J.-L., & Tso, H.-K. (2005) · doi:10.1109/apccas.2004.1413085 · Cited by 7
A Novel Color Image Watermarking Method Based on Genetic Algorithm and Neural Networks
Han, J., Kong, J., Lu, Y., et al. (2006) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/11893295_26 · Cited by 7
ENTROPY-BASED IMAGE WATERMARKING USING DWT AND HVS
Zaboli, S., Tabibiazar, A., & Safabakhsh, R. (2005) · Cited by 7
ROBUST WATERMARKING TECHNIQUES FOR SCALABLE CODED IMAGE AND VIDEO
Bhowmik, D. (2011) · UPT. Syiah Kuala University Library (Syiah Kuala University) · Cited by 7
Robust and blind 3D watermarking
Luo, M. (2006) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) · Cited by 7
Multiple watermarking: is power sharing better than time sharing?
Liu, Y.-W., & Smith, J. O. (2005) · IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME) · doi:10.1109/icme.2004.1394640 · Cited by 7
A Novel Watermarking Scheme for Detecting and Recovering Distortions in Database TablesPreprint
khataeimaragheh, H., & Rashidi, H. (2010) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1009.0827 · Cited by 7
Mathon, B., Bas, P., & Cayre, F. (2007) · doi:10.1145/1288869.1288903 · Cited by 7
Temporal synchronization in video watermarking: further studies
Lin, E. T., & Delp, E. J. (2003) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.477310 · Cited by 7
Copyright protection of cultural heritage multimedia data through digital watermarking techniques
Cappellini, V., Bartolini, F., Caldelli, R., et al. (2002) · Proceedings - International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/dexa.2000.875138 · Cited by 7
Filter bank selection for the ownership verification of wavelet based digital image watermarking
Tsai, M.-J. (2005) · Proceedings - International Conference on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/icip.2004.1421848 · Cited by 7
Effective Steganalysis Based on Statistical Moments of Differential Characteristic Function
Liu, Z., Pan, X., Shi, L., et al. (2006) · International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Security (CIS) · doi:10.1109/iccias.2006.295244 · Cited by 7
Ring-shaped digital watermark for rotated and scaled images using random-phase sinusoidal function
Chotikakamthorn, N., & Pholsomboon, S. (2002) · doi:10.1109/tencon.2001.949606 · Cited by 7
An oblivious and robust watermarking scheme using communications-with-side-information mechanism
Lu, C.-S., & Liao, H.-Y. M. (2002) · International Conference on Information Technology: Coding and Computing (ITCC) · doi:10.1109/itcc.2001.918773 · Cited by 7
Copyright protection of 3D images using watermarks of specific spatial structure
Louizis, G., Tefas, A., & Pitas, I. (2003) · IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME) · doi:10.1109/icme.2002.1035677 · Cited by 7
Copyright Protection of Plain Text Using Digital Watermarking
Jalil, Z. (2010) · Cited by 7
Secure digital documents using Steganography and QR Code
Hassanein, M. S. (2014) · Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London) · Cited by 7
Robust image watermarking towards iPhone intelligent matting and social platform sharing
Yang, L., Wang, H., Zhang, F., et al. (2025) · Knowledge-Based Systems · doi:10.1016/j.knosys.2025.114029 · Cited by 6
Manekandan., G. R. S., & Rajkumar.V, F. (2012) · International Journal of Computer Applications · doi:10.5120/5642-8031 · Cited by 6
A Robust Watermarking Against Shearing Based On Improved S-Radon Transformation
Deng, M., Zeng, Q., & Zhou, X. (2012) · Journal of Computers · doi:10.4304/jcp.7.10.2549-2556 · Cited by 6
Robust watermarking algorithm for digital image based on SIFT feature points
Xinguo, Z., Li, N., & Ji, N. (2014) · IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering and Service Science (ICSESS) · doi:10.1109/icsess.2014.6933733 · Cited by 6
Video steganalysis using motion estimation
Kancherla, K., & Mukkamala, S. (2009) · doi:10.1109/ijcnn.2009.5179032 · Cited by 6
Kekre, H. B., Sarode, T., & Natu, S. J. (2015) · International Journal of Image Graphics and Signal Processing · doi:10.5815/ijigsp.2015.04.01 · Cited by 6
Improved spread spectrum compressive image watermark detection with distortion minimization
Bose, A., & Maity, S. P. (2016) · International Conference on Signal Processing and Communications (SPCOM) · doi:10.1109/spcom.2016.7746602 · Cited by 6
A Survey of Screen Shooting Resilient Image Watermarking Algorithms
Guan, H., Huang, Y., Zhang, S., et al. (2023) · doi:10.1109/cost60524.2023.00012 · Cited by 6
Using Digital Watermarking for Copyright Protection
Obimbo, C., & Salami, B. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/38184 · Cited by 6
Blind detection for disparity-coherent stereo video watermarking
Burini, C., Baudry, S., & Doërr, G. (2014) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2037349 · Cited by 6
Time-domain audio watermarking using multiple marking spaces
Shahriar, M. R., Cho, S., & Chong, U. (2012) · International Conference on Informatics, Electronics & Vision (ICIEV) · doi:10.1109/iciev.2012.6317477 · Cited by 6
Sum-SINR/sum-capacity optimal multisignature spread-spectrum steganography
Wei, L., Pados, D. A., Batalama, S. N., & Medley, M. J. (2008) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.784711 · Cited by 6
A Dct-Based Secure Jpeg Image Authentication Scheme
Mursi, M. F. M., Assassa, G. M. R., Aboalsamh, H., et al. (2009) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.1070358 · Cited by 6
A ROBUST BUYER–SELLER WATERMARKING SCHEME BASED ON DWT
Lou, D., Shieh, J.-M., & Tso, H.-K. (2006) · International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1142/s0218001406004491 · Cited by 6
A Wavelet-Based Image Watermarking Scheme for Stereoscopic Video Frames
Chen, Y.-H., & Huang, H.-C. (2013) · International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing (IIH-MSP) · doi:10.1109/iih-msp.2013.15 · Cited by 6
Resistant image watermarking in the phases of the Complex Hadamard Transform coefficients
Kountchev, R. K., Rubin, S. H., Milanova, M. G., et al. (2010) · IEEE International Conference on Information Reuse and Integration (IRI) · doi:10.1109/iri.2010.5558946 · Cited by 6
A collusion attack optimization framework toward spread-spectrum fingerprinting
Feng, H., Ling, H., Zou, F., et al. (2013) · Applied Soft Computing · doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2013.04.008 · Cited by 6
A Novel Image Watermarking Algorithm with Fast Processing Speed
Zhang, D., Xu, J., Li, H., et al. (2009) · International Conference on Information Engineering and Computer Science · doi:10.1109/iciecs.2009.5362803 · Cited by 6
OFDM Information Hiding Method by Preposition Embedded QIM
Tie-sheng, F., Xue, J., Xuan, W.-H., et al. (2008) · doi:10.1109/cimca.2008.166 · Cited by 6
New secure and robust audio watermarking algorithm based on QR factorization in wavelet domain
Hemis, M., Boudraa, B., & Merazi-Meksen, T. (2015) · International Journal of Wavelets Multiresolution and Information Processing · doi:10.1142/s0219691315500204 · Cited by 6
Content-Adaptive Semi-Fragile Watermarking for Image Authentication
Al-Mualla, M. E. (2007) · IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems (ICECS) · doi:10.1109/icecs.2007.4511225 · Cited by 6
Block-based Adaptive Image Watermarking Scheme using Visual Perception Model in DCT Domain
Namazi, F., Karami, M. R., & Ramazannia, S. B. (2012) · International Journal of Computer Applications · doi:10.5120/5532-7579 · Cited by 6
Multiple Binary Images Watermarking in Spatial and Frequency Domains
Oueslati, S., Chérif, A., & Solaiman, B. (2013) · International Journal of Computer Theory and Engineering · doi:10.7763/ijcte.2013.v5.757 · Cited by 6
Information leakage due to cache and processor architectures
Wang, Z. (2012) · Cited by 6
Image Watermarking Method Satisfying IHC by Using PEG LDPC Code
Hirata, N., Nozaki, T., & Kawamura, M. (2016) · IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems · doi:10.1587/transinf.2016mup0003 · Cited by 6
Review of Different Transforms used in Digital Image Watermarking
Tanwar, L., & Panda, J. (2018) · IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Intelligent Control and Energy Systems · doi:10.1109/icpeices.2018.8897456 · Cited by 6
A low-frequency construction watermarking based on histogram
Fan, H., Lu, Z., & Liu, Y. (2019) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-019-08289-3 · Cited by 6
Zhang, R., Xia, H., Chen, F., et al. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2962134 · Cited by 6
A Robust DWT-Based Compressed Domain Video Watermarking Technique
Sakib, M. N., Gupta, S. D., & Biswas, S. N. (2020) · International Journal of Image and Graphics · doi:10.1142/s0219467820500047 · Cited by 6
Towards Robust Fingerprinting of Relational Databases by Mitigating Correlation Attacks
Ji, T., Ayday, E., Yılmaz, E., et al. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing · doi:10.1109/tdsc.2022.3191117 · Cited by 6
ECSS: High-Embedding-Capacity Audio Watermarking with Diversity Reception
Wu, S., Huang, Y., Guan, H., et al. (2022) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e24121843 · Cited by 6
Enhanced Attention Mechanism-Based Image Watermarking With Simulated JPEG Compression
Zhong, J.-Y., Pan, D.-W., Wang, J., et al. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3337812 · Cited by 6
Generalized Local Optimality for Video Steganalysis in Motion Vector Domain
Zhai, L., Wang, L., Ren, Y., et al. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing · doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3545486 · Cited by 6
FFT-Based Audio Watermarking Using SVD and CPT
Dhar, P. K., & Shimamura, T. (2015) · Springer briefs in electrical and computer engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-14800-7_4 · Cited by 6
A Statistical Comparison of Digital Image Watermarking Techniques
Tomar, V., Mehrotra, D., & Choudhary, A. (2012) · Cited by 6
Liu, P., Chen, C., Ge, L., et al. (2013) · Lecture notes in electrical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4981-2_126 · Cited by 6
A Robust Watermarking Technique Resistant JPEG Compression
Fan, C.-H., Huang, H., & Hsu, W. (2011) · Cited by 6
Watermark embedding in binary images for authentication
Yu, C., & Zhang, X. (2005) · doi:10.1109/icosp.2004.1452800 · Cited by 6
RONI Based Secured and Authenticated Indexing of Lung CT Images
Jeya, I. J. S., & Suganthi, J. (2015) · Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine · doi:10.1155/2015/830453 · Cited by 6
Robust image watermarking based on hybrid transformation
Lou, D., & Sung, C.-H. (2004) · IEEE International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology (ICCST) · doi:10.1109/ccst.2003.1297592 · Cited by 6
Improved DCT-Based Watermarking through Particle Swarm Optimization
Lai, C., Wang, W.-S., & Jhan, C.-F. (2010) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16696-9_3 · Cited by 6
A New Spread Spectrum Watermarking Scheme to Achieve a Trade-Off between Security and Robustness
Cao, J., Huang, J., & Ni, J. (2010) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16435-4_20 · Cited by 6
A comprehensive study on image steganography and steganalysis techniques
Amsaveni, A., & Vanathi, P. T. (2015) · International Journal of Information and Communication Technology · doi:10.1504/ijict.2015.070300 · Cited by 6
QoS Aware Adaptive Security Scheme for Video Streaming in MANETs
Reza, T. A., & Barbeau, M. (2013) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-37119-6_21 · Cited by 5
Robust Color Image Watermarking Scheme Using JFIF -YCbCr Color Space in Wavelet Domain
Verma, A. K., Patvardhan, C., & Lakshmi, C. V. (2012) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-31686-9_21 · Cited by 6
An Improved Images Watermarking Scheme Using FABEMD Decomposition and DCT
Aherrahrou, N., & Tairi, H. (2012) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-31254-0_35 · Cited by 6
Collusion-resistant multimedia fingerprinting: a unified framework
Wu, M. H., Trappe, W. K., Wang, Z. J., et al. (2004) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.527166 · Cited by 6
An adaptive SVD-based watermarking scheme based on genetic algorithm
Lai, C., Ko, C.-H., & Yeh, C.-H. (2012) · International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/icmlc.2012.6359595 · Cited by 6
An Image Watermarking Scheme Based on Orthogonal Moments
Yap, P., & Paramesran, R. (2005) · IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON) · doi:10.1109/tencon.2005.301147 · Cited by 6
Imperceptible Visible Watermarking Scheme Using Color Distribution Modulation
Hsieh, W.-F., & Lin, P.-Y. (2012) · doi:10.1109/uic-atc.2012.13 · Cited by 6
CDMA watermarking algorithm based on wavelet basis
Deng, N., & Jiang, C.-S. (2012) · International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery (FSKD) · doi:10.1109/fskd.2012.6234001 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Cox, I. J., Kilian, J., Leighton, F. T., & Shamoon, T.
- Affiliations
- NEC (Japan) (JP)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- ORCID
- Cox, I.J.
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
- Published
- 1997-12
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1673-1687
- ISSN
- 1057-7149 (ISSN-L)
- 1941-0042
- OpenAlex
- W2116467012
- Semantic Scholar
- a5eaa0b77d774745409499be2a2f16c506156161
- Cited by
- 5,299
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 84 · 2019: 112 · 2018: 132 · 2017: 160 · 2016: 168 · 2015: 201 · 2014: 211 · 2013: 240 · 2012: 289
- FWCI
- 98.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Image Processing (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Digital Media Forensic Detection
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Data Compression Techniques
- Keywords
- digital watermarking, spread spectrum watermarking, tamper resistance, Gaussian random vectors, image watermarking, watermark robustness, lossy compression, geometric transformations, image registration
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
