The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 70 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia
Abstract
This paper presents a secure (tamper-resistant) algorithm for watermarking images, and a methodology for digital watermarking that may be generalized to audio, video, and multimedia data. We advocate that a watermark should be constructed as an independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) Gaussian random vector that is imperceptibly inserted in a spread-spectrum-like fashion into the perceptually most significant spectral components of the data. We argue that insertion of a watermark under this regime makes the watermark robust to signal processing operations (such as lossy compression, filtering, digital-analog and analog-digital conversion, requantization, etc.), and common geometric transformations (such as cropping, scaling, translation, and rotation) provided that the original image is available and that it can be successfully registered against the transformed watermarked image. In these cases, the watermark detector unambiguously identifies the owner. Further, the use of Gaussian noise, ensures strong resilience to multiple-document, or collusional, attacks. Experimental results are provided to support these claims, along with an exposition of pending open problems.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Citations
Cites
A method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems
Rivest, R. L., Shamir, A., & Adleman, L. (1983) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/357980.358017 · Cited by 13,012
Huber, P. J. (1981) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/0471725250 · Cited by 7,066
Vector Quantization and Signal Compression
Gersho, A., & Gray, R. M. (1992) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-3626-0 · Cited by 7,055
Three-dimensional computer vision: a geometric viewpoint
(1994) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.32-0357 · Cited by 3,032
Theory of Spread-Spectrum Communications - A Tutorial
Pickholtz, R. L., Schilling, D. L., & Milstein, L. B. (1982) · IEEE Transactions on Communications · doi:10.1109/tcom.1982.1095533 · Cited by 1,376
van Schyndel, R. G., Tirkel, A. Z., & Osborne, C. F. (2002) · Proceedings - International Conference on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/icip.1994.413536 · Cited by 1,139
Jähne, B. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-21817-4 · Cited by 1,139
Collusion-secure fingerprinting for digital data
Boneh, D., & Shaw, J. (1998) · IEEE Transactions on Information Theory · doi:10.1109/18.705568 · Cited by 980
Signal compression based on models of human perception
Jayant, N. S., Johnston, J. D., & Safranek, R. J. (1993) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/5.241504 · Cited by 790
Spread-Spectrum Communications
Ellersick, F., Schilling, D. L., Cook, C. E., et al. (1983) · Encyclopedia of Wireless and Mobile Communications · doi:10.1081/e-ewmc2-120043935 · Cited by 679
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- kilian, 0, Resistance of watermarked documents to collusional attacks
- braudaway, 1996, Color correct digital watermarking of images
- adelson, 1990, Digital signal encoding and decoding apparatus
- schreiber, 1991, Receiver-compatible enhanced definition television system
- rhoads, 1995, Indentification/authentication coding method and apparatus
- turner, 1989, Digital data security system
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 2,501–2,600 of 5,299
Najafi, H. L. (2010) · International Journal of Intelligent Computing and Cybernetics · doi:10.1108/17563781011066693 · Cited by 6
Efficient Text Encryption and Hiding with Double-Random Phase-Encoding
Sang, J., Ling, S., & Alam, M. S. (2012) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s121013441 · Cited by 6
Optical image cryptosystem based on adaptive steganography
Chuang, C.-H., & Lin, G.-S. (2008) · Optical Engineering · doi:10.1117/1.2904848 · Cited by 6
A Robust Digital Watermarking Algorithm Based on Multiple-Level Discrete Cosine Transform
Xiao, J., & Wang, Y. (2009) · Chinese Journal of Computers · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1016.2009.01055 · Cited by 6
An audio watermarking scheme robust against stereo attacks
Megías, D., Herrera‐Joancomartí, J., & Minguillón, J. (2004) · doi:10.1145/1022431.1022467 · Cited by 6
A Robust Watermarking Algorithm Based on Salient Image Features
Tang, Y.-L., & Wang, C.-P. (2008) · International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing (IIH-MSP) · doi:10.1109/iih-msp.2008.65 · Cited by 6
A Novel Relational Database Watermarking Algorithm
Fu, Y., Jin, C., & Ma, C. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-71549-8_18 · Cited by 6
On the security of two public key watermarking schemes
Wu, Y., Bao, F., & Xu, C. (2004) · doi:10.1109/icics.2003.1292604 · Cited by 6
Optimal Gaussian fingeprint decoders
Moulin, P. (2009) · IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/icassp.2009.4959861 · Cited by 6
Improved image watermarking using pixel averaging and unbiased retrieval
Pramoun, T., & Amornraksa, T. (2009) · doi:10.1109/iscit.2009.5341100 · Cited by 6
An Improved MRF Based Unsupervised Change Detection Method
Yuan, Q., & Rongchun, Z. (2007) · International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Security (CIS) · doi:10.1109/cis.2007.128 · Cited by 6
A Robust Watermarking Scheme Combined with the FSVQ for Images
Lin, Y.-C., Huang, Z.-K., Pong, R.-T., et al. (2005) · doi:10.1109/icita.2005.42 · Cited by 6
Error concealment of MPEG-2 AAC audio using modulo watermarks
Cheng, S. S. M., Yu, H. H., & Xiong, Z. (2003) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas.2002.1010974 · Cited by 6
An Improved Adaptive QIM Watermark Iterative Algorithm
Sun, X., Liu, J., Sun, J., et al. (2008) · International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing (IIH-MSP) · doi:10.1109/iih-msp.2008.160 · Cited by 6
Estimation of Net Primary Production of the Kii Peninsula Using Terra/MODIS Data
Cen, Y., Muramatsu, K., & Zhang, L. (2007) · International Conference on Image and Graphics · doi:10.1109/icig.2007.32 · Cited by 6
3D image watermarking robust to geometric distortions
Tefas, A., Louizis, G., & Pitas, I. (2002) · IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/icassp.2002.5745400 · Cited by 6
Blind consistency-based steganography for information hiding in digital media
Qi, H., Snyder, W. E., & Sander, W. A. (2003) · IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME) · doi:10.1109/icme.2002.1035849 · Cited by 6
A wavelet-based watermarking scheme using double wavelet tree energy modulation
Tsai, M.-J., Lin, C., & Liu, J. (2008) · Proceedings - International Conference on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/icip.2008.4711780 · Cited by 6
Optimal outsourcing for intellectual property protection and production cost minimization
Kim, J. P., Hamza, K., & Saitou, K. (2009) · IEEE International Symposium on Assembly and Manufacturing · doi:10.1109/isam.2009.5376919 · Cited by 6
An Adaptive Blind Scheme for Readable Watermark Based on ALE
Shifu, T., Ma, H., Song, E., et al. (2006) · doi:10.1109/icosp.2006.346066 · Cited by 6
Increasing watermarking robustness using turbo codes
Naforniţa, C., Isar, A., & Kovaci, M. (2009) · IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing, · doi:10.1109/wisp.2009.5286535 · Cited by 6
TSAI, M.-J., & Shen, C.-H. (2008) · IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics Communications and Computer Sciences · doi:10.1093/ietfec/e91-a.8.1961 · Cited by 6
RSA scheme with MRF and ECC for data encryption
Chen, C.-C. (2005) · IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME) · doi:10.1109/icme.2004.1394358 · Cited by 6
A blind spread spectrum wavelet based image watermarking algorithm
Abdallah, H. A., Hadhoud, M. M., & Shaalan, A. A. (2009) · International Conference on Computer Engineering & Systems (ICCES) · doi:10.1109/icces.2009.5383274 · Cited by 6
Cryptographic Algorithms: Basic Concepts and Applications to Multimedia Security
Bart Preneel, A., Csapody, M., & Vandewalle, J. P. L. (1997) · Cited by 6
Robust Secure and Blind Watermarking Based on DWT DCT Partial Multi Map Chaotic Encryption
Hagras, E. A. A., Mahallawy, E., Eldin, Z., et al. (2011) · The International journal of Multimedia & Its Applications · doi:10.5121/ijma.2011.3404 · Cited by 6
Audio Steganalysis using Ensemble of Autonomous Multi-Agent and Support Vector Machine Paradigm
Geetha, S., Sindhu, S. S. S., & Kannan, A. (2005) · International Conference on Intelligent Sensing and Information Processing · doi:10.1109/icisip.2005.1619412 · Cited by 6
StegoBreaker: Audio Steganalysis using Ensemble Autonomous Multi-Agent and Genetic Algorithm
Geetha, S., Sindhu, S. S. S., & Kannan, A. (2006) · IEEE India Conference · doi:10.1109/indcon.2006.302771 · Cited by 6
Robust Image Watermarking Algorithm against Geometric Attack Based on BEMD
Minghui, D., & Jingbo, Z. (2009) · doi:10.1109/icccs.2009.19 · Cited by 6
Gou, H., & Wu, M. H. (2005) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-31805-7_2 · Cited by 6
Shi, Y. Q., Xuan, G., & Su, W. (2004) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420038262-17 · Cited by 6
A Novel Watermarking Scheme in Contourlet Domain Based on Independent Component Analysis
Zhao, X., Wang, K., & Qiao, X.-H. (2006) · doi:10.1109/iih-msp.2006.265119 · Cited by 6
Image Watermarking Resisting to Geometrical Attacks Based on Histogram
Fang, Z., & Zhao, Y. (2006) · doi:10.1109/iih-msp.2006.264959 · Cited by 6
Image Watermarking Based HVS Characteristic of Wavelet Transform
Jin, C., Feng, T., & Fu, Y. (2006) · doi:10.1109/iih-msp.2006.264957 · Cited by 6
A New Steganalysis Method for Adaptive Spread Spectrum Steganography
Ji, R., Yao, H., Liu, S., et al. (2006) · doi:10.1109/iih-msp.2006.265018 · Cited by 6
Digital watermarking of three-dimensional polygonal models in the spherical coordinate system
Ashourian, M., Enteshari, R., & Jeon, J. (2004) · Computer Graphics International · doi:10.1109/cgi.2004.1309270 · Cited by 6
Robust watermark algorithm using genetic algorithm
Jin, C., & Wang, S. (2007) · Cited by 6
An image watermarking scheme using HVS characteristics and spread transform
Maity, S. P., & Kundu, M. K. (2004) · Proceedings - International Conference on Pattern Recognition/Proceedings/International Conference on Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1109/icpr.2004.1333910 · Cited by 6
Design of A Robust Spread Spectrum Image Watermarking Scheme.
Maity, S. P., Kundu, M. K., & Das, T. S. (2004) · Indian Conference on Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing · Cited by 6
Collusion-resistant fingerprinting for multimedia
Trappe, Wu, M. H., & Liu, R. (2002) · IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/icassp.2002.1004619 · Cited by 6
Content-Based Digital Watermarking for Compressed Audio
Xu, C., Wu, J., & Feng, D. D. (2000) · Cited by 6
Recovering watermarks from images
Đurić, Z., Johnson, N. F., & Jajodia, S. (1999) · Cited by 6
Digital watermarking for object-based compressed video
Lie, W., Lin, G.-S., & Wang, T.-C. (2002) · doi:10.1109/iscas.2001.921003 · Cited by 6
Autocorrelation-function-based watermarking with side information
Lee, C.-H., Lee, H.-K., & Suh, Y. (2003) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.476845 · Cited by 6
Watermarking with retrieval systems
Roy, S., & Chang, E. (2004) · Multimedia Systems · doi:10.1007/s00530-003-0116-1 · Cited by 6
The Choice of Filter Banks for Wavelet-based Robust Digital Watermarking
Dietze, M., & Jassim, S. (2003) · Cited by 6
A robust object-based watermarking scheme based on shape self-similarity segmentation
Wu, M.-Y., & Ho, Y.-K. (2003) · IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia Software Engineering (MSE) · doi:10.1109/mmse.2003.1254429 · Cited by 6
An object-based video watermarking
Kim, G. Y., Lee, J., & Won, C. S. (2003) · International Conference on Consumer Electronics · doi:10.1109/icce.1999.785185 · Cited by 6
Anti-collusion of group-oriented fingerprinting
Wang, Z. J., Wu, M. H., Trappe, W. K., et al. (2003) · doi:10.1109/icme.2003.1221592 · Cited by 6
Efficient implementation of linear multiuser detectors
Wang, X. F., Lu, W.-S., & Antoniou, A. (2002) · IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/icassp.1998.679550 · Cited by 6
Detecting tampered image blocks using error correcting code
Wa, Y. (2005) · IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME) · doi:10.1109/icme.2004.1394667 · Cited by 6
A hybrid constrained unequal error protection and data hiding scheme for packet video transmission
Adsumilli, C. B., Farias, M. C. Q., Carli, M., et al. (2004) · IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/icassp.2003.1200062 · Cited by 6
A wavelet-based blind and readable image watermarking algorithm
Yasein, M. S., & Agathoklis, P. (2003) · 2018 52nd Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers · doi:10.1109/acssc.2002.1196975 · Cited by 6
A Collaborated Computing System by Web Services Based P2P Architecture
Tsai, M.-J., Wang, C., Yang, P., et al. (2006) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/11686699_20 · Cited by 6
DCT-Based Digital Image Watermarking Via Image Segmentation Techniques
Badran, E. F., Ghobashy, A., & El-Shennawy, K. M. (2006) · doi:10.1109/itict.2006.358287 · Cited by 6
Automatic music genre classification
Ajoodha, R. (2014) · Cited by 6
Image Encryption and Chaotic Cellular Neural Network
Peng, J., & Zhang, D. (2009) · Machine Learning in Cyber Trust · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-88735-7_8 · Cited by 9
An Audio Watermarking Algorithm Based on Adversarial Perturbation
Wu, S., Liu, J., Huang, Y., et al. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14166897 · Cited by 5
Imperceptible Audio Watermarking with Local Invariant Points and Adaptive Embedding Strength
Wu, S., Guan, H., Liu, J., et al. (2025) · Chinese Journal of Electronics · doi:10.23919/cje.2023.00.356 · Cited by 5
A review of generative coverless image steganography based on diffusion models
Zhang, S., Xue, J., Fu, J., et al. (2026) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2026.133070 · Cited by 6
A simple fingerprinting scheme for large user groups
Hu, D., & Li, Q. (2011) · Frontiers of Computer Science in China · doi:10.1007/s11704-011-9163-5 · Cited by 5
da Rosa, M. M. A., Costa, E., Soares, R. I., et al. (2024) · Circuits Systems and Signal Processing · doi:10.1007/s00034-024-02802-2 · Cited by 5
Color image watermarking in YUV color space based on combination of DCT and PCA
Saboori, A., & Hosseini, S. A. (2015) · Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering · doi:10.1109/iraniancee.2015.7146230 · Cited by 5
Redundant Wavelet Watermarking using Spread Spectrum Modulation
Mankar, V. H., Das, T. S., Sarkar, S. K., et al. (2008) · ELCVIA Electronic Letters on Computer Vision and Image Analysis · doi:10.5565/rev/elcvia.267 · Cited by 5
A novel discrete wavelet transform based digital watermarking scheme
Fu, Y., & Wang, H. (2008) · International Conference on Anti-counterfeiting, Security, and Identification · doi:10.1109/iwasid.2008.4688339 · Cited by 5
An enhanced SVD based watermarking using U matrix
Tehrani, I. O., & Ibrahim, S. (2010) · International Conference on Computer Sciences and Convergence Information Technology · doi:10.1109/iccit.2010.5711130 · Cited by 5
Hardware/Software codesign for watermarking in DCT domain
Erozan, A. T., Baskir, S. G., & Örs, B. (2013) · Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference (SIU) · doi:10.1109/siu.2013.6531294 · Cited by 5
A New Audio Watermarking Method Based on Discrete Cosine Transform with a Gray Image
Khan, M. I. (2012) · International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology · doi:10.5121/ijcsit.2012.4411 · Cited by 5
Extreme Learning Machine for Semi-blind Grayscale Image Watermarking in DWT Domain
Rajpal, A., Mishra, A., & Bala, R. (2016) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-2738-3_26 · Cited by 5
Inbuilt Image Encryption and Steganography Security Solutions for Wireless Systems: A Survey
Praveenkum, P., Thenmozhi, K., Bala, J. B., & Amirtharaj, R. (2017) · Research Journal of Information Technology · doi:10.3923/rjit.2017.46.63 · Cited by 7
LC-ELM-Based Gray Scale Image Watermarking in Wavelet Domain
Mehta, R., & Vishwakarma, V. P. (2017) · Springer proceedings in business and economics · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-5577-5_16 · Cited by 5
Dual image watermarking by exploiting the properties of selected DCT coefficients with JND modeling
Hu, H.-T., & Chang, J.-R. (2018) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-018-5900-1 · Cited by 5
A Fractional Integrator Based Novel Detector for Weak Signal Detection with Watermark Application
Kumar, S., & Jha, R. K. (2018) · Asia-Pacific Signal and Information Processing Association Annual Summit and Conference (APSIPA ASC) · doi:10.23919/apsipa.2018.8659487 · Cited by 5
Novel distortion free and histogram based data hiding scheme
Aghababaiyan, K., & Mortazavi, A. S. (2020) · IET Image Processing · doi:10.1049/iet-ipr.2018.6428 · Cited by 5
An Embedding Carrier-Free Steganography Method Based on Wasserstein GAN
Yu, X., Cui, J., & Liu, M. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-95388-1_35 · Cited by 5
Layerwise Adversarial Learning for Image Steganography
Chen, B., Shi, L., Cao, Z., et al. (2023) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics12092080 · Cited by 5
Audio Watermarking: More Than Meets the Ear
Cvejic, N., Drajic, D. D., & Seppänen, T. (2009) · Studies in computational intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-02900-4_20 · Cited by 5
Watermarking for Digital Audio Based on Adaptive Phase Modulation
Ngo, N. M., & Unoki, M. (2015) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19321-2_8 · Cited by 5
Wassermann, J. (2013) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-38559-9_26 · Cited by 5
Robust Wavelet-Based Information Hiding through Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) Codes
Yu, Y., Lee, M. H., Kim, J. H., et al. (2004) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-24624-4_9 · Cited by 5
CDMA based blind and reversible watermarking scheme for images in Wavelet domain
Samee, M. K., & Götze, J. (2012) · International Conference on Systems, Signals and Image Processing · Cited by 5
An Efficient Fingerprinting Scheme with Symmetric and Commutative Encryption
Yong, S., & Lee, S.-H. (2005) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/11551492_5 · Cited by 5
Embedding QR code watermark in divided wavelet domain
Zhang, S., & Yoshino, K. (2004) · doi:10.1109/tencon.2004.1414413 · Cited by 5
Coded Spread Spectrum Watermarking Scheme
Kuribayashi, M. (2013) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-40099-5_15 · Cited by 5
Watermarking Non-numerical Databases
Solanas, A., & Domingo‐Ferrer, J. (2006) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/11681960_24 · Cited by 5
A Practical Print-and-Scan Resilient Watermarking for High Resolution Images
Zhang, Y., Kang, X., & Zhang, P. (2009) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-04438-0_9 · Cited by 5
Detection for Multiplicative Watermarking in DCT Domain by Cauchy Model
Yin, X. F., Peng, S., & Zhu, X. (2011) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-25243-3_14 · Cited by 5
Imperceptibility Improvement of Image Watermarking Using Variance Selection
Jin, X., & Kim, J. (2012) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-35270-6_5 · Cited by 5
Introduction au tatouage d’images
Dugelay, J., & Roche, S. (1999) · Annals of Telecommunications · doi:10.1007/bf02996385 · Cited by 5
Adaptive visible watermarking in Hadamard domain for digital images
Santhi, V., Thangavelu, A., & Arulmozhivarman, P. (2013) · International Journal of Information and Computer Security · doi:10.1504/ijics.2013.055838 · Cited by 5
Performance study and improvement on ECC-based binary anti-collusion forensic code for multimedia
Lin, W. S., He, S., & Bloom, J. A. (2009) · ACM workshop on Multimedia and security · doi:10.1145/1597817.1597834 · Cited by 5
Robust Watermarking Scheme Using Wave Atoms
Leung, H. Y., & Cheng, L. M. (2010) · EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing · doi:10.1155/2011/184817 · Cited by 5
A region specific robust watermarking scheme based on singular value decomposition
Singh, P., & Agarwal, S. (2012) · International Conference on Security of Information and Networks (SIN) · doi:10.1145/2388576.2388592 · Cited by 5
A Simple Image Encoding Method with Data Lossless Information Hiding
Wang, Z., Chang, C., Li, M., et al. (2011) · Journal of Networks · doi:10.4304/jnw.6.3.400-407 · Cited by 5
Security of Biometric Data Using Compressed Watermarking Technique
Thanki, R. M., & Borisagar, K. R. (2014) · International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) · doi:10.11591/ijece.v4i5.6646 · Cited by 5
DCT fingerprint classifier based group fingerprint
Zhao, Y. J., Zhang, A., & Song-nian, L. (2014) · International Conference on Audio, Language and Image Processing · doi:10.1109/icalip.2014.7009803 · Cited by 5
Rolland-Névière, X., Doërr, G., & Alliez, P. (2014) · Proceedings - International Conference on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/icip.2014.7025968 · Cited by 5
Ghosh, S., Talapatra, S., Chakraborty, S., et al. (2012) · International Conference on Computer and Communication Technology · doi:10.1109/iccct.2012.54 · Cited by 5
Semi-blind quality estimation of compressed videos using digital watermarking
Nezhadarya, E., & Ward, R. K. (2013) · Digital Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.dsp.2013.04.009 · Cited by 5
Vertex angle image watermarking with optimal detector
Hamghalam, M., Mirzakuchaki, S., & Akhaee, M. A. (2013) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-013-1769-1 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Cox, I. J., Kilian, J., Leighton, F. T., & Shamoon, T.
- Affiliations
- NEC (Japan) (JP)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- ORCID
- Cox, I.J.
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
- Published
- 1997-12
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1673-1687
- ISSN
- 1057-7149 (ISSN-L)
- 1941-0042
- OpenAlex
- W2116467012
- Semantic Scholar
- a5eaa0b77d774745409499be2a2f16c506156161
- Cited by
- 5,299
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 84 · 2019: 112 · 2018: 132 · 2017: 160 · 2016: 168 · 2015: 201 · 2014: 211 · 2013: 240 · 2012: 289
- FWCI
- 98.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Image Processing (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Digital Media Forensic Detection
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Data Compression Techniques
- Keywords
- digital watermarking, spread spectrum watermarking, tamper resistance, Gaussian random vectors, image watermarking, watermark robustness, lossy compression, geometric transformations, image registration
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
