The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 70 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia
Abstract
This paper presents a secure (tamper-resistant) algorithm for watermarking images, and a methodology for digital watermarking that may be generalized to audio, video, and multimedia data. We advocate that a watermark should be constructed as an independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) Gaussian random vector that is imperceptibly inserted in a spread-spectrum-like fashion into the perceptually most significant spectral components of the data. We argue that insertion of a watermark under this regime makes the watermark robust to signal processing operations (such as lossy compression, filtering, digital-analog and analog-digital conversion, requantization, etc.), and common geometric transformations (such as cropping, scaling, translation, and rotation) provided that the original image is available and that it can be successfully registered against the transformed watermarked image. In these cases, the watermark detector unambiguously identifies the owner. Further, the use of Gaussian noise, ensures strong resilience to multiple-document, or collusional, attacks. Experimental results are provided to support these claims, along with an exposition of pending open problems.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Citations
Cites
A method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems
Rivest, R. L., Shamir, A., & Adleman, L. (1983) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/357980.358017 · Cited by 13,012
Huber, P. J. (1981) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/0471725250 · Cited by 7,066
Vector Quantization and Signal Compression
Gersho, A., & Gray, R. M. (1992) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-3626-0 · Cited by 7,055
Three-dimensional computer vision: a geometric viewpoint
(1994) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.32-0357 · Cited by 3,032
Theory of Spread-Spectrum Communications - A Tutorial
Pickholtz, R. L., Schilling, D. L., & Milstein, L. B. (1982) · IEEE Transactions on Communications · doi:10.1109/tcom.1982.1095533 · Cited by 1,376
van Schyndel, R. G., Tirkel, A. Z., & Osborne, C. F. (2002) · Proceedings - International Conference on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/icip.1994.413536 · Cited by 1,139
Jähne, B. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-21817-4 · Cited by 1,139
Collusion-secure fingerprinting for digital data
Boneh, D., & Shaw, J. (1998) · IEEE Transactions on Information Theory · doi:10.1109/18.705568 · Cited by 980
Signal compression based on models of human perception
Jayant, N. S., Johnston, J. D., & Safranek, R. J. (1993) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/5.241504 · Cited by 790
Spread-Spectrum Communications
Ellersick, F., Schilling, D. L., Cook, C. E., et al. (1983) · Encyclopedia of Wireless and Mobile Communications · doi:10.1081/e-ewmc2-120043935 · Cited by 679
Flagged first, then by citations
34 of the 70 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- kilian, 0, Resistance of watermarked documents to collusional attacks
- braudaway, 1996, Color correct digital watermarking of images
- adelson, 1990, Digital signal encoding and decoding apparatus
- schreiber, 1991, Receiver-compatible enhanced definition television system
- rhoads, 1995, Indentification/authentication coding method and apparatus
- turner, 1989, Digital data security system
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 4,101–4,200 of 5,299
A zeros-watermarking algorithm based on chaotic system and DCT
Yang, W.-M., & Meng, L. (2009) · doi:10.1109/paciia.2009.5406371 · Cited by 1
Hiding confidential signature into digital images via frequency domain
Thitimajshima, P., Thitimajshima, Y., & Rangsanseri, Y. (2002) · doi:10.1109/tencon.2001.949589 · Cited by 1
Minimum mean square error detector for multimessage spread spectrum embedding
Valizadeh, A., & Wang, Z. J. (2009) · Proceedings - International Conference on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/icip.2009.5414115 · Cited by 1
Modified spread-transform dither modulation
Zhang, Y., Jia, C., Xu, Z., et al. (2011) · International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing (WCSP) · doi:10.1109/wcsp.2011.6096728 · Cited by 1
Lee, M.-T., & Chang, H. T. (2011) · EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing · doi:10.1186/1687-6180-2011-44 · Cited by 1
Advertising System Based on Cloud Computing and Audio Watermarking
Yin, C., Hu, J. Z., Zhang, X., et al. (2015) · International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing (IIH-MSP) · doi:10.1109/iih-msp.2015.81 · Cited by 1
Generic approach for visible watermarking
Anusha, S. L., & Anuradha, B. (2012) · International Journal of Computer Applications Technology and Research · doi:10.7753/ijcatr0201.1008 · Cited by 1
Carpio, J. P. L., & Almoro, P. F. (2014) · Journal of Modern Optics · doi:10.1080/09500340.2014.935507 · Cited by 1
Mandal, J. K. (2012) · Signal & Image Processing An International Journal · doi:10.5121/sipij.2012.3608 · Cited by 1
Video watermarking based on pseudo-3D-DCT in Contourlet domain
Li, T., Sun, R., & Xu, C. (2011) · JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENT AND INSTRUMENT · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1187.2011.00734 · Cited by 1
Design and Simulation of Dct Chip In Vhdl and Application in Watermark Extraction
Agarwal, N., Jain, A., & Sharma, P. S. (2014) · IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering · doi:10.9790/0661-16345964 · Cited by 1
An Affine Transformation Based Image Shuffling and Watermarking Scheme
Ye, R., Zhao, H., & Ping, S. C. (2016) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-50544-1_15 · Cited by 1
Otair, M. A. (2015) · Advances in information security, privacy, and ethics book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-6583-5.ch021 · Cited by 1
Forensic Watermarking for Secure Multimedia Distribution
Sattar, F., & Yu, D. (2009) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-60566-204-6.ch016 · Cited by 1
Ali, M., Ahn, C. W., & Pant, M. (2016) · Gate to Computer Science and Research · doi:10.15579/gcsr.vol5.ch3 · Cited by 1
Guerrini, F., Okuda, M., Adami, N., et al. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-100412-8.00022-x · Cited by 1
Reversible Combined R-DWT-DCT-SVD Watermarking Schema
Souad, E. A. B. (2014) · International Journal of Computing and Digital Systems · doi:10.12785/ijcds/030307 · Cited by 1
Privacy and Ownership Protection Digital Data Techniques: Comparison and Survey
Thakur, H. V. (2016) · Indian Journal of Science and Technology · doi:10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i47/106904 · Cited by 1
DCT-OFDM Watermarking Scheme Based on Communication System Model
Kuribayashi, M., Shogo, S., & Funabiki, N. (2017) · IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics Communications and Computer Sciences · doi:10.1587/transfun.e100.a.944 · Cited by 1
Digital Watermarking Technique Based on Multi-Resolution Curvelet Transform
Kaushik, R., Sharma, S., & Raheja, L. R. (2017) · International Journal in Foundations of Computer Science & Technology · doi:10.5121/ijfcst.2017.7201 · Cited by 1
Wavelet Analysis in Video Watermarking through Wavelet Transform Scheme
Malik, G., Kumar, T., & Agarwal, G. (2017) · International Journal of Computer Applications · doi:10.5120/ijca2017913177 · Cited by 1
Watermarking Attacks and Tools
Shih, F. Y. (2017) · Cited by 1
Shih, F. Y. (2017) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781315121109-2 · Cited by 1
RRW: A Novel Watermarking Technique for Relational Data
Shukla, A., Bhambar, S., Patil, H., et al. (2017) · International Journal of Computer Applications · doi:10.5120/ijca2017913792 · Cited by 1
A Priori knowledge based secure payload estimation
Ma, S., Zhao, X., Guan, Q., et al. (2017) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-017-4955-8 · Cited by 1
Analytical Study and Performance Evaluation of Medical Image Watermarking Techniques
Singh, A. K., Kumar, B., Singh, G. K., et al. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57699-2_3 · Cited by 1
Lagrangian Twin SVR Based Grayscale Image Watermarking Using LWT-QR Decomposition
Yadav, A. K., Mehta, R., & Kumar, R. (2017) · Lecture notes on data engineering and communications technologies · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-4600-1_11 · Cited by 1
Audio Watermarking in Images using Wavelet Transform
Kumari, S. (2017) · International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology · doi:10.22214/ijraset.2017.10258 · Cited by 1
Novel authentication scheme with pseudorandom sequences in the frequency domain of images
Vicky, P., & Parampalli, U. (2017) · International Workshop on Signal Design and its Applications in Communications · doi:10.1109/iwsda.2017.8097073 · Cited by 1
Uehira, K., & Unno, H. (2017) · Journal of Computer and Communications · doi:10.4236/jcc.2018.61006 · Cited by 1
Thanki, R. M., Dwivedi, V. V., & Borisagar, K. R. (2018) · Signals and communication technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73183-4_5 · Cited by 1
Spectral analysis of chirp and sinusoidal signals in complex domain
Dur-E-Jabeen, Kumar, K., Haseeb, A. S. M. A., et al. (2017) · International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering · Cited by 1
Wang, T., & Zhang, X. (2018) · Journal of Computational Methods in Sciences and Engineering · doi:10.3233/jcm-180788 · Cited by 1
OFDM Based Robust Digital Image Watermarking Resistant to Multipath Spatial Shifts
Pulayikodi, S. K., Tarhuni, N. G., Ahmed, A., et al. (2017) · IEEE GCC Conference and Exhibition (GCCCE) · doi:10.1109/ieeegcc.2017.8448022 · Cited by 1
Panja, B. (2018) · International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology · doi:10.22214/ijraset.2018.5395 · Cited by 1
Semi - fragile Video Watermarking Algorithm Based on Energy Relation
Li, J., Guo, Y., & Liu, S. (2018) · International Conference on Virtual Reality · doi:10.1145/3198910.3234660 · Cited by 1
Normalized Moment of Inertia-Based Detection Algorithm for Copy-Paste Image Tampering
Ma, C., Lv, X., & Ao, J. (2018) · International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1142/s0218001419540235 · Cited by 1
Adjusted-Purpose Digital Watermarking
Shin, F. Y. (2017) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781315219783-8 · Cited by 1
Iteration-Free Fractal Mating Coding for Mutual Image Compression
Hsu, C. (2018) · International Symposium on Computer, Consumer and Control · doi:10.1109/is3c.2018.00106 · Cited by 1
Exploiting Routing Strategy of DTN for Message Forwarding in Information Hiding Applications
Xia, S., Liu, M., Zhang, X., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Digital Crime and Forensics · doi:10.4018/ijdcf.2019040103 · Cited by 1
Robust Multibit Image Watermarking Based on Contrast Modulation and Affine Rectification
Zhong, X. R., & Shih, F. Y. (2019) · International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1142/s0218001419540363 · Cited by 1
Balanced Frames: A Useful Tool in Signal Processing with Good Properties
Heineken, S. B., Morillas, P. M., & Tarazaga, P. (2020) · Results in Mathematics · doi:10.1007/s00025-020-01280-7 · Cited by 1
Watermarking Error Exponents in the Presence of Noise
Furon, T. (2019) · ACM Workshop on Information Hiding and Multimedia Security (IH&MMSec) · doi:10.1145/3335203.3335731 · Cited by 1
Data-Loss resilience video steganography using frame reference and data ensemble reconstruction
Li, F., Yu, J., & Ren, Y. (2019) · Mathematical Biosciences & Engineering · doi:10.3934/mbe.2019228 · Cited by 1
Overview and Classification of Digital Watermarking Algorithms
Milosav, P., Banjac, Z., Milosavljević, M., et al. (2019) · International Scientific Conference Sinteza · doi:10.15308/sinteza-2019-537-545 · Cited by 1
Robust Steganography Using Texture Synthesis Based on LBP
Wei, W., & Chengfeng, A. (2019) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-16946-6_75 · Cited by 1
Tuning Parameters of the Koch and Zhao Stego Algorithm
Федоров, О. В., Омельченко, А. В., & Yaurov, A. (2019) · International Conference Radioelektronika · doi:10.1109/radioelek.2019.8733473 · Cited by 1
Unno, H., & Uehira, K. (2019) · Conference record · doi:10.1109/ias.2019.8912380 · Cited by 1
González-Lee, M., Calderón-Ramón, C., Morales-Mendoza, L. J., et al. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on Engineering Veracruz (ICEV) · doi:10.1109/icev.2019.8920441 · Cited by 1
Patel, K. N. (2020) · SpringerBriefs in speech technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-53911-5_6 · Cited by 1
Novel Reversible Acoustic Steganography Based on Carrier Orthogonality
Shiu, H.-J., Leu, F., Lai, C.-M., et al. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-65299-9_9 · Cited by 1
Robust Image Watermarking in the Wavelet Domain
Younis, H. A. (2010) · Journal of Kufa for Mathematics and Computer · doi:10.31642/jokmc/2018/010203 · Cited by 1
A Study of Steganography Based on Error Correction Code and Secret Sharing Scheme
Onuma, K., & Miyata, S. (2020) · International Conference on Signal Processing and Information Security (ICSPIS) · doi:10.1109/icspis51252.2020.9340154 · Cited by 1
Data Hiding Method with Principal Component Analysis and Image Coordinate Conversion
Arai, K. (2021) · International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications · doi:10.14569/ijacsa.2021.0120804 · Cited by 1
Kawaguchi, S. (2021) · Journal of the Physical Society of Japan · doi:10.7566/jpsj.90.104003 · Cited by 1
A New Fast DCT Based Digital Watermarking Technique
Suhail, M. A., Siddiqi, A. H., & Ipson, S. (2002) · Applied optimization · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-0263-6_6 · Cited by 1
Shniperov, A. N., & Melnikov, V. A. (2021) · Bezopasnost informacionnyh tehnology · doi:10.26583/bit.2021.4.07 · Cited by 1
Invisible and readable checkerboard as watermark with temporally brightness modulation
Unno, H., & Uehira, K. (2021) · Conference record · doi:10.1109/ias48185.2021.9677347 · Cited by 1
A Novel Semi-blind Digital Image Watermarking Using Fire Fly Algorithm
Kumar, C. R., & Kumar, P. R. (2022) · Lecture notes in electrical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-8554-5_44 · Cited by 1
Robustness Testing of a Watermarking CAN Transceiver
Michaels, A. J., Fletcher, M., Henshaw, C., Palukuru, V. S. S., & Moore, J. (2022) · SAE technical papers on CD-ROM/SAE technical paper series · doi:10.4271/2022-01-0106 · Cited by 1
Realization and Simulation of Watermarking Algorithm Based on Spread Spectrum and DFT
Wen, T., Liu, W., Du, R., et al. (2022) · Lecture notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-98002-3_10 · Cited by 1
Security Imaging: Data Hiding and Digital Watermarking
Taranovsky, D. (2016) · Handbook of Visual Display Technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-14346-0_31 · Cited by 1
Intelligence-Based Adaptive Digital Watermarking for Images in Wavelet Transform Domain
Santhi, V., & Acharjya, D. P. (2015) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-8654-0.ch012 · Cited by 1
Noise Simulation-Based Deep Optical Watermarking
Wang, F., Zhou, H., Fang, H., Zhang, W., & Yu, N. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-06791-4_23 · Cited by 1
Implementation of a Reversible Watermarking Technique for Medical Images
Karmakar, R., & Basu, A. (2022) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-6311-6.ch026 · Cited by 1
Information Security and Privacy in the Digital World - Some Selected Topics
Sen, J., & Mayer, J. (2022) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.100776
Audio Watermarking Algorithm Based on WSOLA Resisting Speed Change
Wang, X., Huang, Y., Wu, S., et al. (2022) · doi:10.1109/cost57098.2022.00059 · Cited by 1
Secure Cyber Network to Sharing Information through Cryptography & Stenography
Sankhla, M. S. (2019) · Engineering Technology Open Access Journal · doi:10.19080/etoaj.2019.02.555598 · Cited by 1
A Secret and Traceable Approach for Cloud Data Sharing
Xu, C., Yin, Y., & Chen, Y. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Cyber Security and Cloud Computing / IEEE International Conference on Edge Computing and Scalable Cloud (CSCloud/EdgeCom) · doi:10.1109/cscloud-edgecom58631.2023.00038 · Cited by 1
Robustheit und Sicherheit Wavelet-basierter Watermarking-Algorithmen
Meerwald, P., & Uhl, A. (2000) · Informatik aktuell · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-58346-9_16 · Cited by 1
Technologies du tatouage pour l’authentification et la protection des images
Macq, B. M. M., & Dugelay, J. (2000) · Annals of Telecommunications · doi:10.1007/bf03001902 · Cited by 1
Robust digital watermarking based on fractal dimension in color images
Ni, R., & Qiuqi, R. (2003) · doi:10.1109/icosp.2002.1181179 · Cited by 1
A Viable System for Tracing Illegal Users of Video
Kang, H., Kurkoski, B. M., Park, Y.-R., et al. (2006) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/11734628_20 · Cited by 1
Li, K., & Zhang, X.-P. S. (2005) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/11538356_77 · Cited by 1
A Novel Multibit Watermarking Scheme Combining Spread Spectrum and Quantization
Zhu, X., Tang, Z., & Yang, L. (2006) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/11922841_10 · Cited by 1
Spread-Spectrum Watermark by Synthesizing Texture
Liu, W., Zhang, F., & Liu, C. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-77255-2_37 · Cited by 1
Boon and Bane of Curvelet Transform
Geetha, G., Ragavi, V., Thamizhchelvy, K., et al. (2010) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-12214-9_97 · Cited by 1
An Improved Technique for Wavelet Transform Based Watermarking in Images
Anbumani, K., & Jeyalakshmi, A. (2006) · doi:10.1109/indcon.2005.1590118 · Cited by 1
A Novel Watermarking Scheme Based on Video Content
Wu, G., Zhuang, Y., Wu, F. Q., et al. (2004) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-30544-6_49 · Cited by 1
Performance Analysis of Order Statistical Patchwork
Kuk, H., & Kim, Y. C. (2004) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-24624-4_19 · Cited by 1
Error Detection Mechanisms for Encoded Video Streams
Superiori, L., Weidmann, C., & Némethová, O. (2009) · doi:10.1002/9780470747773.ch6 · Cited by 1
Design and Analysis of a Watermarking System for Care Labels
Ragan-Kelley, B., & Trân, N. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-77255-2_88 · Cited by 1
Energy and transient power minimization during behavioral synthesis
Mohanty, S. P. (2003) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 1
Devices to Preserve Watermark Security in Image Printing and Scanning
Scharinger, J. (2003) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-45210-2_60 · Cited by 1
A New Blind Image-Adaptive Watermarking Scheme: Theoretical And Experimental Results
Karybali, I. G., & Berberidis, K. (2004) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.38421 · Cited by 1
Region-Based Watermarking by Distribution Adjustment
Brisbane, G., Safavi–Naini, R., & Ogunbona, P. (2000) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/3-540-44456-4_5 · Cited by 1
Copyright Protection for WAV-Table Synthesis Audio Using Digital Watermarking
Xu, C., Feng, D. D., & Zhu, Y. (2001) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/3-540-45453-5_99 · Cited by 1
Single And Multiple Spread Spectrum Watermarking Based On Periodic Clock Changes
Martin, V., Chabert, M., & Lacaze, B. (2005) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.39053 · Cited by 1
Software and Hardware-In-The-Loop Modeling of an Audio Watermarking Algorithm
Orozco, I. Z. (2010) · doi:10.12794/metadc33221 · Cited by 1
Reliable Image/Video Watermark Retrieval In The Presence Of Lossy Compression
Chen, Q., & Maı̂tre, H. (2005) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.38738 · Cited by 1
Digital Watermarking for the Copyright Protection of Compressed Video
Simitopoulos, D., Tsaftaris, S. A., Boulgouris, N. V., et al. (2005) · Kluwer Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-306-48718-7_4 · Cited by 1
Information Delivery Systems for Car Passengers Without Networking Capabilities
Huang, C.-H., Chen, P., Hsieh, P.-Y., et al. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-77255-2_69 · Cited by 1
One-time installation with traitors tracing for copyright programs
Lin, C., & Lee, C.-Y. (2001) · IEEE International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology (ICCST) · doi:10.1109/ccst.2001.962827 · Cited by 1
Tzouveli, P. K., Ntalianis, K., & Kollias, S. (2003) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-39798-4_21 · Cited by 1
Print-to-Web Linking Technology Using a Mobile Phone Camera and its Applications in Japan
Liu, Z. (2007) · Studies in computational intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-71169-8_10 · Cited by 1
Improved Video Watermark Detection Using Statistically-Adaptive Accumulation
Echizen, I., Fujii, Y., Yamada, T., et al. (2005) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/11554028_42 · Cited by 1
Cryptanalysis of a Wavelet Based Watermarking Scheme
Das, T. K., Zhou, J., & Maitra, S. (2005) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-31805-7_17 · Cited by 1
Asymptotic Analyses of Visual Distortions: A New Approach to Defining Transparency
Trân, N., & Wang, L. (2002) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/3-540-36228-2_56 · Cited by 1
Video Fingerprinting System through Zero-based Code Modulation Technique
Choi, S. Y., Lee, H.-Y., Kang, I. K., et al. (2005) · The KIPS Transactions PartB · doi:10.3745/kipstb.2005.12b.4.443 · Cited by 1
Merkmale digitaler Audiodaten zur Verwendung in inhaltsfragilen digitalen Wasserzeichen
Dittmann, J., Steinebach, M., & Steinmetz, R. (2001) · Vieweg+Teubner eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-663-05918-9_14 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Cox, I. J., Kilian, J., Leighton, F. T., & Shamoon, T.
- Affiliations
- NEC (Japan) (JP)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- ORCID
- Cox, I.J.
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
- Published
- 1997-12
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1673-1687
- ISSN
- 1057-7149 (ISSN-L)
- 1941-0042
- OpenAlex
- W2116467012
- Semantic Scholar
- a5eaa0b77d774745409499be2a2f16c506156161
- Cited by
- 5,299
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 84 · 2019: 112 · 2018: 132 · 2017: 160 · 2016: 168 · 2015: 201 · 2014: 211 · 2013: 240 · 2012: 289
- FWCI
- 98.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Image Processing (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Digital Media Forensic Detection
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Data Compression Techniques
- Keywords
- digital watermarking, spread spectrum watermarking, tamper resistance, Gaussian random vectors, image watermarking, watermark robustness, lossy compression, geometric transformations, image registration
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review