Working Together: A Review on Safe Human-Robot Collaboration in Industrial Environments
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After many years of rigid conventional procedures of production, industrial manufacturing is going through a process of change toward flexible and intelligent manufacturing, the so-called Industry 4.0. In this paper, human-robot collaboration has an important role in smart factories since it contributes to the achievement of higher productivity and greater efficiency. However, this evolution means breaking with the established safety procedures as the separation of workspaces between robot and human is removed. These changes are reflected in safety standards related to industrial robotics since the last decade, and have led to the development of a wide field of research focusing on the prevention of human-robot impacts and/or the minimization of related risks or their consequences. This paper presents a review of the main safety systems that have been proposed and applied in industrial robotic environments that contribute to the achievement of safe collaborative human-robot work. Additionally, a review is provided of the current regulations along with new concepts that have been introduced in them. The discussion presented in this paper includes multidisciplinary approaches, such as techniques for estimation and the evaluation of injuries in human-robot collisions, mechanical and software devices designed to minimize the consequences of human-robot impact, impact detection systems, and strategies to prevent collisions or minimize their consequences when they occur.
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Many devices that operate in Industry 4.0 factories have very limited computational resources, so they struggle with modern secure public-key cryptography schemes.
“Many devices that operate in Industry 4.0 factories (e.g., sensors, actuators, tools) have very limited computational resources (i.e., memory and processing power), so they struggle with modern secure public-key cryptography schemes [155].”
From A Review on the Application of Blockchain to the Next Generation of Cybersecure Industry 4.0 Smart Factories (2019) · cites this paper as [155]
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Sorted by citations
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Product liability for defective AI
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- Authors
- Robla-Gomez, S., Becerra, V. M., Llata, J. R., Gonzalez-Sarabia, E., Torre-Ferrero, C., & Perez-Oria, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Portsmouth (GB)
- Universidad de Cantabria (ES)
- Venue
- IEEE Access
- Published
- 2017
- Volume
- 5
- Pages
- 26754-26773
- ISSN
- 2169-3536 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2768174095
- Cited by
- 589
- References
- 119
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 75 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 81 · 2021: 92 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 23.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- IEEE Access (publishedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- UCrea (University of Cantabria) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Control and Systems Engineering › Robot Manipulation and Learning
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Prosthetics and Rehabilitation Robotics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Control and Systems Engineering › Robotics and Automated Systems
- Keywords
- human-robot collaboration, industrial robots, robot safety, human-robot collision, collision avoidance, impact detection, injury estimation, safety standards, Industry 4.0, smart factory, safety systems
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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