The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Frequency-Multiplexed Array Digitization for MIMO Receivers: 4-Antennas/ADC at 28 GHz on Xilinx ZCU-1285 RF SoC
Open accessAbstract
Communications at mm-wave frequencies and above rely heavily on beamforming antenna arrays. Typically, hundreds, if not thousands, of independent antenna channels are used to achieve high SNR for throughput and increased capacity. Using a dedicated ADC per antenna receiver is preferable but it's not practical for very large arrays due to unreasonable cost and complexity. Frequency division multiplexing (FDM) is a well-known technique for combining multiple signals into a single wideband channel. In a first of its kind measurements, this paper explores FDM for combining multiple antenna outputs at IF into a single wideband signal that can be sampled and digitized using a high-speed wideband ADC. The sampled signals are sub-band filtered and digitally down-converted to obtain individual antenna channels. A prototype receiver was realized with a uniform linear array consisting of 4 elements with 250 MHz bandwidth per channel at 28 GHz carrier frequency. Each of the receiver chains were frequency-multiplexed at an intermediate frequency of 1 GHz to avoid the requirement for multiple, precise local oscillators (LOs). Combined narrowband receiver outputs were sampled using a single ADC with digital front-end operating on a Xilinx ZCU-1285 RF SoC FPGA to synthesize 4 digital beams. The approach allows $M$ -fold increase in spatial degrees of freedom per ADC, for temporal oversampling by a factor of $M$.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Citations
Cites
Antenna theory, analysis, and design
Croswell, W. F. (1982) · IRE Transactions on Telemetry and Remote Control · doi:10.1109/map.1982.27654 · Cited by 8,633
An Overview of Signal Processing Techniques for Millimeter Wave MIMO Systems
Heath, R. W., Prelcic, N. G., Rangan, S., Roh, W., & Sayeed, A. M. (2016) · IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/jstsp.2016.2523924 · Cited by 2,917
Rappaport, T. S., Xing, Y., Kanhere, O., Ju, S., Madanayake, A., Mandal, S., Alkhateeb, A., & Trichopoulos, G. C. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2921522 · Cited by 2,617 · cited 1×
“Emerging mm-wave 5G/6G wireless communication systems will rely on multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems to achieve high capacity and high data-rates while overcoming high path loses and challenging channel conditions [1], [2].”
Self-citationMarzetta, T. L., Larsson, E. G., Yang, H. B., & Ngo, H. Q. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316799895 · Cited by 1,725
Self-citationMassive MIMO is a reality—What is next?
Björnson, E., Sanguinetti, L., Wymeersch, H., Hoydis, J., & Marzetta, T. L. (2019) · Digital Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.dsp.2019.06.007 · Cited by 879
Self-citationCAD of microstrip antennas for wireless applications
Sainati, R. (1996) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 241
Multirate Systems and Filterbanks
Saramäki, T., & Bregović, R. (2002) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-930708-30-3.ch002 · Cited by 190
Design of Energy- and Cost-Efficient Massive MIMO Arrays
Puglielli, A., Townley, A., LaCaille, G., Milovanović, V., Lu, P., Trotskovsky, K., Whitcombe, A., Narevsky, N., Wright, G., Courtade, T. A., et al. (2015) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2015.2492539 · Cited by 149
A 65 nm CMOS 4-Element Sub-34 mW/Element 60 GHz Phased-Array Transceiver
Tabesh, M., Chen, J., Marcu, C., et al. (2011) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2011.2166030 · Cited by 136
Huang, M.-Y., Chi, T., Li, S., et al. (2020) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2019.2959495 · Cited by 113
Li, S., Chen, Z. N., Li, T., Lin, F. H., & Yin, X. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/tap.2020.2968849 · Cited by 111
Hu, Y., Hong, W., Yu, C., et al. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/tap.2018.2869200 · Cited by 83
An Experimental Study of Massive MIMO Properties in 5G Scenarios
Martínez, À. O., Nielsen, J. Ø., de Carvalho, E., et al. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/tap.2018.2871881 · Cited by 83
Zhao, R., Woodford, T., Wei, T., Qian, K., & Zhang, X. (2020) · ACM Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom) · doi:10.1145/3372224.3380892 · Cited by 83
A 65nm CMOS 4-element Sub-34mW/element 60GHz phased-array transceiver
Tabesh, M., Chen, J., Marcu, C., et al. (2011) · Digest of technical papers/Digest of technical papers - IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference · doi:10.1109/isscc.2011.5746266 · Cited by 50
Zhang, W., Xia, X., Fu, Y., et al. (2019) · China Communications · doi:10.23919/jcc.2019.06.008 · Cited by 45
An All-Programmable 16-nm RFSoC for Digital-RF Communications
Farley, B., McGrath, J., & Erdmann, C. (2018) · IEEE Micro · doi:10.1109/mm.2018.022071136 · Cited by 40
Yeh, Y.-S., & Floyd, B. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers · doi:10.1109/tcsi.2020.3026624 · Cited by 37
Experimental Validation of On-Site Coding Digital Beamformer With Ultra-Wideband Antenna Arrays
Venkatakrishnan, S. B., Papantonis, D. K., Akhiyat, A. A., et al. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques · doi:10.1109/tmtt.2017.2690451 · Cited by 34
Self-citationMultibeam Digital Array Receiver Using a 16-Point Multiplierless DFT Approximation
Ariyarathna, V., Coelho, D. F. G., Pulipati, S. K., Cintra, R. J., Bayer, F. M., Dimitrov, V. S., & Madanayake, A. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/tap.2018.2882629 · Cited by 32
Self-citationTowards a Low-SWaP 1024-Beam Digital Array: A 32-Beam Subsystem at 5.8 GHz
Madanayake, A., Mandal, S., Rappaport, T. S., Ariyarathna, V., Madishetty, S., Pulipati, S. K., Cintra, R. J., Coelho, D. F. G., Oliviera, R., Bayer, F. M., et al. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/tap.2019.2938704 · Cited by 32
Self-citationA 12mW 70-to-100GHz mixer-first receiver front-end for mm-wave massive-MIMO arrays in 28nm CMOS
Iotti, L., LaCaille, G., & Niknejad, A. M. (2018) · Digest of technical papers/Digest of technical papers - IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference · doi:10.1109/isscc.2018.8310360 · Cited by 31
Fast Radix-32 Approximate DFTs for 1024-Beam Digital RF Beamforming
Madanayake, A., Cintra, R. J., Akram, N., Ariyarathna, V., Mandal, S., Coutinho, V. A., Bayer, F. M., Coelho, D. F. G., & Rappaport, T. S. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.2994550 · Cited by 31
Self-citationPulipati, S., Ariyarathna, V., Silva, U. D., Akram, N., Alwan, E., Madanayake, A., Mandal, S., & Rappaport, T. S. (2019) · 2019 IEEE International Conference on Microwaves, Antennas, Communications and Electronic Systems (COMCAS) · doi:10.1109/comcas44984.2019.8958039 · Cited by 29
Self-citationA programmable RFSoC in 16nm FinFET technology for wideband communications
Farley, B., Boumaalif, A., Lynch, P., et al. (2017) · IEEE Asian Solid-State Circuits Conference (A-SSCC) · doi:10.1109/asscc.2017.8240201 · Cited by 23
A Low-SWaP 16-Beam 2.4 GHz Digital Phased Array Receiver Using DFT Approximation
Coutinho, V. A., Ariyarathna, V., Coelho, D. F. G., Pulipati, S. K., Cintra, R. J., Madanayake, A., Bayer, F. M., & Dimitrov, V. S. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems · doi:10.1109/taes.2020.2987094 · Cited by 21
Self-citationSingle RF Chain Hybrid Analog/Digital Beamforming for Mmwave Massive-mimo
Morsali, A., Norouzi, S., & Champagne, B. (2019) · IEEE Global Conference on Signal and Information Processing · doi:10.1109/globalsip45357.2019.8969170 · Cited by 18
A 16-Element 2.4-GHz Multibeam Array Receiver Using 2-D Spatially Bandpass Digital Filters
Pulipati, S. K., Ariyarathna, V., Madanayake, A., Wijesekara, R. T., Edussooriya, C. U. S., & Bruton, L. T. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems · doi:10.1109/taes.2019.2906089 · Cited by 17
Self-citationA 128~2048/1536 Point Fft Hardware Implementation With Output Pruning
Ayhan, T., Dehaene, W., & Verhelst, M. (2014) · Lirias (KU Leuven) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.44104 · Cited by 16
Zhang, W., Xia, X., Fu, Y., et al. (2019) · China Communications · doi:10.23919/j.cc.2019.06.008 · Cited by 16
Code-modulated embedded test for phased arrays
Greene, K., Chauhan, V. S., & Floyd, B. (2016) · Proceedings - IEEE VLSI Test Symposium/Proceedings of the ... IEEE VLSI Test Symposium · doi:10.1109/vts.2016.7477274 · Cited by 13
Low cost, power efficient, on-site coding receiver (OSCR) for ultra-wideband digital beamforming
Alwan, E. A., Akhiyat, A. A., LaRue, M., et al. (2013) · IEEE International Symposium on Phased Array Systems and Technology (PAST) · doi:10.1109/array.2013.6731827 · Cited by 11
An 8-Beam 2.4 GHz Digital Array Receiver Based on a Fast Multiplierless Spatial DFT Approximation
Coutinho, V. A., Ariyarathna, V., Coelho, D. F. G., Cintral, R. J., & Madanayake, A. (2018) · IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium digest · doi:10.1109/mwsym.2018.8439422 · Cited by 11
Self-citationSoftware-defined Radios to Accelerate mmWave Wireless Innovation
Zheng, K., Jornet, J. M., Polese, M., et al. (2019) · IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks · doi:10.1109/dyspan.2019.8935877 · Cited by 11
FPGA-Based 2-D FIR Frost Beamformers with Digital Mutual Coupling Compensation
Pulipati, S. K., Ariyarathna, V., Jayaweera, A. L., et al. (2020) · IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium digest · doi:10.1109/ims30576.2020.9224004 · Cited by 11
Self-citationXilinx RF-SoC-based Digital Multi-Beam Array Processors for 28/60 GHz Wireless Testbeds
Pulipati, S. K., Ariyarathna, V., Dhananjay, A., et al. (2020) · Moratuwa Engineering Research Conference (MERCon) · doi:10.1109/mercon50084.2020.9185240 · Cited by 10
Self-citationCognitive Radio Receiver Front-Ends
Sadhu, B., & Harjani, R. (2013) · Analog circuits and signal processing/Analog circuits and signal processing series · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-9296-2 · Cited by 8
A 28-Port MIMO Cube for Micro Base Station Applications
Zetterström, O., Kolitsidas, C. I., Jonsson, B. L. G., et al. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/tap.2019.2963231 · Cited by 8
A 16-Element 2.4-GHz Digital Array Receiver using 2-D IIR Spatially-Bandpass Plane-Wave Filter
Pulipati, S. K., Ariyarathna, V., & Madanayake, A. (2018) · IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium digest · doi:10.1109/mwsym.2018.8439319 · Cited by 5
Self-citationRealization of a novel on-site coding digital beamformer using FPGAs
Venkatakrishnan, S. B., Akhiyat, A. A., Alwan, E. A., et al. (2014) · USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting · doi:10.1109/usnc-ursi.2014.6955578 · Cited by 3
Self-citationDigital and Mixed Domain Hardware Reduction Algorithms and Implementations for Massive MIMO
Akram, N. (2020) · doi:10.25148/etd.fidc009239 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- 2018, Release description Release 15
- 2020, Zynq UltraScale+ RFSoC Direct-RF Signal Chain Features
- eldar, 2017, Sampling Theory
- 2020, Walsh-Hadamard Code
- 2020, GaAs MMIC I/Q Downconverter HMC1065LP4E
- vaidyanathan, 2006, Multirate Systems and Filter Banks
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Thiran Filters for Wideband DSP-Based Multi-Beam True Time Delay RF Sensing Applications
Perera, S. M., Rathnasekara, G., & Madanayake, A. (2024) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s24020576 · Cited by 5
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Akram, N., Madanayake, A., Pulipati, S., Ariyarathna, V., Venkatakrishnan, S. B., Psychogiou, D., Volakis, J., Rappaport, T. S., & Marzetta, T. L.
- Affiliations
- Florida International University (US)
- Northeastern University (US)
- University College Cork (IE)
- New York University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- IEEE Access
- Published
- 2021
- Volume
- 9
- Pages
- 142743-142753
- ISSN
- 2169-3536 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3207770691
- Cited by
- 10
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2
- FWCI
- 0.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Access (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Florida International University Digital Commons (Florida International University) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- U.S. National Science Foundation (800010635)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Radar Systems and Signal Processing
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling
- Keywords
- frequency division multiplexing, MIMO receivers, millimeter wave, beamforming, antenna arrays, wideband ADC, intermediate frequency, digital down conversion, subband filtering, digital front-end, FPGA, uniform linear array, spatial degrees of freedom
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
