Wireless Communications and Applications Above 100 GHz: Opportunities and Challenges for 6G and Beyond
Open accessAbstract
Frequencies from 100 GHz to 3 THz are promising bands for the next generation of wireless communication systems because of the wide swaths of unused and unexplored spectrum. These frequencies also offer the potential for revolutionary applications that will be made possible by new thinking, and advances in devices, circuits, software, signal processing, and systems. This paper describes many of the technical challenges and opportunities for wireless communication and sensing applications above 100 GHz, and presents a number of promising discoveries, novel approaches, and recent results that will aid in the development and implementation of the sixth generation (6G) of wireless networks, and beyond. This paper shows recent regulatory and standard body rulings that are anticipating wireless products and services above 100 GHz and illustrates the viability of wireless cognition, hyper-accurate position location, sensing, and imaging. This paper also presents approaches and results that show how long distance mobile communications will be supported to above 800 GHz since the antenna gains are able to overcome air-induced attenuation, and present methods that reduce the computational complexity and simplify the signal processing used in adaptive antenna arrays, by exploiting the Special Theory of Relativity to create a cone of silence in over-sampled antenna arrays that improve performance for digital phased array antennas. Also, new results that give insights into power efficient beam steering algorithms, and new propagation and partition loss models above 100 GHz are given, and promising imaging, array processing, and position location results are presented. The implementation of spatial consistency at THz frequencies, an important component of channel modeling that considers minute changes and correlations over space, is also discussed. This paper offers the first in-depth look at the vast applications of THz wireless products and applications and provides approaches for how to reduce power and increase performance across several problem domains, giving early evidence that THz techniques are compelling and available for future wireless communications.
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Bandwidth expansion from the millimetre-wave regime to the THz regime causes uncertain biological impacts on humans and animals.
“Bandwidth expansion from the millimetre-wave regime to the THz regime also causes uncertain biological impacts on humans and animals.”
From What should 6G be? (2020) · cites this paper as [26]
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BackgroundComparing Radio Propagation Channels Between 28 and 140 GHz Bands in a Shopping Mall
Nguyen, S. L. H., Järveläinen, J., Karttunen, A., Haneda, K., & Putkonen, J. (2018) · European Conference on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1049/cp.2018.0874 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Network Offloading Policies for Cloud Robotics: A Learning-Based Approach
Chinchali, S., Sharma, A., Harrison, J., Elhafsi, A., Kang, D. D., Pergament, E., Cidon, E., Katti, S., & Pavone, M. (2019) · Autonomous Robots · doi:10.1007/s10514-021-09987-4 · Cited by 116 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Wireless Cognition Robotic control [45], [46]”
BackgroundExperimental comparison of performance degradation from terahertz and infrared wireless links in fog
Su, K., Moeller, L., Barat, R. B., & Federici, J. F. (2012) · Journal of the Optical Society of America A · doi:10.1364/josaa.29.000179 · Cited by 107 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Work in [102], [111]–[115] showed effects of rain, fog, dust, and air turbulence at THz and infrared frequencies based on measurements with less than 10 m links, which indicated a relatively small change (a few dB) in the received power compared to the power received in clear weather.”
BackgroundExperimental comparison of terahertz and infrared data signal attenuation in dust clouds
Su, K., Moeller, L., Barat, R. B., & Federici, J. F. (2012) · Journal of the Optical Society of America A · doi:10.1364/josaa.29.002360 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
A beacon navigation method for autonomous vehicles
McGillem, C. D., & Rappaport, T. S. (1989) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/25.45466 · Cited by 96 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Many methods, such as a sum and difference method used in radars or optical receivers [162] or peak power method may be used.”
MethodSelf-citationComparison of path loss models for indoor 30 GHz, 140 GHz, and 300 GHz channels
Cheng, C.-L., Kim, S.-H., & Zajic, A. G. (2017) · European Conference on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.23919/eucap.2017.7928124 · Cited by 88 · cited 3× · see citing works
“losses at 30 GHz, 140 GHz, and 300 GHz were compared using different path loss models in [132].”
BackgroundMethodRey, S., Eckhardt, J. M., Peng, B., Guan, K., & Kürner, T. (2017) · International Congress on Ultra Modern Telecommunications and Control Systems and Workshops (ICUMT) · doi:10.1109/icumt.2017.8255203 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
73 GHz wideband millimeter-wave foliage and ground reflection measurements and models
Rappaport, T. S., & Deng, S. (2015) · doi:10.1109/iccw.2015.7247347 · Cited by 86 · cited 1× · see citing works
“polarization characterization of the horn antennas [139], [144].”
BackgroundSelf-citationThree-dimensional cone filter banks
Bruton, L. T. (2003) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Fundamental Theory and Applications · doi:10.1109/tcsi.2002.808200 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Position Locationing for Millimeter Wave Systems
Kanhere, O., & Rappaport, T. S. (2018) · Globecom · doi:10.1109/glocom.2018.8647983 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationDetermination of the water vapor continuum absorption by THz-TDS and Molecular Response Theory
Yang, Y., Mandehgar, M., & Grischkowsky, D. (2014) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.22.004388 · Cited by 79 · cited 2× · see citing works
“the attenuation of a propagating wave is mainly caused by molecular absorption in free space, which is minimal [102], but at higher frequencies, as the wavelength approaches the size of dust, rain, snow, or hail, the effects of Mie scattering become more severe [6], [103], [104].”
BackgroundRevealing hidden scenes by photon-efficient occlusion-based opportunistic active imaging
Xu, F., Shulkind, G., Thrampoulidis, C., Shapiro, J. H., Torralba, A. B., Wong, F. N. C., & Wornell, G. W. (2018) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.26.009945 · Cited by 79 · cited 1× · see citing works
“NLOS imaging methods based on visible and infrared light have also been proposed in [63]–[65].”
MethodLooking behind a corner using multipath-exploiting UWB radar
Zetík, R., Eschrich, M., Jovanoska, S., & Thomä, R. S. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems · doi:10.1109/taes.2015.140303 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Chi, T., Huang, M.-Y., Li, S., & Wang, H. (2017) · Digest of technical papers/Digest of technical papers - IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference · doi:10.1109/isscc.2017.7870382 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Long-Path THz-TDS Atmospheric Measurements Between Buildings
Moon, E.-B., Jeon, T., & Grischkowsky, D. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology · doi:10.1109/tthz.2015.2443491 · Cited by 75 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Work in [102], [111]–[115] showed effects of rain, fog, dust, and air turbulence at THz and infrared frequencies based on measurements with less than 10 m links, which indicated a relatively small change (a few dB) in the received power compared to the power received in clear weather.”
BackgroundD-Band Channel Measurements and Characterization for Indoor Applications
Kim, S., Khan, W. T., Zajic, A. G., & Papapolymerou, J. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/tap.2015.2426831 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Experimental Comparison of Terahertz and Infrared Signaling in Controlled Atmospheric Turbulence
Ma, J., Moeller, L., & Federici, J. F. (2014) · Journal of Infrared Millimeter and Terahertz Waves · doi:10.1007/s10762-014-0121-9 · Cited by 73 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Scattering, instead, is expected to be more notable since the wavelength at THz frequencies are comparable to the size of dust, rain, snow, and roughness of walls [113].”
BackgroundWideband THz communication channel measurements for 5G indoor wireless networks
Khalid, N., & Akan, Ö. B. (2016) · International Conference on Communications · doi:10.1109/icc.2016.7511280 · Cited by 73 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Acoustic ceiling panels, which were shown to be good reflectors at THz band, could be used as low cost components to support NLOS links [127].”
BackgroundMethodLeveraging mmWave Imaging and Communications for Simultaneous Localization and Mapping
Aladsani, M., Alkhateeb, A., & Trichopoulos, G. C. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/icassp.2019.8682741 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationMultipath Exploitation in Non-LOS Urban Synthetic Aperture Radar
Setlur, P., Negishi, T., Devroye, N., & Erricolo, D. (2013) · IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/jstsp.2013.2287185 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Hybrid beamforming for 5G millimeter-wave multi-cell networks
Sun, S. D., Rappaport, T. S., & Shaft, M. (2018) · IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS) · doi:10.1109/infcomw.2018.8406871 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationExploiting High Millimeter Wave Bands for Military Communications, Applications, and Design
Harvey, J. F., Steer, M. B., & Rappaport, T. S. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2911675 · Cited by 68 · cited 4× · see citing works
“These frequency bands could easily be used for high speed 6G mobile wireless networks with up to km size coverage range, and perhaps even up to 10 km or beyond in fixed applications [4], [25], [105]–[107].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationIndoor office wideband penetration loss measurements at 73 GHz
Ryan, J., MacCartney, G. R., & Rappaport, T. S. (2017) · IEEE International Conference on Communications workshops · doi:10.1109/iccw.2017.7962662 · Cited by 63 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Partition loss measurements at 73 GHz for V-V and V-H polarization configurations for glass doors, drywall, steel doors, and clear glass were conducted in [148].”
BackgroundSelf-citationRadar surveillance through solid materials
Frazier, L. M. (1997) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.266733 · Cited by 62 · cited 2× · see citing works
“As measured in [150], an 8-inch concrete wall had a typical partition loss of 2 to 4 dB at 900 MHz for both V-V and”
BackgroundMethod400-GHz Wireless Transmission of 60-Gb/s Nyquist-QPSK Signals Using UTC-PD and Heterodyne Mixer
Yu, X., Asif, R., Piels, M., Zibar, D., Galili, M., Morioka, T., Jepsen, P. U., & Oxenløwe, L. K. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology · doi:10.1109/tthz.2016.2599077 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Millimeter-Wave Extended NYUSIM Channel Model for Spatial Consistency
Ju, S., & Rappaport, T. S. (2018) · Globecom · doi:10.1109/glocom.2018.8647188 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationAround-the-corner radar: Detection and localization of a target in non-line of sight
Thai, K.-P.-H., Rabaste, O., Bosse, J., Poullin, D., Hinostroza, I., Letertre, T., & Chonavel, T. (2017) · IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf) · doi:10.1109/radar.2017.7944320 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Indoor Office Plan Environment and Layout-Based mmWave Path Loss Models for 28 GHz and 73 GHz
MacCartney, G. R., Deng, S., & Rappaport, T. S. (2016) · IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference · doi:10.1109/vtcspring.2016.7504287 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationMurdock, J. N., & Rappaport, T. S. (2013) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2014.141204 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationMeasurements of the characteristics of indoor penetration loss
Zhang, Y. P., & Hwang, Y. (2002) · IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC) · doi:10.1109/vetec.1994.345395 · Cited by 52 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Work in [150] presented penetration loss measurements of concrete walls and plasterboard walls over the frequency range of 900 MHz to 18 GHz, as shown in Table V, and the penetration loss was shown to not necessarily increase monotonically with respect to frequency.”
BackgroundMillimeter wave small-scale spatial statistics in an urban microcell scenario
Sun, S. D., Yan, H., MacCartney, G. R., & Rappaport, T. S. (2017) · International Conference on Communications · doi:10.1109/icc.2017.7996408 · Cited by 50 · cited 1× · see citing works
“user’s motion within a local area [73], [171], [172].”
BackgroundSelf-citationPerera, S. M., Ariyarathna, V., Udayanga, N., Madanayake, A., Wu, G., Belostotski, L., Wang, Y., Mandal, S., Cintra, R. J., & Rappaport, T. S. (2018) · IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/jstsp.2018.2822940 · Cited by 50 · cited 3× · see citing works
“In particular, fast algorithms for DVM factorization have already been found for relatively small N , while more general versions applicable to larger values of N are being actively developed [95]–[97].”
BackgroundMap-Assisted Millimeter Wave Localization for Accurate Position Location
Kanhere, O., Ju, S., Xing, Y., & Rappaport, T. S. (2019) · Globecom · doi:10.1109/globecom38437.2019.9013365 · Cited by 46 · cited 8× · see citing works
“by using additional BSs for positioning the users [58].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationBreakthroughs in Photonics 2013: THz Communications Based on Photonics
Nagatsuma, T. (2014) · IEEE photonics journal · doi:10.1109/jphot.2014.2309643 · Cited by 43 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Global regulatory bodies and standard agencies such as the FCC [33], the European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI) [34], and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) [35], are seeking comments to allocate frequency bands above 95 GHz for point-to-point use, broadcasting services, and other wireless…”
BackgroundThe Effect of Snow on a Terahertz Wireless Data Link
Ma, J., Adelberg, J., Shrestha, R., Moeller, L., & Mittleman, D. M. (2018) · Journal of Infrared Millimeter and Terahertz Waves · doi:10.1007/s10762-018-0486-2 · Cited by 43 · cited 2× · see citing works
“THz outdoor measurements during a snow fall at 200 GHz were presented in [103], and a 2 dB decrease in the received power was observed across an 8 m LOS link indicating that a higher transmitted power was required during a snow fall to maintain the same data rate.”
BackgroundReiskarimian, N., Dinç, T., Zhou, J. Y., Chen, T., Dastjerdi, M. B., Diakonikolas, J., Zussman, G., & Krishnaswamy, H. (2019) · IEEE Microwave Magazine · doi:10.1109/mmm.2018.2880497 · Cited by 43 · cited 1× · see citing works
“What is fascinating to note is that the use of TTD approaches has also found promise in mmWave and THz circulators and duplexers, which are nonlinear devices that allow one-way transmission for coupling multiple signals to a single RF port [98].”
BackgroundMacCartney, G. R., Yan, H., Sun, S. D., & Rappaport, T. S. (2017) · International Conference on Communications · doi:10.1109/icc.2017.7996791 · Cited by 39 · cited 1× · see citing works
“At the RX, the received signal is cross-correlated with an identical but slightly delayed pseudo-random sequence, providing autocorrelation gain at the expense of a slightly longer acquisition time (on the order of tens of ms) [118], [121], [122].”
MethodSelf-citationComparison of Experimental and Theoretical Determined Terahertz Attenuation in Controlled Rain
Ma, J., Vorrius, F., Lamb, L., Moeller, L., & Federici, J. F. (2015) · Journal of Infrared Millimeter and Terahertz Waves · doi:10.1007/s10762-015-0200-6 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Characterization of sub-THz and mmWave Propagation Channel for Indoor Scenarios
Pometcu, L., & D’Errico, R. (2018) · European Conference on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1049/cp.2018.0991 · Cited by 36 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The root mean square delay spread was found to be 15 ns [137].”
BackgroundMethod900 MHz path loss measurements and prediction techniques for in-building communication system design
Seidel, S. Y., & Rappaport, T. S. (2002) · IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference · doi:10.1109/vetec.1991.140565 · Cited by 35 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Wideband mmWave and THz networks, as well as precise ray-tracer algorithms [153], [154], will require accurate channel models that accurately represent the partition losses induced by common building objects [53], [138].”
BackgroundSelf-citationApplicability assessment of terahertz information showers for next-generation wireless networks
Petrov, V., Moltchanov, D., & Koucheryavy, Y. (2016) · International Conference on Communications · doi:10.1109/icc.2016.7511129 · Cited by 35 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The ultra-high data rates facilitated by mmWave and THz wireless local area and cellular networks will enable super-fast download speeds for computer communication, autonomous vehicles, robotic controls, the information shower [42], highdefinition holographic gaming, entertainment, video conferencing, and high-speed w…”
BackgroundSimulating Motion - Incorporating Spatial Consistency into NYUSIM Channel Model
Ju, S., & Rappaport, T. S. (2018) · IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference · doi:10.1109/vtcfall.2018.8690738 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationMeasurement of channel and propagation properties at 300 GHz
Kleine‐Ostmann, T., Jastrow, C., Priebe, S., Jacob, M. V., Kürner, T., & Schräder, T. (2012) · Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements · doi:10.1109/cpem.2012.6250900 · Cited by 33 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Channel and propagation measurements at 300 GHz were presented in [125], [126], where a VNA based channel system with 26 dBi gain horn antennas at both TX and RX was used to analyze the channel characteristics from 300-310 GHz with an IF frequency bandwidth of 10 kHz.”
BackgroundMethodAriyarathna, V., Madanayake, A., Tang, X., Coelho, D. F. G., Cintra, R. J., Belostotski, L., Mandal, S., & Rappaport, T. S. (2018) · IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/jetcas.2018.2832177 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationMultibeam Digital Array Receiver Using a 16-Point Multiplierless DFT Approximation
Ariyarathna, V., Coelho, D. F. G., Pulipati, S. K., Cintra, R. J., Bayer, F. M., Dimitrov, V. S., & Madanayake, A. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/tap.2018.2882629 · Cited by 32 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Moreover, approximate versions of the DFT can be computed with even lower complexity than the FFT, as shown by Cintra, Bayer, and their collaborators [89]–[93].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationJärveläinen, J., Haneda, K., Kyrö, M., Kolmonen, V., Takada, J., & Hagiwara, H. (2012) · Loughborough Antennas & Propagation Conference (LAPC) · doi:10.1109/lapc.2012.6403008 · Cited by 31 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The DS model has been used in [159] to model the RF propagation environment of a hospital room at 60 GHz.”
BackgroundMethodAggrawal, H., Chen, P., Assefzadeh, M. M., Jamali, B., & Babakhani, A. (2016) · IEEE Microwave Magazine · doi:10.1109/mmm.2016.2608764 · Cited by 30 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…radars for gesture detection and touchless smartphones, spectrometers for explosive detection and gas sensing [49], THz security body scanning, air quality detection [24], personal health monitoring systems [48], precision time/frequency transfer, and wireless synchronization [10], [22], [59].”
BackgroundXing, Y., Kanhere, O., Ju, S., Rappaport, T. S., & MacCartney, G. R. (2018) · IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference · doi:10.1109/vtcfall.2018.8690683 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationMulti‐beam RF aperture using multiplierless FFT approximation
Suarez, D., Cintra, R. J., Bayer, F. M., Sengupta, A., Kulasekera, S., & Madanayake, A. (2014) · Electronics Letters · doi:10.1049/el.2014.3561 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationPeng, B., Guan, K., & Kürner, T. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/twc.2018.2854565 · Cited by 28 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In [53], [164], the angle at which maximal power was received was determined to be the AoA.”
BackgroundAccurate and Robust Indoor Localization Systems using Ultra-wideband SignalsPreprint
Meissner, P., Leitinger, E., Fröhle, M., & Witrisal, K. (2013) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1304.7928 · Cited by 27 · cited 2× · see citing works
“However [166] does not use AoA information, which will be available with high accuracy using directional antennas at THz frequencies.”
BackgroundMethodModeling of Spatially Correlated Geometry-Based Stochastic Channels
Ademaj, F., Mueller, M. K., Schwarz, Š., & Rupp, M. (2017) · IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference · doi:10.1109/vtcfall.2017.8287884 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Channel characteristics study for future indoor millimeter and submillimeter wireless communications
Peng, B., Rey, S., & Kürner, T. (2016) · European Conference on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/eucap.2016.7481456 · Cited by 25 · cited 1× · see citing works
“such as provided in [133] has not yet been performed for indoor sub-THz channels) [4], [132], [134], [135].”
BackgroundSecond generation transceivers for D-band radar and data communication applications
Sarkas, I., Laskin, E., Hasch, J., Chevalier, P., & Voinigescu, S. P. (2010) · IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium digest · doi:10.1109/mwsym.2010.5516139 · Cited by 24 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Second generation transceivers demos for D-band radars with Doppler, loop-back, and 4 Gbps NLOS radio links, over the air and at distances exceeding one meter were presented in [128].”
BackgroundMeasurements and Characterisation of Surface Scattering at 60 GHz
Goulianos, A. A., Freire, A. L., Barratt, T., Mellios, E., Cain, P., Rumney, M., Nix, A., & Beach, M. A. (2017) · IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference · doi:10.1109/vtcfall.2017.8288373 · Cited by 24 · cited 5× · see citing works
“(e.g., greater than 5 cm at below 6 GHz) [156].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialOn the attenuation of interference and mutual coupling in antenna arrays using 3D space-time filters
Liyanage, N., Bruton, L. T., & Agathoklis, P. (2009) · IEEE Pacific Rim Conference on Communications, Computers and Signal Processing (PACRIM) · doi:10.1109/pacrim.2009.5291383 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Non-Line of Sight Terahertz Imaging from a Single Viewpoint
Doddalla, S. K. K., & Trichopoulos, G. C. (2018) · IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium digest · doi:10.1109/mwsym.2018.8439239 · Cited by 23 · cited 6× · see citing works
“2 (see Section VIII for further details).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationMeasurements on penetration loss in terahertz band
Kokkoniemi, J., Lehtomäki, J. J., & Juntti, M. J. (2016) · European Conference on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/eucap.2016.7481176 · Cited by 22 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, the measurements in [148] were conducted in a very short range (less than 10 cm) and the thicknesses of samplematerials were less than 1 cmwhich may cause large uncertainty or error.”
BackgroundWang, H. H., & Rappaport, T. S. (2005) · IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters · doi:10.1109/lawp.2005.852581 · Cited by 20 · cited 2× · see citing works
“D maps of the world created on the fly and uploaded/shared on the cloud by future devices [57], [58].”
BackgroundSelf-citationSkidmore, R. R., Rappaport, T. S., & Abbott, A. L. (2002) · IEEE International Conference on Universal Personal Communications (ICUPC) · doi:10.1109/icupc.1996.562653 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationDual-Band Multipath Cluster Analysis of Small-Cell Backhaul Channels in an Urban Street Environment
Nguyen, S. L. H., Haneda, K., & Putkonen, J. (2016) · IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps) · doi:10.1109/glocomw.2016.7848881 · Cited by 20 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Propagation measurements in the 140 GHz band were conducted in a shopping mall [129], [130] using a VNA based channel sounder with a 19 dBi horn antenna at the RX, and a 2 dBi bicone antenna at the TX.”
MethodLow-Complexity Maximally-Decimated Multirate 3-D Spatio-Temporal FIR Cone and Frustum Filters
Edussooriya, C. U. S., Bruton, L. T., Agathoklis, P., & Gunaratne, T. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers · doi:10.1109/tcsi.2012.2230511 · Cited by 19 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Such cones directly arise from fundamental physics, namely the causality of electromagnetic plane-waves in the spacetime frequency domain ( ω x , ω y , ω ct ) ∈ R 3 [76]–[80], and are thus present for all uniformly-spaced rectangular arrays.”
Background100-340GHz Systems: Transistors and Applications
Rodwell, M. J. W., Fang, Y., Rode, J. C., Wu, J., Markman, B., Brunelli, S. Š., Klamkin, J., & Urteaga, M. E. (2018) · Technical digest - International Electron Devices Meeting/Technical digest · doi:10.1109/iedm.2018.8614537 · Cited by 19 · cited 5× · see citing works
“The short wavelengths at mmWave and THz will allow massive spatial multiplexing in hub and backhaul communications, as well as incredibly accurate sensing, imaging, spectroscopy, and other applications described subsequently in this paper [21]–[24].”
BackgroundInfluentialMulti-beam receiver apertures using multiplierless 8-point approximate DFT
Kulasekera, S., Madanayake, A., Suarez, D., Cintra, R. J., & Bayer, F. M. (2015) · IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf) · doi:10.1109/radar.2015.7131185 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationWRC-19 Issues: Agenda Item 1.15 and the Use of 275–450 GHz
Marcus, M. J. (2016) · IEEE Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/mwc.2016.7811828 · Cited by 18 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Global regulatory bodies and standard agencies such as the FCC [33], the European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI) [34], and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) [35], are seeking comments to allocate frequency bands above 95 GHz for point-to-point use, broadcasting services, and other wireless…”
BackgroundMulti-beam 4 GHz microwave apertures using current-mode DFT approximation on 65 nm CMOS
Ariyarathna, V., Kulasekera, S., Madanayake, A., Lee, K., Suarez, D., Cintra, R. J., Bayer, F. M., & Belostotski, L. (2015) · IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium digest · doi:10.1109/mwsym.2015.7167112 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationMurdock, J. N., & Rappaport, T. S. (2011) · IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps) · doi:10.1109/glocomw.2011.6162415 · Cited by 16 · cited 4× · see citing works
“It was shown in [31], [32] that the efficiency of components of a transmitter closest to the output, such as the antenna, have the largest impact on CF [31].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationSelective filtering of spatio-temporal plane waves using 3D cone filter banks
Bruton, L. T. (2002) · IEEE Pacific Rim Conference on Communications, Computers and Signal Processing (PACRIM) · doi:10.1109/pacrim.2001.953524 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Impact of diffraction and attenuation for material characterisation in millimetre wave bands
Isa, A. K. M., Nix, A., & Hilton, G. (2015) · Loughborough Antennas & Propagation Conference (LAPC) · doi:10.1109/lapc.2015.7366112 · Cited by 14 · cited 1× · see citing works
“5 dB and 8 dB at 45 GHz for both H-H and V-V antenna configurations, respectively, while the attenuation through a concrete slab having a thickness of 3 cm was measured to be about 13 dB at 45 GHz for both H-H and V-V antenna configurations [151].”
BackgroundKaya, A. Ö., Greenstein, L. J., Chizhik, D., Valenzuela, R. A., & Moayeri, N. (2007) · Conference on Information Sciences and Systems · doi:10.1109/ciss.2007.4298332 · Cited by 13 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In [167], authors used backwards ray tracing using AoA and power observations to estimate the TX location.”
MethodMadanayake, A., Akram, N., Mandal, S., Liang, J., & Belostotski, L. (2017) · International Workshop on Multidimensional (nD) Systems (nDS) · doi:10.1109/nds.2017.8070633 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationDesign of a low-complexity wideband analog true-time-delay 5-beam array in 65nm CMOS
Madanayake, A., Ariyarathna, V., Udayanga, N., Belostotski, L., Perera, S. K. M., & Cintra, R. J. (2017) · IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS) · doi:10.1109/mwscas.2017.8053145 · Cited by 12 · cited 1× · see citing works
“been explored, where the delay Vandemonde Matrix (DVM) and its factorization [96], [97], has the potential to significantly lower the net arithmetic complexity of the underlying digital system, well below the brute-force matrix computations required for the direct-computed DVM approach [95].”
BackgroundSelf-citationDesign methodology of an analog 9-beam squint-free wideband IF multi-beamformer for mmW applications
Ariyarathna, V., Udayanga, N., Madanayake, A., Perera, S. M., Belostotski, L., & Cintra, R. J. (2017) · 2017 Moratuwa Engineering Research Conference (MERCon) · doi:10.1109/mercon.2017.7980488 · Cited by 11 · cited 2× · see citing works
“In particular, fast algorithms for DVM factorization have already been found for relatively small N , while more general versions applicable to larger values of N are being actively developed [95]–[97].”
BackgroundSelf-citationDelta-sigma noise shaping in 2D spacetime for uniform linear aperture array receivers
Handagala, S., Madanayake, A., Belostotski, L., & Bruton, L. T. (2016) · Moratuwa Engineering Research Conference (MERCon) · doi:10.1109/mercon.2016.7480125 · Cited by 9 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The key point exploited in [81]–[86] is that the potential benefits of i) spatially oversampling an antenna array, and ii) shaping unwanted thermal and quantization noise of the array electronics away from the “cone of silence” occupied by propagating electromagnetic waves, are exactly analogous to…”
BackgroundSelf-citation$\Delta-\Sigma$ Noise-Shaping in 2-D Space-Time for Wideband Antenna Array Receivers
Wang, Y., Liang, J., Handagala, S., Madanayake, A., & Mandal, S. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers · doi:10.1109/tcsi.2018.2866366 · Cited by 8 · cited 5× · see citing works
“In fact, many ∆ − Σ ADCs use a 1-bit quantizer (i.e., a single comparator) but nevertheless provide several bits of effective resolution (i.e., effective number of bits or ENOB (cid:29) 1 ).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationMulti-beam 8×8 RF aperture digital beamformers using multiplierless 2-D FFT approximations
Kulasekera, S., Madanayake, A., Wijenayake, C. A., Bayer, F. M., Suarez, D., & Cintra, R. J. (2015) · Moratuwa Engineering Research Conference (MERCon) · doi:10.1109/mercon.2015.7112356 · Cited by 7 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, both DFT/FFT and approximate-DFT approaches are narrowband digital beamformers and are therefore not suitable for emerging wideband 5G/6G digital arrays [94].”
BackgroundSelf-citationCho, C., Maloy, M., Devlin, S. M., Aras, Ö., Castro-Malaspina, H. R., Dauer, L. T., Jakubowski, A. A., O’Reilly, R. J., Papadopoulos, E. B., Perales, M., et al. (2018) · Transplantation and Cellular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.bbmt.2017.12.182 · Cited by 7 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Ionizing radiation, which includes ultraviolet, x-rays, galactic radiation, and gamma-rays, is dangerous since it is known to have sufficiently high particle energy to dislodge electrons and create free-radicals that can lead to cancer [11], [12] and is believed to be a major health risk for interplanetary travel [12]…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationA Wideband Sliding Correlator-Based Channel Sounder with Synchronization in 65 nm CMOS
Wu, T., Rappaport, T. S., Knox, M. E., & Shahrjerdi, D. (2019) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas.2019.8702223 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationAll electronic propagation loss measurement and link budget analysis for 350 GHz communication link
Bhardwaj, S., Nahar, N. K., & Volakis, J. L. (2016) · Microwave and Optical Technology Letters · doi:10.1002/mop.30307 · Cited by 5 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Propagation loss measurements for estimating the performance of a communication link in the 350 GHz frequency band were presented in [124], where a VNA based system”
BackgroundSub-mm-wave technologies: Systems, ICs, THz transistors
Rodwell, M. J. W. (2013) · Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC) · doi:10.1109/apmc.2013.6694847 · Cited by 4 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Since the first Fresnel zone is tiny at THz frequencies, the antenna beams of wireless devices are easily blocked [116], [117], which requires rapidly steerable phased array transceivers to support both adequate transmission range and to provide adaptive beam steering [2], [8], [60], [110].”
BackgroundMethodExploiting the Terahertz Band for Radionavigation
Parker, J. S., Mickelson, P. G., Yeak, J., Kremeyer, K. P., & Rife, J. H. (2016) · Journal of Infrared Millimeter and Terahertz Waves · doi:10.1007/s10762-016-0291-8 · Cited by 4 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In [162], the phase of the received signal in LOS was used to estimate the TR separation distance at 300 GHz.”
MethodAn Offset-Canceling Approximate-DFT Beamforming Architecture for Wireless Transceivers
Zhao, H., Mandal, S., Ariyarathna, V., Madanayake, A., & Cintra, R. J. (2018) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas.2018.8351765 · Cited by 4 · cited 1× · see citing works
“These computations can be efficiently performed using a spatial Fast Fourier transform (FFT), which can be implemented using both analog as well as digital approaches [88] and reduces the brute force computational complexity of the DFT from O(N 2) down to O(N logN ).”
MethodSelf-citation
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Integrated Sensing and Communications: Toward Dual-Functional Wireless Networks for 6G and Beyond
Liu, F., Cui, Y., Masouros, C., Xu, J., Han, T. X., Eldar, Y. C., & Buzzi, S. (2022) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2022.3156632 · Cited by 3,857 · see citing works
“, low-earth-orbit (LEO) satellite networks [223], [224], Terahertz (THz) communications and sensing [225], [226], digital twins [227], [228], orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS) modulation [229]–[231], and more.”
BackgroundOn the Road to 6G: Visions, Requirements, Key Technologies, and Testbeds
Wang, C., You, X., Gao, X., Zhu, X., Li, Z., Zhang, C., Wang, H., Huang, Y., Chen, Y., Haas, H., et al. (2023) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2023.3249835 · Cited by 2,408 · see citing works
The Roadmap to 6G: AI Empowered Wireless Networks
Letaief, K. B., Chen, W., Shi, Y., Zhang, J., & Zhang, Y.-J. A. (2019) · IEEE Communications Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcom.2019.1900271 · Cited by 2,207 · see citing works
“, 73GHz140GHz and 1THz-3THz [4]); • Ubiquitous always-on broadband global network coverage by integrating terrestrial wireless with satellite systems; • Connected intelligence with machine learning capability.”
Chowdhury, M. Z., Shahjalal, M. A., Ahmed, S., & Jang, Y. M. (2020) · IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society · doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2020.3010270 · Cited by 1,925 · see citing works
The Road Towards 6G: A Comprehensive Survey
Jiang, W., Han, B., Habibi, M. A., & Schotten, H. D. (2021) · IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society · doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2021.3057679 · Cited by 1,757 · see citing works
“focus merely on one specific aspect of 6G, such as THz [12], AI [14], green networks [18], use cases [22], ML [27], and”
BackgroundDang, S., Amin, O., Shihada, B., & Alouini, M.-S. (2020) · Nature Electronics · doi:10.1038/s41928-019-0355-6 · Cited by 1,790 · see citing works
Tang, W., Chen, M. Z., Chen, X., Dai, J. Y., Han, Y., Renzo, M. D., Zeng, Y., Jin, S., Cheng, Q., & Cui, T. J. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/twc.2020.3024887 · Cited by 1,603 · see citing works
“Meanwhile, the success of millimeter wave (mmWave) trials and testbeds across the world ensures that mmWave wireless communications will be realized by 2020 [2].”
Background6G Wireless Systems: Vision, Requirements, Challenges, Insights, and Opportunities
Tataria, H., Shafi, M., Molisch, A. F., Döhler, M., Sjöland, H., & Tufvesson, F. (2021) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2021.3061701 · Cited by 1,615 · see citing works
“been done only in few papers [9, 181].”
BackgroundResult6G Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey
Nguyen, D. C., Ding, M., Pathirana, P. N., Seneviratne, A. P., Li, J., Niyato, D. T., Dobre, O. A., & Poor, H. V. (2021) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3103320 · Cited by 1,468 · see citing works
“A public blockchain allows anyone to perform transactions and join in the consensus process.”
BackgroundInfluential6G and Beyond: The Future of Wireless Communications Systems
Akyildiz, I. F., Kak, A., & Nie, S. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3010896 · Cited by 1,419 · see citing works
“Further, we posit that while prior art concerning 6G wireless systems has been become increasingly commonplace over the past year [2]–[7], a majority of the past publications in this domain focus on a select few topics, potentially ham-pering a comprehensive overview in terms of key aspects that…”
BackgroundThe Role of Millimeter-Wave Technologies in 5G/6G Wireless Communications
Hong, W., Jiang, Z. H., Yu, C., Hou, D., Wang, H., Guo, C., Hu, Y., Kuai, L., Yu, Y., Jiang, Z., et al. (2021) · IEEE Journal of Microwaves · doi:10.1109/jmw.2020.3035541 · Cited by 920 · see citing works
“A consensus for 6G has been reached – the 6G will be an intelligent mobile communication network of a much larger scale that encompasses the 5G [13], [27].”
BackgroundProspective Multiple Antenna Technologies for Beyond 5G
Zhang, J., Bjornson, E., Matthaiou, M., Ng, D. W. K., Yang, H., & Love, D. J. (2020) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2020.3000826 · Cited by 877 · see citing works
“On the other hand, with a bandwidth of 100 GHz, the data rates can reach 1 Tbit/s at the cell center and 100 Gbit/s at the cell edge [197].”
BackgroundInfluentialChannel Estimation for Extremely Large-Scale MIMO: Far-Field or Near-Field?
Cui, M., & Dai, L. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Communications · doi:10.1109/tcomm.2022.3146400 · Cited by 896 · see citing works
Renzo, M. D., Ntontin, K., Song, J., Danufane, F. H., Qian, X., Lazarakis, F., de Rosny, J., Phan-Huy, D.-T., Simeone, O., Zhang, R., et al. (2020) · IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society · doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2020.3002955 · Cited by 850 · see citing works
“, the millimeter (30-100 GHz) and sub-millimeter (above 100 GHz) wave bands [1].”
BackgroundInfluentialEdge artificial intelligence for 6g: vision, enabling technologies, and applications
Letaief, K. B., Shi, Y., Lu, J., & Lu, J. (2022) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2021.3126076 · Cited by 829 · see citing works
“We hope this can inspire more advanced 6G wireless and information techniques (e.g., millimeter-wave and terahertz (THz) communications [217], [218], age of information [219]) to support edge AI systems for establishing integrated communication, computation and learning ecosystems.”
BackgroundViswanathan, H., & Mogensen, P. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.2981745 · Cited by 743 · see citing works
Terahertz Band Communication: An Old Problem Revisited and Research Directions for the Next Decade
Akyildiz, I. F., Han, C. Z., Hu, Z., Nie, S., & Jornet, J. M. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Communications · doi:10.1109/tcomm.2022.3171800 · Cited by 696 · see citing works
“…five main aspects, namely, hardware for THz communications [1], [2], [4], [5], [21], [23]–[25], [28], [29], [33], THz channels [1], [2], [4], [5], [20], [21], [23], [26], [29]–[31], THz communication techniques [1], [2], [4], [5], [27], [30]–[32], THz networking [1], [2], [31], [32], and THz…”
Background6G Wireless Channel Measurements and Models: Trends and Challenges
Wang, C., Huang, J., Wang, H., Gao, X., You, X., & Hao, Y. (2020) · IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine · doi:10.1109/mvt.2020.3018436 · Cited by 617 · see citing works
“In [4], some preliminary path loss, partition loss, and scattering measurements were conducted at 140 GHz.”
Background6G Wireless Communications Networks: A Comprehensive Survey
Alsabah, M. Q., Naser, M. A., Mahmmod, B. M., Abdulhussain, S. H., Eissa, M. R., Al-Baidhani, A., Noordin, N. K., Sait, S. M., Al-Utaibi, K. A., & Hashim, F. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3124812 · Cited by 593 · see citing works
Terahertz Communications and Sensing for 6G and Beyond: A Comprehensive Review
Jiang, W., Jiang, W., Zhou, Q., Melnyk, S., Zhou, S., Habibi, M. A., Han, B., Schotten, H. D., Renzo, M. D., Luo, F.-L., et al. (2024) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2024.3385908 · Cited by 574 · see citing works
What Will the Future of UAV Cellular Communications Be? A Flight From 5G to 6G
Geraci, G., García‐Rodríguez, A., Azari, M. M., Lozano, A., Mezzavilla, M., Chatzinotas, S., Chen, Y., Rangan, S., & Renzo, M. D. (2022) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2022.3171135 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
“• Communication at THz frequencies, putting in play truly enormous bandwidths, allowing for MIMO transmissions even in strict LoS conditions, and further opening the door to a synergistic integration of communication, positioning, and even imaging [122]–[125].”
BackgroundTerahertz Band: The Last Piece of RF Spectrum Puzzle for Communication Systems
Elayan, H., Amin, O., Shihada, B., Shubair, R. M., & Alouini, M.-S. (2020) · IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society · doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2019.2953633 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
“[33] approaches, THz research is recently being pushed into the center stage.”
BackgroundAsymptotic Max-Min SINR Analysis of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Assisted MISO Systems
Nadeem, Q.-U.-A., Kammoun, A., Chaaban, A., Debbah, M. A., & Alouini, M. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/twc.2020.2986438 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
Joint Design of Communication and Sensing for Beyond 5G and 6G Systems
Wild, T., Braun, V., & Viswanathan, H. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3059488 · Cited by 511 · see citing works
Security and Privacy for 6G: A Survey on Prospective Technologies and Challenges
Nguyen, V.-L., Lin, P.-C., Cheng, B.-C., Hwang, R.-H., & Lin, Y.-D. (2021) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2021.3108618 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
“Given the spectrum at lower frequencies in earlier generations of networks no longer applied/used, besides using compatible frequencies (6G mmWave), 6G will explore new high-frequency spectrum and photonic signals (300GHz-3THz) [2], [11], [80] for native 6G communications (6G THz).”
BackgroundA Survey on Beyond 5G Network With the Advent of 6G: Architecture and Emerging Technologies
Dogra, A., Jha, R. K., & Jain, S. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3031234 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
“In [30], the scattering behavior of THz frequencies is studied, and novel antenna technology like the cone of silence is used to improve the performance of the system.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialChaccour, C., Soorki, M. N., Saad, W., Bennis, M., Popovski, P., & Debbah, M. A. (2022) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2022.3143454 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
de Lima, C. T., Belot, D., Berkvens, R., Bourdoux, A., Dardari, D., Guillaud, M., Isomursu, M., Lohan, E. S., Miao, Y., Barreto, A. N., et al. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3053486 · Cited by 494 · see citing works
“In [1] the authors provide an overview of the wireless communications and envisaged applications for 6G networks operating above 100 GHz, and then highlight the potential of localization and sensing solutions enabled by mmWave and THz frequencies.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe 2023 terahertz science and technology roadmap
Leitenstorfer, A., Moskalenko, A. S., Kampfrath, T., Kono, J., Castro-Camus, E., Peng, K., Qureshi, N., Turchinovich, D., Tanaka, K., Markelz, A. G., et al. (2023) · Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics · doi:10.1088/1361-6463/acbe4c · Cited by 514 · see citing works
Banafaa, M., Shayea, I. A. M., Din, J., Azmi, M. H., Alashbi, A. A., Daradkeh, Y. I., & Alhammadi, A. (2022) · Alexandria Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.aej.2022.08.017 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
A Tutorial on Extremely Large-Scale MIMO for 6G: Fundamentals, Signal Processing, and Applications
Wang, Z., Zhang, J., Du, H., Niyato, D. T., Cui, S. R., Ai, B., Debbah, M. A., Letaief, K. B., & Poor, H. V. (2024) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2023.3349276 · Cited by 477 · see citing works
An Overview of Signal Processing Techniques for Terahertz Communications
Sarieddeen, H., Alouini, M., & Al-Naffouri, T. Y. (2021) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2021.3100811 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
A Survey of Rate-Optimal Power Domain NOMA With Enabling Technologies of Future Wireless Networks
Maraqa, O., Rajasekaran, A. S., Al-Ahmadi, S., Yanikomeroglu, H., & Sait, S. M. (2020) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2020.3013514 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
“in [109] highlights several promising applications for communications above 100 GHz in 6G networks, including wireless fiber for back-haul and information showers where a blast of data is sent to the user in a short amount of time as the user passes through an area of coverage at these high frequencies.”
BackgroundInfluentialTang, W., Dai, J. Y., Chen, M. Z., Wong, K., Li, X., Zhao, X., Jin, S., Cheng, Q., & Cui, T. J. (2020) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2020.3007055 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
“3007055 wave (mmWave) adds another dimension to address the spectrum shortage problem [3].”
BackgroundNext Generation Terahertz Communications: A Rendezvous of Sensing, Imaging, and Localization
Sarieddeen, H., Saeed, N., Al-Naffouri, T. Y., & Alouini, M. (2020) · IEEE Communications Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcom.001.1900698 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
“ment, and health care (see [5] and references therein).”
BackgroundInfluentialMulti-Hop RIS-Empowered Terahertz Communications: A DRL-Based Hybrid Beamforming Design
Huang, C., Yang, Z., Alexandropoulos, G. C., Xiong, K., Wei, L., Yuen, C., Zhang, Z., & Debbah, M. A. (2021) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2021.3071836 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
“As mentioned before, communications over the THz band are very different with the low frequency band communications, the transmitted signal suffers from the severe path attenuations [2], [5], [14].”
BackgroundInfluentialTerahertz Communications: Challenges in the Next Decade
Song, H.-J., & Lee, N. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology · doi:10.1109/tthz.2021.3128677 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
IEEE 802.15.3d: First Standardization Efforts for Sub-Terahertz Band Communications toward 6G
Петров, В. И., Kürner, T., & Hosako, I. (2020) · IEEE Communications Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcom.001.2000273 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
“THz communications is one of the candidates to enable ultra-high data rates in 6G networks [4].”
Jian, M., Alexandropoulos, G. C., Başar, E., Huang, C., Liu, R., Liu, Y., & Yuen, C. (2022) · Intelligent and Converged Networks · doi:10.23919/icn.2022.0005 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
The Road to 6G: Ten Physical Layer Challenges for Communications Engineers
Matthaiou, M., Yurduseven, O., Ngo, H. Q., Morales‐Jiménez, D., Cotton, S. L., & Fusco, V. (2021) · IEEE Communications Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcom.001.2000208 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
“6G wireless systems will rely on: i) Millimeterwave technologies (30 to 300 GHz); ii) THz technologies (300 GHz to 3 THz); and iii) Free space optics (FSO) [2].”
BackgroundMethodAlsharif, M. H., Kelechi, A. H., Albreem, M. A. M., Chaudhry, S. A., Zia, M. S., & Kim, S. (2020) · Symmetry · doi:10.3390/sym12040676 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
“References [28,32] present an extensive and exhaustive review of THz band within the range of 0.1–10 THz for assisting Tbps high-speed communications.”
BackgroundInfluentialTerahertz Wireless Channels: A Holistic Survey on Measurement, Modeling, and Analysis
Han, C. Z., Wang, Y., Li, Y., Chen, Y., Abbasi, N. A., Kürner, T., & Molisch, A. F. (2022) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2022.3182539 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
“As a result, thanks to the progress in efficient THz transceivers and antennas in the last ten years [12], [27]–[30], THz communication systems are”
BackgroundDeep Learning for mmWave Beam and Blockage Prediction Using Sub-6 GHz Channels
Alrabeiah, M., & Alkhateeb, A. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Communications · doi:10.1109/tcomm.2020.3003670 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
“These challenges are expected to just get harder as wireless communication systems continue to move higher in frequency and deploy larger antenna arrays [4], [5].”
BackgroundSelf-citationTang, W., Dai, J., Chen, M., Wong, K., Li, X., Zhao, X., Jin, S., Cheng, Q., & Cui, T. (2020) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 347 · see citing works
6G: A survey on technologies, scenarios, challenges, and the related issues
Lu, Y., & Zheng, X. (2020) · Journal of Industrial Information Integration · doi:10.1016/j.jii.2020.100158 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
From Terahertz Imaging to Terahertz Wireless Communications
Huang, Y., Shen, Y., & Wang, J. (2022) · Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.eng.2022.06.023 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Yildirim, I., Uyrus, A., & Başar, E. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Communications · doi:10.1109/tcomm.2020.3035391 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
“Despite the high expectations, 5G has not brought these sophisticated applications into reality to date [3].”
BackgroundCommunicating With Large Intelligent Surfaces: Fundamental Limits and Models
Dardari, D. (2020) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2020.3007036 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
“, millimeter and THz) [3], [4].”
A Tutorial on Environment-Aware Communications via Channel Knowledge Map for 6G
Zeng, Y., Chen, J., Xu, J., Wu, D., Xu, X., Jin, S., Gao, X., Gesbert, D., Cui, S. R., & Zhang, R. (2024) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2024.3364508 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
“From the infrastructure side perspective, as higher frequencies such as above-6GHz cmWave, mmWave and Terahertz bands are used more extensively, cell size is likely to continuously shrink for enabling denser BS deployment in 6G.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Integrated Sensing and Communication Revolution for 6G: Vision, Techniques, and Applications
Prelcic, N. G., Keskin, M. F., Kaltiokallio, O., Valkama, M., Dardari, D., Shen, X., Shen, Y., Bayraktar, M., & Wymeersch, H. (2024) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2024.3397609 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
“At sub-THz, these effects are even more pronounced, leading to an even sparser channel, but much more sensitive to blockages, e.g., even due to foliage (at FR2) or rainy weather (at sub-THz) [128].”
Towards 6G Internet of Things: Recent advances, use cases, and open challenges
Qadir, Z., Le, K. N., Saeed, N., & Munawar, H. S. (2022) · ICT Express · doi:10.1016/j.icte.2022.06.006 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
6G Vision, Value, Use Cases and Technologies From European 6G Flagship Project Hexa-X
Uusitalo, M. A., Rugeland, P., Boldi, M. R., Strinati, E. C., Demestichas, P., Ericson, M., Fettweis, G. P., Filippou, M. C., Gati, A., Hamon, M., et al. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3130030 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
6G Ecosystem: Current Status and Future Perspective
Bhat, J. R., & AlQahtani, S. A. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3054833 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
“However, the offered bandwidth may not suffice to meet the services that have dual requirements like ultra-low latency combined with high data rate or vice versa, because that strains the bandwidth [10], [57].”
BackgroundDelay-Phase Precoding for Wideband THz Massive MIMO
Dai, L., Tan, J., Chen, Z., & Poor, H. V. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/twc.2022.3157315 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
“the data traffic in future 6G wireless network, terahertz (THz) communication is considered to be a promising technology due to the tenfold increase in bandwidth it can provide [3]– [8].”
BackgroundImoize, A. L., Adedeji, O., Tandiya, N., & Shetty, S. S. (2021) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21051709 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
“Therefore, there is a need for hardware to improve the transmission range of THz communication.”
BackgroundInfluentialA Tutorial on Terahertz-Band Localization for 6G Communication Systems
Chen, H., Sarieddeen, H., Ballal, T., Wymeersch, H., Alouini, M., & Al-Naffouri, T. Y. (2022) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2022.3178209 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Terahertz Massive MIMO With Holographic Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces
Wan, Z., Gao, Z., Gao, F., Renzo, M. D., & Alouini, M. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Communications · doi:10.1109/tcomm.2021.3064949 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Beamforming Technologies for Ultra-Massive MIMO in Terahertz Communications
Ning, B., Tian, Z., Mei, W., Chen, Z., Han, C. Z., Li, S., Yuan, J., & Zhang, R. (2023) · IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society · doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2023.3245669 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
“At present, apart from the lower THz frequencies [52], the measurements for about 1 THz is still limited [299], [300].”
BackgroundEnvisioning Device-to-Device Communications in 6G
Zhang, S., Liu, J., Guo, H., Qi, M., & Kato, N. (2020) · IEEE Network · doi:10.1109/mnet.001.1900652 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
“According to [11], smart phone will have computational capabilities that are on the order of the human brain in the near future.”
BackgroundWhite Paper on Broadband Connectivity in 6G
Rajatheva, N., Atzeni, I., Björnson, E., Bourdoux, A., Buzzi, S., Doré, J., Erküçük, S., Fuentes, M., Guan, K., Hu, Y., et al. (2020) · e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2004.14247 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
“Terahertz-band communication [60–62] is envisioned as a 6G technology able to simultaneously support higher data rates (up to around 1 Tbps) and denser networks (towards of billions of interconnected devices).”
BackgroundMillimeter Wave and Sub-Terahertz Spatial Statistical Channel Model for an Indoor Office Building
Ju, S., Xing, Y., Kanhere, O., & Rappaport, T. S. (2021) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2021.3071844 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
“THz communication systems will most likely be deployed in indoor environments to support extremely high data rates of over 100 Gbps [2].”
Self-citationKumar, A., Gupta, M., Pitchappa, P., Wang, N., Szriftgiser, P., Ducournau, G., & Singh, R. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-32909-6 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Emerging light-emitting diodes for next-generation data communications
Ren, A., Wang, H., Zhang, W., Wu, J., Wang, Z., Penty, R. V., & White, I. H. (2021) · Nature Electronics · doi:10.1038/s41928-021-00624-7 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Transfer Learning Promotes 6G Wireless Communications: Recent Advances and Future Challenges
Wang, M., Lin, Y., Tian, Q., & Si, G. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Reliability · doi:10.1109/tr.2021.3062045 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
“The development of 6G requires many key enabling technologies, which have been comprehensively discussed and prospected in much research, such as artificial intelligence (AI) [6]– [8], multi-input multioutput (MIMO) [9], [10], quantum communication (QC) [3], random access [11], machine-type communications [12], teraher…”
BackgroundToward the 6G Network Era: Opportunities and Challenges
Tomkos, I., Klonidis, D., Pikasis, E., & Theodoridis, S. (2020) · IT Professional · doi:10.1109/mitp.2019.2963491 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
“The ultimate goal will be to enhance all the applications and vertical use cases of 5G networks with the capability of cognition offered by cognitive computing systems that use the vast amounts of available data and Machine Learning (ML) algorithms.(1,2)”
InfluentialA Primer on Near-Field Beamforming for Arrays and Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces
Björnson, E., Demir, Ö. T., & Sanguinetti, L. (2021) · Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers (ACSSC) · doi:10.1109/ieeeconf53345.2021.9723331 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Swarm of UAVs for Network Management in 6G: A Technical Review
Khan, M. A., Kumar, N., Mohsan, S. A. H., Khan, W. U., Nasralla, M. M., Alsharif, M. H., Żywiołek, J., & Ullah, I. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management · doi:10.1109/tnsm.2022.3213370 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
“…artificial intelligence (AI)/machine learning (ML) [22]–[27], quantum machine learning (QML) [28], blockchain [29], terahertz (THz) communication [30]–[32], fog/edge computing [33], visible light communication (VLC) [34]and other cutting-edge technologies as prerequisites for the deployment of…”
BackgroundNear-Field Wideband Beamforming for Extremely Large Antenna Arrays
Cui, M., & Dai, L. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/twc.2024.3398770 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
“Benefiting from the abundant spectrum resources, terahertz (THz) communications can provide a very large bandwidth of several GHz, allowing for Tbps data rates for 6G networks [6].”
AI-Based Joint Optimization of QoS and Security for 6G Energy Harvesting Internet of Things
Mao, B., Kawamoto, Y., & Kato, N. (2020) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2020.2982417 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Millimeter Wave Base Stations with Cameras: Vision-Aided Beam and Blockage Prediction
Alrabeiah, M., Hredzak, A., & Alkhateeb, A. (2020) · IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference · doi:10.1109/vtc2020-spring48590.2020.9129369 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
“They both support the increasingly-high data rates that future technologies, like virtual reality, augmented reality, and autonomous driving, are demanding [2].”
BackgroundSelf-citationA Tutorial on Movable Antennas for Wireless Networks
Zhu, L., Ma, W., Mei, W., Zeng, Y., Wu, Q., Ning, B., Xiao, Z., Shao, X., Zhang, J., & Zhang, R. (2025) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2025.3546373 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
A Review of Technologies and Design Techniques of Millimeter-Wave Power Amplifiers
Camarchia, V., Quaglia, R., Piacibello, A., Nguyen, D. P., Wang, H., & Pham, A. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques · doi:10.1109/tmtt.2020.2989792 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
“2 GHz unlicensed spectrum between 116 GHz and 246 GHz [180].”
BackgroundOn-chip topological beamformer for multi-link terahertz 6G to XG wireless
Wang, W., Tan, Y. J., Tan, T. C., Kumar, A., Pitchappa, P., Szriftgiser, P., Ducournau, G., & Singh, R. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07759-5 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Toward End-to-End, Full-Stack 6G Terahertz Networks
Polese, M., Jornet, J. M., Melodia, T., & Zorzi, M. (2020) · IEEE Communications Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcom.001.2000224 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
“Finally, 6G networks will rely on a combination of sub6 GHz, mmWave and terahertz bands, and, possibly, optical wireless links [1], [2].”
BackgroundMethod6G-Enabled Edge AI for Metaverse: Challenges, Methods, and Future Research Directions
Chang, L., Zhang, Z., Li, P., Xi, S., Guo, W., Shen, Y., Xiong, Z., Kang, J., Niyato, D. T., Qiao, X., et al. (2022) · Journal of Communications and Information Networks · doi:10.23919/jcin.2022.9815195 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Near-Field Rainbow: Wideband Beam Training for XL-MIMO
Cui, M., Dai, L., Wang, Z., Zhou, S., & Ge, N. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/twc.2022.3222198 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
“1000+ antennas), XL-MIMO is able to significantly increase the spectrum efficiency [3].”
BackgroundJoint Radar-Communication Systems: Modulation Schemes and System Design
de Oliveira, L. G., Nuß, B., Alabd, M. B., Diewald, A., Pauli, M., & Zwick, T. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques · doi:10.1109/tmtt.2021.3126887 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Ultramassive MIMO Systems at Terahertz Bands: Prospects and Challenges
Faisal, A., Sarieddeen, H., Dahrouj, H., Al-Naffouri, T. Y., & Alouini, M. (2020) · IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine · doi:10.1109/mvt.2020.3022998 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
“To mitigate such spatial-frequency wideband effects [2], the channel models must maintain spatial consistency.”
BackgroundFriha, O., Ferrag, M. A., Kantarcı, B., Çakmak, B., Ozgun, A., & Ghoualmi‐Zine, N. (2024) · IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society · doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3456549 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
6G Architecture to Connect the Worlds
Ziegler, V., Viswanathan, H., Flinck, H., Hoffmann, M., Räisänen, V., & Hätönen, K. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3025032 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
“Several recent papers discuss related 6G vision and technologies [2]–[6].”
BackgroundFive Facets of 6G: Research Challenges and Opportunities
Shen, L.-H., Feng, K., & Hanzo, L. (2022) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3571072 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
“The 6G new radio (NR) will further extend these techniques to the mmWave and THz bands [181] while relying on ultra-massive multiple input multiple output (UM-MIMO) beamforming techniques [41, 198].”
Channel Estimation and Hybrid Combining for Wideband Terahertz Massive MIMO Systems
Dovelos, K., Matthaiou, M., Ngo, H. Q., & Bellalta, B. (2021) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2021.3071851 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
“In view of the enormous bandwidth available at Terahertz (THz) frequencies, communication over the THz band is considered as a key technology for future 6G wireless systems [1].”
BackgroundVision-Aided 6G Wireless Communications: Blockage Prediction and Proactive Handoff
Charan, G., Alrabeiah, M., & Alkhateeb, A. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/tvt.2021.3104219 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
“The problem of LOS link blockage has long been acknowledged as a critical challenge to high-frequency wireless networks, [3], [10]–[12].”
BackgroundSelf-citationSoftwarization of UAV Networks: A Survey of Applications and Future Trends
Oubbati, O. S., Atiquzzaman, M., Ahanger, T. A., & Ibrahim, A. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.2994494 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Integrated optical frequency division for microwave and mmWave generation
Sun, S., Wang, B., Liu, K., Harrington, M., Tabatabaei, F., Liu, R., Wang, J., Hanifi, S., Morgan, J., Jahanbozorgi, M., et al. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07057-0 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
“Given these considerations, the novelty and significance of this work may be somewhat limited for publication in a prestigious journal like Nature.”
Spoof surface plasmon photonics
García-Vidal, F. J., Fernández‐Domínguez, A. I., Martín-Moreno, L., Zhang, H. C., Tang, W., Peng, R., & Cui, T. J. (2022) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.94.025004 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Spectrum for 6G Wireless
Tripathi, S., Sabu, N. V., Gupta, A. K., & Dhillon, H. S. (2021) · Computer communications and networks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-72777-2_6 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Potential key technologies for 6G mobile communications
Yuan, Y., Zhao, Y., Zong, B., & Parolari, S. (2020) · Science China Information Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11432-019-2789-y · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Satellite-based communications security: A survey of threats, solutions, and research challenges
Tedeschi, P., Sciancalepore, S., & Pietro, R. D. (2022) · Computer Networks · doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2022.109246 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
“As a result, recent commercial and standardization activities clearly indicate SATCOMs as one of the most important enabling technologies for supporting the development of the upcoming sixth-generation (6G) networks [5].”
Background6G Massive Radio Access Networks: Key Applications, Requirements and Challenges
Lee, Y. L., Qin, D., Wang, L., & Sim, G. H. (2020) · IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/ojvt.2020.3044569 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Wang, T., Zhang, Y., Zhang, H., & Cao, M. (2019) · Optical Materials Express · doi:10.1364/ome.383008 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Real-Time Digital Twins: Vision and Research Directions for 6G and Beyond
Alkhateeb, A., Jiang, S., & Charan, G. (2023) · IEEE Communications Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcom.001.2200866 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
“Heading towards 6G, communication systems are increasingly featuring key trends such as the employment of large numbers of antennas and the use of higher frequency bands [1].”
BackgroundSelf-citationPosition Location for Futuristic Cellular Communications: 5G and Beyond
Kanhere, O., & Rappaport, T. S. (2021) · IEEE Communications Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcom.001.2000150 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
“In the 5G era, it is now possible to achieve very accurate localization performance with highly directional antenna arrays having narrow beamwidths and wide bandwidths [7].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationPapazafeiropoulos, A., Pan, C., Kourtessis, P., Chatzinotas, S., & Senior, J. M. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/twc.2021.3109391 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Shastri, A., Valecha, N., Bashirov, E., Tataria, H., Lentmaier, M., Tufvesson, F., Rossi, M., & Casari, P. (2022) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2022.3177305 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
“Two examples of such simulators are NYURay, a 3D mmWave ray tracer developed by New York University [169], and S_5GChannel, developed by Siradel.”
BackgroundMethodTerahertz-Band Ultra-Massive Spatial Modulation MIMO
Sarieddeen, H., Alouini, M., & Al-Naffouri, T. Y. (2019) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2019.2929455 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
“ial oversampling can be considered, in which AE separations can be decreased below spp. This oversampling is argued to decrease the spatio-temporal frequency-domain region of support of plane waves [90], which results in multiple benefits such as reduced noise figures and increased linearity. VIII. CONCLUSION In this pa…”
BackgroundAggarwal, S., Kumar, N., & Tanwar, S. (2020) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2020.3020819 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
“This system becomes more beneficial as it provides 99.999999% QoS with reliability, coverage of 10-km area in the sky, and 200 nm in the sea [158], [159].”
BackgroundInfluentialXing, Y., Rappaport, T. S., & Ghosh, A. (2021) · IEEE Communications Letters · doi:10.1109/lcomm.2021.3088264 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“Highly directional electronically-steered antenna arrays will be used by both handset terminals and base stations, resulting in directional wireless channels at mmWave, a significant departure from sub-6 GHz frequencies that use less directional antennas but undergo less penetration and diffraction loss from obstacles…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationHeterogeneous Semantic and Bit Communications: A Semi-NOMA Scheme
Mu, X., Liu, Y., Guo, L., & Al‐Dhahir, N. (2022) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2022.3222000 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
“According to traditional reasoning, one way of achieving greater capacity is to increase the available bandwidth and number of antennas [6], [7].”
BackgroundMulti-Resident Non-Contact Vital Sign Monitoring Using Radar: A Review
Singh, A., Rehman, S. U., Yongchareon, S., & Chong, P. H. J. (2020) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2020.3036039 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
“[42] have explained that the mmWaves are nonionizing as the photon energy of”
Background
- Authors
- Rappaport, T. S., Xing, Y., Kanhere, O., Ju, S., Madanayake, A., Mandal, S., Alkhateeb, A., & Trichopoulos, G. C.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- Florida International University (US)
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- Arizona State University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- IEEE Access
- Published
- 2019
- Volume
- 7
- Pages
- 78729-78757
- ISSN
- 2169-3536 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2955897898
- Cited by
- 2,617
- References
- 155
- Citations by year
- 2026: 333 · 2025: 448 · 2024: 412 · 2023: 422 · 2022: 406 · 2021: 356 · 2020: 214 · 2019: 26
- FWCI
- 90.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- IEEE Access (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1702967, 1731290, 1902283, 1711395, 1854798, 1730946)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Antenna Design and Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Terahertz technology and applications
- Keywords
- terahertz communication, 6G, wireless sensing, wireless imaging, position location, smart antennas, beam steering, propagation models, channel modeling, spatial consistency, power efficiency, spectrum regulation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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